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[逻辑小分队] 【每日逻辑训练营】(第四天)

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发表于 2020-9-3 10:03:26 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
DAY4
打卡格式:
1. 做每题所化的时间 (可以让大家更好的把握自己的pace)
2. 逻辑链 (大家平时练习最重要是梳理好GMAT逻辑链)
3. 5个选项简单分析 (正确正确在哪,错误错误在哪)

打卡模版:
时间:2‘15
逻辑链:Premisevoles live in large groups from late autumn through winter, live in smaller groups from spring through early autumn.
Conclusionthe mortality among young voles can explain the seasonal variation in group.
Logic: because the cold/food, the voles dead, they are together form late autumn through winter.
选项:
A.提到young voles 但是时间段the spring and early summer 不对。Pass
B.无关。
C.spring食物丰富,时间段不对。
D.时间点没有严格对应 late atumn 没有E严格。
E.bingo 时间完全对应。简单推断也向到mortality,所以选E
4-1 Healthy lungs produce a natural antibiotic that protects them from infection by routinely killing harmful bacteria on airway surfaces.  People with cystic fibrosis, however, are unable to fight off such bacteria, even though their lungs produce normal amounts of the antibiotic.  The fluid on airway surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis has an abnormally high salt concentration; accordingly, scientists hypothesize that the high salt concentration is what makes the antibiotic ineffective.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the scientists’ hypothesis?
  • When the salt concentration of the fluid on the airway surfaces of healthy people is raised artificially, the salt concentration soon returns to normal.
  • A sample of the antibiotic was capable of killing bacteria in an environment with an unusually low concentration of salt.
  • When lung tissue from people with cystic fibrosis is maintained in a solution with a normal salt concentration, the tissue can resist bacteria.
  • Many lung infections can be treated by applying synthetic antibiotics to the airway surfaces.
  • High salt concentrations have an antibiotic effect in many circumstances.
4-2 Wind farms, which generate electricity using arrays of thousands of wind-powered turbines, require vast expanses of open land.  County X and County Y have similar terrain, but the population density of County X is significantly higher than that of County Y.  Therefore, a wind farm proposed for one of the two counties should be built in County Y rather than in County X.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the planner’s argument?
  • County X and County Y are adjacent to each other, and both are located in the windiest area of the state.
  • The total population of County Y is substantially greater than that of County X.
  • Some of the electricity generated by wind farms in County Y would be purchased by users outside the county.
  • Wind farms require more land per unit of electricity generated than does any other type of electrical-generation facility.
  • Nearly all of County X’s population is concentrated in a small part of the county, while County Y’s population is spread evenly throughout the country.
4-3 Over the past five years, the price gap between name-brand cereals and less expensive store-brand cereals has become so wide that consumers have been switching increasingly to store brands despite the name brands’ reputation for better quality.  To attract these consumers back, several manufacturers of name-brand cereals plan to narrow the price gap between their cereals and store brands to less than what it was five years ago.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the likelihood that the manufacturers’ plan will succeed in attracting back a large percentage of consumers who have switched to store brands?
  • There is no significant difference among manufacturers of name-brand cereals in the prices they charge for their products.
  • Consumers who have switched to store-brand cereals have generally been satisfied with the quality of those cereals.
  • Many consumers would never think of switching to store-brand cereals because they believe the name brand cereals to be of better quality.
  • Because of lower advertising costs, stores are able to offer their own brands of cereals at significantly lower prices than those charged for name-brand cereals.
  • Total annual sales of cereals—including both name-brand and store-brand cereals—have not increased significantly over the past five years.
4-4 Which of the following most logically completes the argument?
The irradiation of food kills bacteria and thus retards spoilage.  However, it also lowers the nutritional value of many foods.  For example, irradiation destroys a significant percentage of whatever vitamin B1 a food may contain.  Proponents of irradiation point out that irradiation is no worse in this respect than cooking.  However, this fact is either beside the point, since much irradiated food is eaten raw, or else misleading, since _______.
  • many of the proponents of irradiation are food distributors who gain from food’s having a longer shelf life
  • it is clear that killing bacteria that may be present on food is not the only effect that irradiation has
  • cooking is usually the final step in preparing food for consumption, whereas irradiation serves to ensure a longer shelf life for perishable foods
  • certain kinds of cooking are, in fact, even more destructive of vitamin B1 than carefully controlled irradiation is
  • for food that is both irradiated and cooked, the reduction of vitamin B1 associated with either process individually is compounded
4-5 From 1980 to 1989, total consumption of fish in the country of Jurania increased by 4.5 percent, and total consumption of poultry products there increased by 9.0 percent.  During the same period, the population of Jurania increased by 6 percent, in part due to immigration to Jurania from other countries in the region.
If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true on the basis of them?
  • During the 1980’s in Jurania, profits of wholesale distributors of poultry products increased at a greater rate than did profits of wholesale distributors of fish.
  • For people who immigrated to Jurania during the 1980’s, fish was less likely to be a major part of their diet than was poultry.
  • In 1989 Juranians consumed twice as much poultry as fish.
  • For a significant proportion of Jurania’s population, both fish and poultry products were a regular part of their diet during the 1980’s.
  • Per capita consumption of fish in Jurania was lower in 1989 than in 1980.
4-6 Wolves generally avoid human settlements.  For this reason, domestic sheep, though essentially easy prey for wolves, are not usually attacked by them.  In Hylantia prior to 1910, farmers nevertheless lost considerable numbers of sheep to wolves each year.  Attributing this to the large number for wolves, in 1910 the government began offering rewards to hunters for killing wolves.  From 1910 to 1915, large numbers of wolves were killed.  Yet wolf attacks on sheep increased significantly.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in wolf attacks on sheep?
  • Populations of deer and other wild animals that wolves typically prey on increased significantly in numbers from 1910 to 1915.
  • Prior to 1910, there were no legal restrictions in Hylantia on the hunting of wolves.
  • After 1910 hunters shot and wounded a substantial number of wolves, thereby greatly diminishing these wolves’ ability to prey on wild animals.
  • Domestic sheep are significantly less able than most wild animals to defend themselves against wolf attacks.
  • The systematic hunting of wolves encouraged by the program drove many wolves in Hylantia to migrate to remote mountain areas uninhabited by humans.
4-7 Nitrogen dioxide is a pollutant emitted by automobiles.  Catalytic converters, devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, have been required in all new cars in Donia since 1993, and as a result, nitrogen dioxide emissions have been significantly reduced throughout most of the country. Yet although the proportion of new cars in Donia’s capital city has always been comparatively high, nitrogen dioxide emissions there have showed only an insignificant decline since 1993.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the insignificant decline in nitrogen dioxide emissions in Donia’s capital city?
  • More of the cars in Donia’s capital city were made before 1993 than after 1993.
  • The number of new cars sold per year in Donia has declined slightly since 1993.
  • Pollutants other than nitrogen dioxide that are emitted by automobiles have also been significantly reduced in Donia since 1993.
  • Many Donians who own cars made before 1993 have had catalytic converters installed in their cars.
  • Most car trips in Donia’s capital city are too short for the catalytic converter to reach its effective working temperature.
4-8 Community activist:  If Morganville wants to keep its central shopping district healthy, it should prevent the opening of a huge SaveAll discount department store on the outskirts of Morganville.  Records from other small towns show that whenever SaveAll has opened a store outside the central shopping district of a small town, within five years the town has experienced the bankruptcies of more than a quarter of the stores in the shopping district.
The answer to which of the following would be most useful for evaluating the community activist’s reasoning?
  • Have community activists in other towns successfully campaigned against the opening of a SaveAll store on the outskirts of their towns?
  • Do a large percentage of the residents of Morganville currently do almost all of their shopping at stores in Morganville?
  • In towns with healthy central shopping districts, what proportion of the stores in those districts suffer bankruptcy during a typical five-year period?
  • What proportion of the employees at the SaveAll store on the outskirts of Morganville will be drawn from Morganville?
  • Do newly opened SaveAll stores ever lose money during their first five years of operation?
4-9 In the past the country of Siduria has relied heavily on imported oil.  Siduria recently implemented a program to convert heating systems from oil to natural gas.  Siduria already produces more natural gas each year than it burns, and oil production in Sidurian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace.  If these trends in fuel production and usage continue, therefore, Sidurian reliance on foreign sources for fuel should decline soon.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
  • In Siduria the rate of fuel consumption is rising no more quickly than the rate of fuel production.
  • Domestic production of natural gas is rising faster than is domestic production of oil in Siduria.
  • No fuel other than natural gas is expected to be used as a replacement for oil in Siduria.
  • Buildings cannot be heated by solar energy rather than by oil or natural gas.
  • All new homes that are being built will have natural-gas-burning heating systems.
4-10 Historian:  Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics.  Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and sincethe notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however.  Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.
In the historian’s reasoning, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
  • The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is evidence that has been used to support an opposing position.
  • The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is that position.
  • The first provides evidence in support of an intermediate conclusion that is drawn to provide support for the overall position that the historian defends; the second provides evidence against that intermediate conclusion.
  • The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position.
  • The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is further information that substantiates that evidence.

