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4-1 Healthy lungs produce a natural antibiotic that protects them from infection by routinely killing harmful bacteria on airway surfaces. People with cystic fibrosis, however, are unable to fight off such bacteria, even though their lungs produce normal amounts of the antibiotic. The fluid on airway surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis has an abnormally high salt concentration; accordingly, scientists hypothesize that the high salt concentration is what makes the antibiotic ineffective.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the scientists’ hypothesis?
A. When the salt concentration of the fluid on the airway surfaces of healthy people is raised artificially, the salt concentration soon returns to normal. （和盐含量是否能会到正常无关）
B. A sample of the antibiotic was capable of killing bacteria in an environment with an unusually low concentration of salt. （在低的盐含量下可以杀菌不能知道高含量的是否有效）
C. When lung tissue from people with cystic fibrosis is maintained in a solution with a normal salt concentration, the tissue can resist bacteria. （当在正常的浓度下还是能抵抗细菌，说明不是因为别的因素就是因为盐含量的多少）
D. Many lung infections can be treated by applying synthetic antibiotics to the airway surfaces. （解决方案不是我们想知道的）
E. High salt concentrations have an antibiotic effect in many circumstances. （新概念）
Time：1’51
P: 有cf的人肺里的盐含量高
C: 盐含量导致抗生素没有用
思路：排除他因，比如说患有cf的人的抗生素能在其他浓度存活/加强盐含量高抗生素无效的关系
4-2 Wind farms, which generate electricity using arrays of thousands of wind-powered turbines, require vast expanses of open land. County X and County Y have similar terrain, but the population density of County X is significantly higher than that of County Y. Therefore, a wind farm proposed for one of the two counties should be built in County Y rather than in County X.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the planner’s argument?
A. County X and County Y are adjacent to each other, and both are located in the windiest area of the state. （两者都在风最大的地区不能说明其实建在X or Y都ok）
B. The total population of County Y is substantially greater than that of County X. (总人数多但是密度小说明还是适合在Y建立)
C. Some of the electricity generated by wind farms in County Y would be purchased by users outside the county. （和被谁购买的无关）
D. Wind farms require more land per unit of electricity generated than does any other type of electrical-generation facility. （无关比较）
E. Nearly all of County X’s population is concentrated in a small part of the county, while County Y’s population is spread evenly throughout the country. （说明密度大不是因为人口多而是因为都住在一个小地方而Y住的比较散）
Time: 0’51
P: the population density of X higher than Y
C: wind farm should be built in Y
思路：削弱说不一定就是要建在Y, 人口密度大不一定说每个地方的密度都很大
4-3 Over the past five years, the price gap between name-brand cereals and less expensive store-brand cereals has become so wide that consumers have been switching increasingly to store brands despite the name brands’ reputation for better quality. To attract these consumers back, several manufacturers of name-brand cereals plan to narrow the price gap between their cereals and store brands to less than what it was five years ago.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the likelihood that the manufacturers’ plan will succeed in attracting back a large percentage of consumers who have switched to store brands?
A. There is no significant difference among manufacturers of name-brand cereals in the prices they charge for their products. （如果没有差别，那大家应该更青睐牌子的）
B. Consumers who have switched to store-brand cereals have generally been satisfied with the quality of those cereals. （说明即使价格有所下降但是质量没有store-brand好的话，大家就会更喜欢store）
C. Many consumers would never think of switching to store-brand cereals because they believe the name brand cereals to be of better quality. (加强方案实行的可能)
D. Because of lower advertising costs, stores are able to offer their own brands of cereals at significantly lower prices than those charged for name-brand cereals. （和价格无关）
E. Total annual sales of cereals—including both name-brand and store-brand cereals—have not increased significantly over the past five years. （和sales增长无关）
Time: 0’38
G: name brand cereals attract consumers back
P: narrow price gap
思路：削弱就是该方案有副作用，该方案是否可行
4-4 Which of the following most logically completes the argument?
