揽瓜阁做题小分队 第6天 非洲裔美国人的起源

小白斩鸡

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When they first arrived in America as slaves in the 1600s, Africans joined a society that was divided between master and white servants brought from Europe. In most parts of the South, some of these first African slaves became free either through escape or through emancipation by their owners. It is therefore a misconception that all African Americans in the pre-Civil War South were slaves. Many researchers have also assumed that these free African Americans were the offspring of white slave owners who took advantage of their female slaves. However, these cases represent only a small minority of free African Americans in the South. Most free African Americans were actually the descendants of African American men and white servant women.

In fact, despite the efforts of the various colonial legislatures, white servant women continued to bear children by African American fathers through the late seventeenth century and well into the eighteenth century. It appears that such births were the primary source of the increase in the free African American population for this period. Over two hundred African American families in Virginia descended from white women. Forty-six families descended from freed slaves, twenty-nine from Indians, and sixteen from white men who married or had children by free African American women. It is likely that the majority of the remaining families descended from white women since they first appear in court records in the mid-eighteenth century, when slaves could not be freed without legislative approval, and there is no record of legislative approval for their emancipations.

The history of free African Americans families in colonial New York and New Jersey, by contrast, is quite different from that of free African Americans in the South. Most were descended from slaves freed by the Dutch West India Company between 1644 and 1664 or by individual owners. Researchers have studied these families, especially a group of fourteen families that scholars have traced through at least three generations. None of the fourteen families appears to be descended from a white servant woman and an African American man. However, Lutheran church records from the eighteenth century show that a few such couples had children baptized.

[1] The author of the passage is primarily interested in
(A) defending an accepted position on colonial history
(B) analyzing an unproven hypothesis regarding slavery
(C) presenting an alternate view of a historical period
(D) critiquing an outdated theory of colonial development
(E) describing the culmination of a historical trend.

[2] The passage suggests which of the following about African American families in colonial New York and New Jersey?
(A) They were not descended from white servant women and African American men.
(B) They were less numerous than African American families in the colonial South.
(C) Most of them were started between 1644 and 1664.
(D) They began with an initial group of fourteen families.
(E) Some of them may have descended from white servant women.

[3] Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
(A) No free African Americans in the American colonies were the offspring of white slave owners.
(B) Some colonial legislatures passed laws to prevent interbreeding between white colonists and African Americans.
(C) White servants were not as numerous as African American slaves in early America.
(D) Most African Americans in the South were born into slavery.
(E) Records exist to document all births of free African Americans in colonial America.

[4] According to the passage, which of the following is a difference between free African Americans in colonial New York and New Jersey and free African Americans in the colonial South?
A. Those in New York and New Jersey were primarily descended from freed slaves while those in the South were primarily descended from white women.
B. Those in New York and New Jersey were primarily descended from white women while those in the South were primarily descended from freed slaves
C. Both groups of African Americans were primarily descended from freed slaves, but those in the North had been freed earlier.
D. Both groups of African Americans were primarily descended from freed slaves, but those in the South had been freed earlier.
E. Those in the South could be freed only with legislative permission.

参考答案，做完才看 ：）

CEBA

huluzhu

谢谢楼主

N0ire

8min
主旨：南北战争前美国非奴隶身份黑人的来源
P1: 1600年起，黑人被贩卖到美国，在南部很多地区，第一批黑人中的部分恢复了自由，有研究者认为他们是奴隶主和女性黑人奴隶的后代，但其实绝大部分是男性黑人奴隶和白人女仆的后代；
P2: （南部的情况）尽管法律有规定，但白人女仆依然与黑人奴隶繁育了很多后代，通过追溯弗吉尼亚的非裔家庭历史可以验证；大部分是源自白人女仆祖先的，因为18世纪中叶解放黑奴必须法律核准，而当时并没有相关记录；
P3: （北部的情况）纽约和新泽西的非裔家庭历史则相反，他们大部分源自被荷兰西印度公司或个体奴隶主解放的黑人奴隶，研究者针对一些非裔家庭上溯三代没有发现其祖先是白人女仆与男性黑人奴隶的情况，但路德教会的受洗记录显示当时存在类似的情况。

CEEA

2022Tiramisu

BABA

星v座v书v上

CEBA

10min

Pam.

介绍南部free African Americans的情况
详细介绍南部free African Americans的家庭构成和发展情况
介绍New York and New Jersey的情况
EEBA

反思总结：
这次的错误又是单词的锅！继续背单词去
另外对于作者的态度和主旨还是没有抓住关键词句，敏感度不够，下阶段注重培养积累

irisville

ceba

半日大哥

CEBA
用时9分钟
1. 多数美国黑人其实是白人女仆人和黑人的后代， 而不是以前认为的白人男主人和黑人女仆所生。
2. 纽约和新泽西的情况不同，大多是获得自由了的黑奴的后代。但是有教堂新生儿受洗记录显示有白人女仆和黑人后代。

Ataitaitai

第一段：澄清一个误解：不是所有美国黑人在美国内战前都是奴隶。且大多数自由美国黑人是美国黑人和白人仆人的后代。
第二段：17-18世纪白人女仆都和非裔美国人生小孩。这个出生率是在这段时间美国黑人人口增长的主要原因。举了Virginia的例子。
第三段：对比新泽西和纽约的例子美国黑人被自由的方式不同，后代的起源不同

CCEE

Playgirl130

我选：CADA
P1：普遍认为在内战之前，全都是奴隶。还有人认为有一些奴隶成为自由人，主要是因为是奴隶主的孩子。但实际上大部分的自由人都是非洲裔美国男人与白人女性的后代
P2：在南部，主要是非洲裔美国男人与白人女性的后代
P3：在New Jersey等地和南部是不一样的，主要是原本的奴隶收获了自由，他们的后代才成为了自由人。原本的奴隶主要是在16世纪被工厂和奴隶主授予了自由。