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沙发
发表于 2020-9-3 12:52:20 | 只看该作者
1,
1'54
选C
Premise: The fluid on airway surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis has an abnormally high salt concentration
conclusion:the high salt concentration is what makes the antibiotic ineffective.

A, 和healthy people无关
B,没有说明high salt concentration会怎么样
C,可以说明,取反 如果有c病的人is not maintained in a solution with a normal salt concentration, the tissue can resist bacteria, 那就说明不是high salt concentration的问题导致ineffective,因为这个时候还可以resist bacteria
D,和如何治疗无关
E,in many circumstances,无法解释这个情况啊,

2,
1’33
选E
Premise:  County X and County Y have similar terrain, but the population density of County X is significantly higher than that of County Y
conclusion:a wind farm proposed for one of the two counties should be built in County Y rather than in County X.
思考方向: weaken题,找到应该把wild farm不设置在Y而设置在X的,找到Y和X不一样的,而且有利于x的
A,同方向,排除
B,不同,但是Y人口多,无法说明open land的问题,觉得E更好
C,无关
D,发电条件,无关
E,可以说明,Y分布面太广,而我们需要open land,所以x更好

3,
1’42
选B
Premise: the price gap between name-brand cereals and less expensive store-brand cereals has become so wide that consumers have been switching increasingly to store brands despite the name brands’ reputation for better quality.
Conclusion:narrow the price gap between their cereals and store brands to less than what it was five years ago.
思考方向:削弱,就是说即使价格gap小了,还是不能attract consumers back
A,这个不能解释为什么不能attract back
B,因为顾客满意store-band的产品,可以
C,这个不能削弱
D,这里就是premise,缩小了price gap,矛盾
E,这个无关,不能解释