The irradiation of food kills bacteria and thus retards spoilage. However, it also lowers the nutritional value of many foods. For example, irradiation destroys a significant percentage of whatever vitamin B1 a food may contain. Proponents of irradiation point out that irradiation is no worse in this respect than cooking. However, this fact is either beside the point, since much irradiated food is eaten raw, or else misleading, since _______.
A. many of the proponents of irradiation are food distributors who gain from food’s having a longer shelf life （和支持者无关）
B. it is clear that killing bacteria that may be present on food is not the only effect that irradiation has （和杀菌无关）
C. cooking is usually the final step in preparing food for consumption, whereas irradiation serves to ensure a longer shelf life for perishable foods （能存放很久不能代表两者之间没有可比性）
D. certain kinds of cooking are, in fact, even more destructive of vitamin B1 than carefully controlled irradiation is （无关比较）
E. for food that is both irradiated and cooked, the reduction of vitamin B1 associated with either process individually is compounded （因为一个食物被irradiated还有cooked这样就不知道两者之间是否有差异）
Time: 1’47
P: irradiation的支持者说irradiation和cooking没差
C：要嘛就是支持者说的或者是误导因为…
思路：所以就是irradiation和cooking的类比，如果无法比较就是原因
4-5 From 1980 to 1989, total consumption of fish in the country of Jurania increased by 4.5 percent, and total consumption of poultry products there increased by 9.0 percent. During the same period, the population of Jurania increased by 6 percent, in part due to immigration to Jurania from other countries in the region.
If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true on the basis of them?
A. During the 1980’s in Jurania, profits of wholesale distributors of poultry products increased at a greater rate than did profits of wholesale distributors of fish. (不知道具体的Profits涨幅)
B. For people who immigrated to Jurania during the 1980’s, fish was less likely to be a major part of their diet than was poultry. （increase幅度小不代表不是major consumption）
C. In 1989 Juranians consumed twice as much poultry as fish. (只是增长幅度是2倍不代表总消耗量是2倍)
D. For a significant proportion of Jurania’s population, both fish and poultry products were a regular part of their diet during the 1980’s. （不确定）
E. Per capita consumption of fish in Jurania was lower in 1989 than in 1980. （鱼的涨幅确实比人数低，说明人均消耗量会降低）
Time: 1’34
P: 1980-1989, fish consumption increases 4.5%/poultry increases 9%/population 6%
4-6 Wolves generally avoid human settlements. For this reason, domestic sheep, though essentially easy prey for wolves, are not usually attacked by them. In Hylantia prior to 1910, farmers nevertheless lost considerable numbers of sheep to wolves each year. Attributing this to the large number for wolves, in 1910 the government began offering rewards to hunters for killing wolves. From 1910 to 1915, large numbers of wolves were killed. Yet wolf attacks on sheep increased significantly.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in wolf attacks on sheep?
A. Populations of deer and other wild animals that wolves typically prey on increased significantly in numbers from 1910 to 1915. 猎物增加了就更不应该吃羊了
B. Prior to 1910, there were no legal restrictions in Hylantia on the hunting of wolves. （重复条件）
C. After 1910 hunters shot and wounded a substantial number of wolves, thereby greatly diminishing these wolves’ ability to prey on wild animals. （受伤了所以更容易去抓羊）
D. Domestic sheep are significantly less able than most wild animals to defend themselves against wolf attacks. （重复条件）
E. The systematic hunting of wolves encouraged by the program drove many wolves in Hylantia to migrate to remote mountain areas uninhabited by humans. （狼的数量少）
Time: 1’22
P: hunters 大量杀狼应该会使狼吃羊的情况减少
C: 但是狼吃羊的情况增加了
思路：解释本该下降但却上升的原因，额外上升，可能是狼没有被杀死抓不到羊
4-7 Nitrogen dioxide is a pollutant emitted by automobiles. Catalytic converters, devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, have been required in all new cars in Donia since 1993, and as a result, nitrogen dioxide emissions have been significantly reduced throughout most of the country. Yet although the proportion of new cars in Donia’s capital city has always been comparatively high, nitrogen dioxide emissions there have showed only an insignificant decline since 1993.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the insignificant decline in nitrogen dioxide emissions in Donia’s capital city?
