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- 2023-4-21
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- 1970-1-1
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P1. 美國南部首批黑人奴隸有些人透過逃跑或解放方式獲得自由身分,導致大眾普遍誤解非裔美國人在內戰前都是奴隸, 甚至有學者認為具有自由身分的黑人是白人奴隸主與黑人奴隸女性生下來。作者提出修正, 事實上黑人自由民是由黑人男性與白人女侍從生下
P2. 即便法律試圖禁止不同膚色人種繁衍後代, 但白人女性養育黑人小孩的情形從17世紀晚期到18世紀都有。黑男+白女的後代是黑人自由民增長的主力(當時黑人無法透過法律保障獲得自由, 也沒有對黑人解放的法律紀錄)。
P3. 對比南部的黑人自由民, 紐約和紐澤西的自由民多來自於被荷蘭印度公司釋放的奴隸。有個研究追蹤14個黑人家庭三代都沒有像南部那樣黑男+白女的組成。
但作者提醒, 在紐約和紐澤西的教堂還是有黑男+白女的小孩受洗受洗的紀錄。
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P1
1. Misconception: free African Americans – the offspring of white slave owners + female slaves
2. Argument: Most free African Americans – African American men + white servant women
P2
1. Elaborate: (despite laws prevent interbreeding between white and African) white servant women continued to bear children by African American fathers through the late 17th~ 18th
2. Intermediate: such births were the primary source of the increase in the free African American population for this period – court records appear in mid-18th century (slaves be freed legally X) (legal emancipation X)
P3
1. Comparison: free African Americans in New York and New Jersy – descended from slaves freed by DWIC
2. Elaborate: None of the fourteen families appears to be descended from a white servant woman
3. Reminder: Lutheran church records show that a few such couples had children baptized
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