4,
3’51
选E
思考方向:
conclusion: this fact that irradiation is no worse than in this respect than cooking is either beside the point, since much irradiated food is eaten raw, or else misleading
找到说明这个观点 是错误的误导的
就是irradiation和cooking的关系

A,无关
B,无关
C,不能说明对食物营养造成损失的点
D,这个感觉和结论反了,
E,可以,说明无法解释这两者的关系在 造成营养成分损失这个事情上

5,
3’18
选E
A, 不知道cost,
B,不知道当时fish在整体consumption的比例
C,不知道两者的数量,无法比较
D,不知道这两者在整体中的比例,
E,可以得出

6,
1’33
选C
思考方向:狼少了,但狼攻击羊的现象更多了。原先狼一般not usually attack domestic sheep
A, 其他wild animals多了,不应该去吃吗,无法解释狼的行为
B,无关
C,可以,因为本来是吃wild animals,现在行动不行,只能去吃domestic sheep
D,但是无法解释狼的行为的变化,因为羊一直是这样啊
E,uninhabited by human了,,,还有domestic sheep吗?那攻击怎么会上升

7,
2’41
选E
思考方向:
安装了catalytic converter的车多了,但是nitrogen dioxide emissons没什么大的decline
A,但是premise说了,新车比例高了,感觉和premise不符
B,无关,(和premise也有点矛盾)
C,其他pollutant,无关
D,这个感觉是和最终结果反了
E,可以说明

8,
2’26
选B
Premise:Records from other small towns show that whenever SaveAll has opened a store outside the central shopping district of a small town, within five years the town has experienced the bankruptcies of more than a quarter of the stores in the shopping district.
conclusion: If Morganville wants to keep its central shopping district healthy, it should prevent the opening of a huge SaveAll discount department store on the outskirts of Morganville.
A,无关
B,如果有很大比例,那按推论就可能背saveall吸引,如果本身就没有很大比例,那就不影响啊
C,和healthy的无关
D,和employee无关
E,save all 损不损失钱,和其他store倒闭不倒闭无关

9,
2’50
选A
Premise: Siduria already produces more natural gas each year than it burns, and oil production in Sidurian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace.
conclusion:Sidurian reliance on foreign sources for fuel should decline soon.
A,取反可以削弱conclusion
B,取反不能削弱
C,和其他fuel无关
D,和solar energy无关
E,和house的怎么构建无关

10,
2’32
选B
黑2是conclusion
黑1是用来支持 进行对作者进行反驳之前的观点,即支持conclusion
A,后半句错了
B,可以
C,黑2不是evidence
D,黑2 不是evidence
E,后半句不对

板凳
发表于 2020-9-3 14:15:20 | 只看该作者

4-1:C
时间:1‘27
逻辑链:
Premise:因为他们有high salt concentration
Conclusion:有cf病的人就算肺可以产生抗生素,但是也无效
Logic:
选项:
a.        正常人可以调节盐浓度,和病人的抗病机理无关
b.        低盐浓度可以杀死细菌,说服性不够强
c.        当人为的维持病人的salt concentration时,可以抵抗细菌
d.        治疗方法,无关
e.        重复前提
4-2:E
时间:1‘38
逻辑链:
Premise: 因为X城的人口密度比Y大
Conclusion:应该建立在Y城,
Logic:
选项:
a.        无关选项
b.        Y的总人口比X多,有点削弱,可以保留
c.        无关
d.        和X,Y无关
e.        X的人都集中一个地方,Y的人遍布整个小镇,那肯定Y是不适合建立设施的

4-3:B
时间:1’21
逻辑链:
Premise:价格差价越来越大,store的生意变好了
Conclusion:name brand想通过缩小价格差距拉回来一部分客户
Logic:
选项:
a.         
b.        换去store的客户更加满意store的质量,所以本来name brand的优势就是质量好,这样的话store的客户就不会回去name brand了
c.        没有削弱
d.        现在前提是name brand会缩减差距
e.        总销量不变,不影响

4-4
时间:1min

4-5:A
时间:1‘52
逻辑链:
Premise:
Conclusion:
Logic:
选项:
a.        Fish的profit上涨的没有poultry快,因为文中提到了速度的问题
b.        无法得知
c.        不知道总量
d.        无法得知
e.        不知道总量
4-6:C
时间:49s
逻辑链:
Premise:因为想要保护sheep,所以立法攻击狼
Conclusion:对狼的射杀导致sheep被攻击的更多了
Logic:
选项:
a.        其他生物的上升不一定导致羊被攻击
b.        没有立法之前的事儿
c.        狼失去了猎杀别的动物的能力,就只能去猎杀sheep 了
d.        本来就是没有能力,和狼被射杀无关
e.        如果移居了,那不可能导致sheep被攻击上升