A. More of the cars in Donia’s capital city were made before 1993 than after 1993. （时间先后无关）
B. The number of new cars sold per year in Donia has declined slightly since 1993. （和新车数量没有关系）
C. Pollutants other than nitrogen dioxide that are emitted by automobiles have also been significantly reduced in Donia since 1993. （无关比较）
D. Many Donians who own cars made before 1993 have had catalytic converters installed in their cars. （和时间先后无关）
E. Most car trips in Donia’s capital city are too short for the catalytic converter to reach its effective working temperature. （说明有了cc但是cc没有很effective仍然是没有很大作用的）
Time: 0’47
P: 新车都装cc, 然后新车数量多
C: 但是排放量仍然没有明显的降低
思路：有没有可能是cc的功能还没有很好
4-8 Community activist: If Morganville wants to keep its central shopping district healthy, it should prevent the opening of a huge SaveAll discount department store on the outskirts of Morganville. Records from other small towns show that whenever SaveAll has opened a store outside the central shopping district of a small town, within five years the town has experienced the bankruptcies of more than a quarter of the stores in the shopping district.
The answer to which of the following would be most useful for evaluating the community activist’s reasoning?
A. Have community activists in other towns successfully campaigned against the opening of a SaveAll store on the outskirts of their towns? （和campaign无关）
B. Do a large percentage of the residents of Morganville currently do almost all of their shopping at stores in Morganville? （和居民数量无关）
C. In towns with healthy central shopping districts, what proportion of the stores in those districts suffer bankruptcy during a typical five-year period? (知道了正常没有sa的破产率如果高于了就是说明sa有影响如果没有就说明不是sa的原因)
D. What proportion of the employees at the SaveAll store on the outskirts of Morganville will be drawn from Morganville? （和员工数量无关）
E. Do newly opened SaveAll stores ever lose money during their first five years of operation? （和新开的sa无关）
Time：1‘28
G: keep the district healthy
P: prevent sa open
4-9 In the past the country of Siduria has relied heavily on imported oil. Siduria recently implemented a program to convert heating systems from oil to natural gas. Siduria already produces more natural gas each year than it burns, and oil production in Sidurian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace. If these trends in fuel production and usage continue, therefore, Sidurian reliance on foreign sources for fuel should decline soon.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. In Siduria the rate of fuel consumption is rising no more quickly than the rate of fuel production. （思路的公式）
B. Domestic production of natural gas is rising faster than is domestic production of oil in Siduria. （无关比较）
C. No fuel other than natural gas is expected to be used as a replacement for oil in Siduria. （无关比较）
D. Buildings cannot be heated by solar energy rather than by oil or natural gas. （无关比较）
E. All new homes that are being built will have natural-gas-burning heating systems. （和new homes无关）
Time: 1’34
P: production>consumption
C: import decline
思路：total consumption=domestic+import, domestic上升只有total consumption变化不快才会使import减少
4-10 Historian: Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus. Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques. It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent. Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and sincethe notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false. A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.
In the historian’s reasoning, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is evidence that has been used to support an opposing position.
B. The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is that position.
C. The first provides evidence in support of an intermediate conclusion that is drawn to provide support for the overall position that the historian defends; the second provides evidence against that intermediate conclusion.
D. The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position. （bf2前面说more cautious conclusion说明了对bf2的肯定，bf1,2是对立的所以如果bf2被支持则bf1被反驳）
E. The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is further information that substantiates that evidence.
time: 0'37
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发表于 2020-9-3 17:33:26
pposes) 黑体二：support of second conclusion (Historian:support)