4-7:A
时间:2min
逻辑链:
Premise:
Conclusion:在D城的排放量几乎没减少
Logic:
选项:
a.        很多车是在那之前生产的,还没有装转换器
b.        车卖的的数量减少了,没有a有说服力
c.        其他pollutant无关
d.        解释不了
e.        也有一定道理,我也不确定
4-8:c
时间:1‘17
逻辑链:
Premise:因为SA在别的地方建设,导致了那些商店的破产
Conclusion:要防止SA的建设
Logic:
选项:
a.        那些地方的商店是否成功抵制了SA
b.        是不是大部分的人都在M购物,和后面sa建设成功无关系
c.        那些地方的破产率如何,是否和sa无关,本来就会破产
d.        Employee无关
e.       
4-10:C
时间:2’23
地板
发表于 2020-9-3 15:08:40 | 只看该作者
1.        C 1:27
有cystic fibrosis的人,即便肺可以产出抗生素,由于肺部表面盐度高,无法抵抗病毒。所以科学家推测,盐度高使得抗生素无效。求strengthen
其它条件一致,但是盐度低的肺,抗生素有效。C
2.        E 1:35
由于X国的人口密度比Y国高,X国不适合装wind farm。求weaken
比较简单,X国的人口集中在很小的一片区域,所以还是有很多地方可以放的下wind farm。
3.        B 1:50
Name brand vs store brand,由于价格差距大,使得客人逐渐从name转到store brand。题目中暗示,高价选择name brand主要是看中其quality。说为了强回顾客,name brand决定缩小差价。问weaken
B中说被抢走了的吃store brand的人满意store brand的quality。说明name brand失去了其吸引力,那么缩小差价已经不行了,除非价格更低。
4.        E 2:25
Irradiation处理过的食品的营养价值会降低。支持者说,cooking同样会使食物中的营养价值降低。反对说,收到irradiation处理的食物本来就是生吃的(所以cooking这个点没啥用),或者支持者的点误导别人。误导的点就是仿佛食物只能失去一次营养价值,要么在irradiation过程中要么在cooking过程中。想到这个之后可以看出是E,irradiation后再cooking会加重营养的损失。营养损失不是or而是and的关系。
5.        E 1:40
Total consumption fish上升4.5%,total poultry上升9%,total 人口上升6%。说明人均吃鱼下降 (1+0.045)/(1+0.06)< 1
6.        C 1:39
为什么在捕杀狼群之后,狼群袭击圈养的羊群的数量上升了?
因为羊群是easy target,狼在被赶尽杀绝过程中受伤之后没有办法捕杀野外的prey,只能投机袭击羊了。
7.        E 1:46
有个设备装在车上之后使得NO2排量降低,问为什么在使用这个设备之后,某国大部分地区NO2排放量都降低了但是首府的排放量没怎么降低。
原因就是首府地区车的形成短,设备在短途旅行中由于无法达到一定温度,无效。
8.        C 2:19
其它town的案例是,由于saveall的店入住了,其它的店在5年内都倒闭了。现在我的town在考虑要不要让saveall入住,应该获取什么其它信息有助于判断。
迷惑选项主要是B,但是仔细想一想,在自己town消费的人群的多少没有任何意义,应为不管人多人少,现在的人群不会让自己town的店倒闭。而且,意识到现在做决定的方法是借鉴其它的案例,所以应当确定案例的有效性。
C中可以得出saveall与其它店家倒闭有无因果关系,至关重要。
9.        A 2:37
S国原来依赖oil进口,现在打算把供热系统转成natural gas供热。已知目前S国产的natural gas大于其使用的,oil生产会稳步上升。如果保持原料生产与使用的趋势,之后就不用进口那么多了。
如果能耗>产量的话,就会需要更多的进口来弥补能源不足。
花了很多时间想B,后来意识到只要natural gas的结余可以弥补oil的空缺就行了,并不需要生产量比oil高。
10.        D 2:34
一边看一边做了一下笔记。Several scholars有个论点,黑体是它们论点的理由。Historian的论点是scholars的论点有待商榷,然后黑体是historian的论点的理由。
第一个support scholars(historian反对scholars),第二个support historian。做完笔记以后很快可以选出D。
5#
发表于 2020-9-3 15:52:24 | 只看该作者
1.时间 1’56 答案C
逻辑链: lung produces antibiotics to kill bacteria-> people with cf cannot kill such bacteria -> because of high salt concentration
A 当盐在健康的人中上升,很快会回到正常水平 (无关
B low salt concentration 一样可以kill bacteria (提到low salt无关
C people w/cystic fibrosis的lung tissue的盐恢复正常,则resist bacteria,增强
D 肺部感染可treat with 合成抗生素,无关
E 削弱

2. 时间1‘09 答案E
逻辑链:Wind farm需要大量土地去generate electricity。虽然X和Y都有大量土地,但X的人口密度比Y大,所以应选择Y
A X和Y邻近(和土地无关
B Y的人比X多,和土地无关
C 在Y generated electricity被别国的人买走,无关
D wind farm需要更多地 无关
E X的人更紧凑Y更分散 (所以X会有更多open land?

3. 时间1’53 答案B
逻辑链:price gap btw name brand and store brand increases -> people switched to store brand -> name brand attempts to lower the price gap and recalls customer back
A name brand售卖价格和制造价格差不多 无关
B 换到store brand的人很满意,削弱
C 很多人还是stay with name brand,增强
D 因为少广告费,所以store brand卖的便宜,无关
E cereal的价格总体没怎么增长 无关

4. 时间2’08 答案A
逻辑链: irradiation kills bacteria while losing VB.支持者觉得无所谓irradiation和cooking差不多,反对者觉得i大多都是raw food
A 支持者是food distributor
B killing bacteria不是i的唯一用途
C i只是为了防腐
D c比i更不好 (和argument相反
E vb流失更多for cooking and irrdiation 无关

5. 时间1’31 答案E
逻辑链: 鱼consumptiom上升4.5,poultry上升9,J的人数上升6.
A 利润家禽比鱼高,无法从consumption看出利润
B fish不太可能是major diet 无从看出
C p吃的比f多 无从看出
D f和p都是regular diet (昨天做过这题 当时做的时候错选了
E f增长4.5而人增长6,所以consumption per capita下降

6. 时间1‘55 答案C
逻辑链:虽然狼被猎杀很多,但羊死的数量却增多
A 别的野生动物数量增多 无关
B 1910前没有出台猎杀狼的立法 无关
C 因为猎杀,所以狼受伤,无法捕野生动物
D 羊不能抵挡狼的攻击(无法解释为什么狼在被猎杀很多后,羊死的数量还会增多
E 狼因为猎杀只能migrate

7. 时间1‘34 答案E
逻辑链:N是汽车释放的污染物。1993年的汽车都安装上了converter降低污染,虽然新车比例高但污染只decline insignificant
A 大部分车都made before 1993 than after
B 卖出的新车少了 (纠结了一下A和B…还是没选…
C 其他污染物降低 无关
D 1993年前的车也安装上了converter无关
E 大多数跑得太短无法让converter to work

8. 时间2’32 答案C 想选c但不确定又回读了一次…
逻辑链:如果M想营造heealthy shopping district就不能让S开业,因为每次S开业,旁边多于1/4的stores在五年倒闭
A 有无activts劝说S不开业成功,无关
B 有无大部分人都在M shopping 无关
C 在healthy district有多少stores在五年内倒闭(去极限说明不是S的问题
D employee从M流失的比例 无关
E S有无亏钱 无关

9. 时间2’45 答案A
逻辑链:S relies on imported oil.天然气制造的比用的多,oil production also increases。所以以后不用import
A fuel consumption上升没有production快
B natural gas 比 oil production 快 无关
C 没有其他燃料是oil的replacement 无关
D building不能用太阳能 无关
E 所有的new home都可以用天然气

10. 时间:3’07 答案C 应该选D
逻辑链:traditional view: N和L发表的东西无关。反驳:L的notes和N有关,所以traditional view错了。转折:但是只有一个section有关
A 不算是overall position
B 第二不是position
C 这是两派的观点 而非一派scholars的观点 漏读了 读了一遍发现C错了..
D 选D
E 两个观点
6#
发表于 2020-9-3 15:52:48 | 只看该作者
4-1 加强题 C 2’32’’
Premise: 健康的肺可以生成一个抗生体液来杀死一些有害的细菌。但是有CF病的人就不能杀死细菌,虽然他们有抗生体液的,但是他们的airway surface上体液的含盐量是高于平常的。
Conclusion: 科学家说是因为这个高盐量导致体液不work的。
思路:当有病的肺在体液正常时是work的
4-2 削弱题 E 2’11’’
Premise:风力发电厂需要广阔的地方,X 和Y有差不多的地方可以造。X的人密度高于Y很多。
Conclusion:所以要建造在Y地。
4-3 削弱题 B 1’09’’
Premise:品牌麦片和无牌的麦片价差现在很大了所以很多人都买便宜的了。
Conclusion:大牌麦片要降价,大家就会回来买。
思路:便宜的不一定是质量差,吃了便宜的人爱上便宜的了
4-4 填空题 C 2’44’’
Premise:防腐剂杀细菌以防食物变坏但是他会破坏食物的里的B1。支持防腐剂的人说炒菜也会。
Conclusion:这个活发是不重要的,因为一般有防腐剂的食物都是生吃的。 也是Misleading的,因为。。
思路:炒菜和防腐剂无关。
4-5 推论题 D 1’01’’
Premise:J国鱼量增加了4.5,肉量增加了9。人口同期增长了6%。
4-6 解释题 C 2’48’’
Premise:狼通常都不在有人的地方出现,所以家养的羊一般不会被狼吃。1910年前,H地很多羊在被吃,之后五年政府鼓励人打狼,很多狼都被杀了。
Conclusion:但是羊却被杀的越来越多。
思路:人少了,狼的能力变弱了,食物少了。
4-7 加强题 E 2’01’’
Premise:NO2是汽车尾气,C可以减少尾气。D国要求所有车都需要C。
Conclusion:但是虽然城市里的新车比例很高,但是NO2排放并没有减少很多。
思考方向:城市里的车和郊区车的使用区别。
4-8 Evaluating题 C 2’14‘’
Premise:若想要镇上的商铺健康,就不能开saveall超市。因为其他开了的镇,其他商铺都死了四分之一了。
思路:关的这1/4,是真的都是因为saveall关的吗
4-9 FA题 A 1’37’’
Premise: S要把油换成气。现在S生产的气有多余,油生产也逐渐增加。
Conclusion:按照这速度,进口油的需求就会变少了。
4-10 BF题 E 2’54’’
BF1:一个反对传统想法的一个例子。BF2:一个支持反传统想法的further例子
7#
发表于 2020-9-3 16:35:06 | 只看该作者
4-1:
Ans: C        Time: 2’33
Facts: 有CF病的人有high salt concentration, CF病人无法fight off bacteria                                    
逻辑链: high salt concentration→ ineffective antibiotic
A. 纠结的选项:健康的人salt concentration会自动调节正常, 但题目探讨的是有CF病的这群人antibiotic ineffective的原因是不是盐度高, 脱离讨论范围
B. low salt concentration 的case不在讨论范围
C. normal salt concentration(无因) →tissue can resist bacteria(无果), 加强逻辑链
D. 讨论其他治疗手段, 不在讨论范围
E. 无关

4-2:
Ans: E        Time: 1’14
逻辑链: X比Y人口密度高,turbine需要大片open land, 但___→应该建在X
A. 不能support turbine应该建在X这个conclusion
B. Y人口多,但改变不了X密度高的事实, 按道理还是Y比较适合
CD. 无关
E. X的人住的比较集中,因此有open land, Y的人住得分散, 不适合建turbine

4-3:
Ans: D        Time: 2’34
逻辑链: 措施:NB的manufacturer降价使NB和SB的price gap比5年前还小 目的: 让顾客switch back to NB (削弱)
A.讲NB manufactures的收费模式, 无法说明顾客会不会switch back
B. 顾客对SB的质量满意, 无法说明NB降价后会不会switch back
C. 讲有些顾客当初没switch to SB, 但这部分人不在讨论范围内
D. 说即使NB的manufacturer降价, 商场的SB还是会卖的便宜很多, 从而顾客还是会选择SB,削弱了方案可行性
E. 总销量没上升,无法说明顾客有没有switch back

4-4:
Ans: C        Time: 2’16
逻辑链: irradiation把维他命都杀掉了,但____→人们认为cooking跟irradiation一样杀掉营养的观点是错误的
A. 讲支持irradiation的人是谁, 无法调和矛盾
B. 讲irradiation还有其他作用, 不在讨论范围
C. 通过排除法得出C选项, 具体怎么影响逻辑链不确定
D. 有一些cooking比irradiation还destructive, 方向相反
E. 没指出cooking和irradiation有什么差别

4-5:
Ans: E        Time:1’27
逻辑链: 人↑6%, fish↑4.5%, poultry↑9%→____
A. profit原文未提及
B. 移民的人喜欢吃什么我们不知道
C. 只知道percentage,不知道具体消费的数量
D. 无法推出该选项
E. 每个人吃的鱼变少了,合理

4-6:
Ans: C        Time:1’49
逻辑链: 很多狼被猎人杀了,但_____→羊被狼攻击的次数变多了
A. 狼的其他猎物数量上升, 更无法解释为什么狼更频繁攻击羊
B. 无关
C. 狼被猎人伤害后不能prey其他野生动物了,只能欺负一下羊,补足gap
D. 羊更脆弱,但没解释为什么受猎人保护后反而被攻击得多了
E.狼都去没人的地方了,没人自然没羊,无法解释现象

4-7:
Ans: E        Time: 2’10
逻辑链: D国的新车都装上了C,C能减少排放,但____→D国首都排放没减少
GAP: D国首都和D国其他城市有什么影响排放的因素不同
BCD. 没讲首都和其他城市的不同
A. D首都的旧车比新车多,但对比1993年前新车的比例还是多了呀,无法解释
E. 他因调和: C不能发挥作用in D国首都

4-8:
Ans: C        Time: 1’59
逻辑链: 凡是开SA的地方5年内附近超过1/4的商铺要倒闭→不应该开SA
ABDE. 无关
C.补足了GAP: ¼商铺倒闭算好还是不好

4-9:
Ans: A        Time: 2’44
逻辑链: gas Ss>gas Dd, oil Ss上升→以后不用import oil了
A. 取反: fuel consumption growth> fuel Ss, 说明还是要进口,削弱
B. gas ss比oil ss上升幅度快,无关比较
C. 取反: oil有其他substitutes,无法削弱,反而加强原文逻辑链,方向相反
D. 无关
E. 无关

4-10:
Ans: D        Time: 1’34
两个boldface句之间有however,说明第一句是作者的负态度,第二句是作者的正态度,两句都是说明原因,原因属于facts.
ABC. 第一个BF句态度相反
E. 第二个BF句态度相反
8#
发表于 2020-9-3 16:45:58 | 只看该作者
答案CEBCE CDBAC
4-1
C 1'15''
background:健康的肺可以产生antibiotic防止感染病菌;CF患者的肺也能产生正常数量的antibiotic但是却不能防止感染病菌
premise:CF患者的肺表面盐浓度高于常人
conclusion:高盐环境让肺部的antibiotic失效

A:说明正常人的肺有自动调节盐浓度的功能,但不能加强结论
B:低盐浓度是正常的,不能代表高盐浓度的情况
D:无关
E:无关

4-2
E 2'50''
background:wind farms需要大片用地去收集电能。X和Y的地形类似,但X的人口密度大于Y。
conclusion:应该在Y建wind farm

A:共性条件,不说明问题
B:总人口和需要的用地面积无关
C:无关
D:比较对象是wind farms和其他facility,无关


4-3
B 1'30''
name-brand和store-brand的价格gap很大,消费者逐渐转向了store-brand,尽管name-brand的产品质量reputation好。
plan: 未来缩小两家店之间的price gap
goal: name-brand要吸引流失的客人(削弱选项说明该方案无法实现、可行性差或有副作用)

A:无关
C:name-brand的忠实用户,不在讨论范围内
D:无关
E:无关

4-4
C 2'30''
background:Irradiation可以杀菌并让食物延缓变质,但是也会损害食物的营养价值。
支持者:认为irradiation不会比cooking更差
文章观点:支持者说的不对,因为很多irradiated food是生的。。。?

A:无关
B:无关
D:这一点是和支持者的观点一致的
E:共性问题,不能说明


4-5
E 1'30''
从1980到1989,鱼的消费增长4.5%、poultry product的消费增长9%,人口增长6%→人均鱼的消费量一定减少(E)


4-6
C 1'00''
1910年前,家羊几乎不被狼追捕。但是1910后,政府开始鼓励猎杀狼,导致很多狼被杀死
矛盾点:1910年后,更多家羊被狼攻击
A: 狼的其他猎物数量增加,加剧矛盾点
B:已知
D: 比较对象是domestic sheep和most wild animals,和矛盾无关
E:加剧矛盾


4-7
D 2'15''
background:ND是一种汽车排出的污染物。一种converter可以降低ND排放,在1993年以后的所有新车上都安装了。结果ND排放明显减少。
矛盾点:新车的占比已经很高了(是指1993年前?),但是ND排放只从1993年后明显下降。
A:加剧矛盾
B:加剧矛盾
C:无关
E:无关

4-8
B 2'30''
premise:调查显示,其他small towns只要开了Saveall,五年内就会有1/4以上的店铺破产倒闭
conclusion:M不能开saveall
A:无关
B:如果大多数居民现在都没有在M shopping,那saveall开业以后可能是个好的机会吸引新客;否则可能和argument说的一样
C:无关
D:无关
E:无关

4-9
A 1'30''
premise:S很依赖进口石油,但是S正生产自己的natural gas,且生产的比用的多,且oil产量也在持续增长
conclusion:很快S对外进口的石油就会减少

B:natural gas和oil的产量相比无意义
C:取非:有其他可以替代oil的fuel可以使用,但没说清和进口石油的关系,比如可以替代的fuel的产量足够大?
D:无关
E:无关

4-10
C 2'30''
第一个BF是fact,是evidence;第二个BF是conclusion/position,而且是historian的主要position

9#
发表于 2020-9-3 17:18:30 | 只看该作者
4-1   c
时间:  2‘7
逻辑链:Fact:健康的肺会产生一种抗体杀菌来保护自己。有病的人也能正常产生抗体但是无法杀菌
p: 有病的人肺部有高浓度的盐 c:是高浓度的盐使得抗体失效
问题:支持
a:健康人肺部盐溶液浓度上升后会回归正常水平,这跟抗体失不失效无关
b:选项说的是低浓度的盐溶液,文中讨论的是高浓度
c:有病人的肺组织在正常浓度的盐溶液中是可以抵抗细菌的,而在高浓度的溶液中就不行,正面支持了原文
d:如何治愈与本文假设无关
e:高浓度盐溶液有抗菌效果,不能支持原文假设
4-2   e
时间:2’49
逻辑链:事实:风厂通过风力涡轮来发电,需要很大的开阔场地。 x与y有相似的地形,但是x的人口密度比y大得多
p:y的人口密度更小,且两地地形相似
c:二选一的话应该在y地建造风厂
a:无关
b:就算y的总人口数大于x,也不能说明y没有开阔的土地可以建厂
c:无关
d:风厂发每单位的电要求更多的土地比起其他发电设施,这个事实在原文有阐述,且与究竟是选x还是选y无关
e:x几乎所有人口聚集在一小块地区,而y是遍布全市,说明x比y有更大的开阔土地,驳斥原文
4-3  b
时间:1‘35
逻辑链:事实:过去的五年n品牌和更便宜的s品牌的价格差很大,消费者更多的转向s品牌,尽管n有着更好的质量,n品牌计划通过缩小与s的价格差来找回顾客
p:n计划缩小与s的价格差
c:n品牌可以成功找回已经转向s的客人
问题:削弱
a:无关
b:已经转向s 的客人们对s的质量也很满意,因此不会选择价格更高的n,可以削弱
c:不选择s的客群不在本题考虑范围内
d:此项是在重复陈述题干信息
e:无关
4-4   e
时间:1‘15
逻辑链:事实:照射食物可以杀死细菌防止变质,但也会减少食物中的营养成分,比如破坏维生素b1
此题可以看出空格所在句子是一个either  or 的结构,应该遵循parallel原则,前方是说食物被生吃,那么后方填入的句子也应该是食物的处理方法
4-5  e
时间:2’26
逻辑链:事实:从1980到1989,j地鱼的消费量上升了4.5%,p产品消费量上升了9%,在同时期从外地迁往j的人数上升了6%
a:不知道鱼与p产品各自的单价
b:原文信息不能推出
c:原文只说了比例,并不知道具体数量
d:不能推出
e:人数的增加比鱼的增加更多
4-6  c
时间:2‘7
逻辑链:事实:狼总是避开人类居所,因此本应很容易被狼捕食的羊通常不会被袭击。然而农民失去大量的羊,他们把这归因于狼的数量很多。因此政府悬赏杀狼,大量的狼被杀,但是狼对羊的攻击反而增加
p:大量的狼被杀掉
c:狼对羊的袭击不降反增 问原因
a:鹿和其他狼捕食的动物数量增加与攻击羊增加无关
b:无关
c:因为大量狼被杀或受伤,大大减少了这些狼捕杀野生动物的能力,所以就捕杀家养的羊,对羊的攻击增加
d:无关
e:无关
4-7  e
时间:1;28
逻辑链:
p:新车比例很高在d国的首都,而且新车上都被要求安装c这种装置,可以有效减少二氧化氮排放
c:然而二氧化氮排放量并没有显著减少。 问原因
a:无关
b:无关,题干都说了首都新车比例很高
c:无关
d:这里应该错在说的是d国,而题干里说的是d的首都这个城市
e;d的首都很多人开车只开一小段距离,达不到c装置能起作用的温度,起到解释作用
4-8 c
时间: 2‘39
逻辑链:m如果想保持健康运营的中央购物中心,就应该阻止sa的开业。其他小城市的记录表明sa开在这些小城中心购物区之外,五年内超过四分之一的店铺都面临破产
p:如果不阻止sa开立
c:那么很多其他店铺会面临破产
a:其他小城有没有成功阻止sa开业无关
b:无关
c:在有健康运营商业体系的城市,正常五年间会有多少店铺破产
d:无关
e:sa亏不亏钱无关,重要的是它对其他店铺的影响
4-9  a
时间:2’23
逻辑链:事实:s国以前严重依赖进口的石油。最近s执行一个项目,把油转化为天然气,s生产的天然气供大于求,石油的产量也稳步上升,如果按这个趋势下去,s国对国外燃料的依赖将减少
p:?
c:按照此趋势,s国将减少对国外燃料的依赖性
a:燃料使用的速度不如燃料生产的速度快在s国,所以不用再依赖进口
b:无关
c:无关
d:无关
e:无关
4-10 d
时间:2/21
逻辑链:第二句前有一句话:然而更严谨的结论被需要。说明前方的论述不够严谨,是历史学家所反对的。而第二句才是用来支持历史学家的正确严谨的结论。
10#
发表于 2020-9-3 17:26:38 | 只看该作者
4-1
2`23 E
逻辑链:正常人的肺可以杀死细菌,得了C病的人可以正常分泌抗体,但是不能杀死细菌。
科学家发现是因为含盐量高
结论:高含盐量导致抗体反应异常。
问支持
A.健康人的气管含盐量会升高,但是不久会恢复正常。无关
B.低盐含量下抗体可以杀死细菌。无关
C.当得了C病的肺细胞在正常盐情况下,可以杀死病毒。不足以支持
D.同类肺病。无关
E.高盐含量可以在各种情况下导致抗体异常反应。支持

4-2
1`21 E
逻辑链:风车要建在有大面积开阔的地方。X的人口密度比Y大很多。(暗示密度大,开阔的地方就少)
结论:所以Y比X更适合建风车。(找跟X人数虽然多,但是面积小,或者Y人少,但是占面积多的选项)
问削弱
A.两个地方都在风多的地方。无关
B.Y的总人数比X多。无关
C.跟外面买电没关系。
D.跟需要的面积大小没关系
E.X的人虽然多,但是集中在一起(所以开阔面积大),Y则相反。削弱

4-3
2`09 B
逻辑链:NB的商品比SB的商品贵了很多年,但是人们更多的转去SB商店因为质量好。所以NB的老板准备降低价格希望吸引客户。
问削弱(找跟质量相关的)
A.跟制造商没关系。
B.去SB店买的人是因为他们相信SB质量更好。对了
C.从不去SB,买东西的人觉得NB质量好。增强
D.跟广告费没关系。
E.跟总销售额没关系。

4-4
2`48 D
逻辑链:辐射可以杀死细菌,但是也会破坏一些营养素。但是有人反对说做饭也会杀死营养素。这个人反对的有道理,因为:
给出原因:
A.无关
B.杀死细菌不是辐射唯一的作用。无关
C.做饭一半是最后一步工作,而辐射是为了保证保鲜。无关
D.有一些做饭的方法甚至比辐射还破坏营养素。继续反驳,解释了反对的原因。
E.对于辐射的食物再做饭,减少的营养素是两者叠加的。无关

4-5
1`41 E
逻辑链:一个地方的鱼消费增加了4.5%,P的消费增加了9%,人口增加了6%
问可以推出以下那个结论
A.不能算出
B.不能判断鱼的占比
C.比例和数量有区别,不能判断
D.不知道是不是平时吃的
E.人均鱼的消费变少了。对,因为增加的比例,分母比分子大。

4-6
1`41 C
逻辑链:有段时间人们经常杀狼,同时狼本来不攻击人类羊群的,现在也攻击了
解释以上现象
A.狼的其他食物增多了。无关
B.之前不允许杀狼。无关
C.狼抓不到野生动物了。所以去抓羊了
D.圈养的羊不能保护自己。无关
E.狼搬家了。无关

4-7
2`19 A
逻辑链:为了减少N排放,D城市的新车都要装一个装置,但是其他城市效果都挺好,D城市不行
解释以上现象(为啥N排放还是很高)
A.更多的车都是旧车。(没有装装置)所以减少的N排放不多。
B.新车卖的少。不充分
C.其他污染减少。无关
D.很多D市民已经换车了。增强以上现象
E.跟旅游的车无关。

4-8
2`21  B
逻辑链:结论:有人建议为了防止生意不好,要组织S店开过来。
前提:因为在S店开了的小城里,其他店关了不少。
问下面哪个有助于评价
A.跟能不能说服别人无关
B.是不是大部分人在这个地方消费。如果是,则会影响,如果不是,则不会影响。
C.跟之前倒闭的占比无关
D.跟员工无关
E.跟有没有丢钱无关

4-9
1`23 A
逻辑链:S城进口油多,最近S城准备换成用气,而S城的产油和产气都在上升
结论:S城进口油会减少
问前提:
A.需求不会超过产量。如果不是这样,那产量会跟不上。
B.跟油和气产量谁快无关
C.跟有没有替代品无关
D.跟建筑无关
E.有燃气新设备也不一定能减少油需求

4-10
2`33 D
黑脸体:有人说牛顿跟L都是独立的思想。一些学者反对,认为L的思路是从牛顿发展出来的,第一个黑脸给了证据。后面作者又提出一个想法,第二个黑脸是这个想法
A.第一个不是作者支持的
B.同A
C.同A
D.对
E.第二个不是去证明第一个结论的。
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