【阅读】10/03起阅读寂静整理（10/14更新，47篇原始，41篇考古）

ScarlettDeng

39.patent
考古 类似文章和狗
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-322579-1-1.html

阅读IT界的申请专利问题可能引发很多问题
还一篇讲说专利问题，首段讲IT界的申请专利问题可能引发很多问题，下面三段从三个方面讲了问题所在，第一点，科技发展日新月异，专利也层出不穷，发明一项科技专利的同时要保证这专利以前没有申请过，这种搜索工作过于麻烦。
   第二点，评定专利的人往往不具备SCIENCE的专业知识和背景，因此可能过高（过低）评价很多其实很烂（很好）的专利（这段有类比题，我选了KITCHEN APPLIANCE那选项）。
   第三点，科技专利往往是一群人的智慧，而非个人，而专利权往往授予的是个人。




*现在的patent process对software engineers来说不利，原因有三,一段一个，文章容易。




*   The costs of determining if a particular piece of software infringes any issued patents is too high and the results are too uncertain.
   

*   Even if a software developer hires a patent attorney to perform a clearance search and provide a clearance opinion there is still no guarantee that the search will be complete. Different patents and published patent applications may use different words to describe the same concepts and thus patents that cover different aspects of the invention may not show up in a search. A simple clearance search might cost $US 2,000. A more comprehensive clearance search might cost $20,000 and up.[citation needed] This is often beyond the means of many inventors.

*   Most software patents cover either trivial inventions or inventions that would have been obvious to persons of ordinary skill in the art at the time the invention was made.
   

*   Patent examiners rarely have a comprehensive knowledge of the specific technologies disclosed in the patent applications they examine. This is in large part due to the enormous number of micro-niches in the software field and the relatively limited number of examiners. As a consequence, patents are sometimes allowed on inventions that appear to be trivial extensions of existing technologies.[citation needed] Others debate that these inventions are truly obvious without the benefit of hindsight.[14]
   

*   If any member of the public disagrees with a patent office's granting of a patent, they can challenge the validity of the patent once it issues. This is done by an reexamination in the US and an opposition proceeding in Europe. Other countries have similar proceedings. Currently about 5% of all issued patents in Europe are opposed.[15] .

§  Granted patents may be very different from the published applications, so the published application may only serve as a guide to the final scope of protection.

小小小小白

Mark一下！               

billyisfragile!

Railways and slime moulds
A life of slime
Network-engineering problems can be solved by surprisingly simple creatures
Jan 21st 2010

FROM adhesives that mimic the feet of geckos to swimsuits modelled on shark skin, biologically inspired design has taken off in recent times. Copying nature's ideas allows people to harness the power of evolution to come up with clever products. Now a group of researchers has taken this idea a step further by using an entire living organism—a slime mould—to solve a complex problem. In this case, the challenge was to design an efficient rail network for the city of Tokyo and its outlying towns.

Slime moulds are unusual critters—neither animal, nor plant nor fungus. If they resemble anything, it is a colonial amoeba. Physarum polycephalum, the species in question, consists of a membrane-bound bag of protoplasm and, unusually, multiple nuclei. It can be found migrating across the floor of dark, damp, northern-temperate woodlands in search of food such as bacteria. It can grow into networks with a diameter of 25cm.

When P. polycephalum is foraging, it puts out protrusions of protoplasm, creates nodes and branches, and grows in the form of an interconnected network of tubes. As it explores the forest floor, it must constantly trade off the cost, efficiency and resilience of its expanding network.

Since the purpose of this activity is to link food sources together and to transport nutrients around the creature, Atsushi Tero at Hokkaido University in Japan and his colleagues wondered if slime-mould transport networks bore any resemblance to human ones. As they report in Science, they built a template with 36 oat flakes (a favoured food source) placed to represent the locations of cities in the region around Tokyo. They put P. polycephalum on Tokyo itself, and watched it go.

They found that many of the links the slime mould made bore a striking resemblance to Tokyo's existing rail network. For P. polycephalum had not simply created the shortest possible network that could connect all the cities, but had also included redundant connections that allow the creature (and the real rail network) to have resilience to the accidental breakage of any part of it. P. polycephalum's network, in other words, had similar costs, efficiencies and resiliencies to the human version.

How the creature does this is unknown, but Mark Fricker of Oxford University, who is one of Dr Tero's colleagues, speculates that the forces generated by protoplasm pulsating back-and-forth through the multinuclear cell are interpreted and used to determine which routes to reinforce, and which connections to trim.


Tokyo's is not the first transport network to be modelled in this way. A study published in December by Andrew Adamatzky and Jeff Jones of the University of the West of England used oat flakes to represent Britain's principal cities. Slime moulds modelled the motorway network of the island quite accurately, with the exception of the M6/M74 into Scotland (the creatures chose to go through Newcastle rather than past Carlisle).

Of course, neither Dr Tero nor Dr Adamatzky is suggesting that rail and road networks should be designed by slime moulds. What they are proposing is that good and complex solutions can emerge from simple rules, and that this principle might be applied elsewhere. The next thing is to discover and use these rules to enable other networks to self-organise in an “intelligent” fashion without human intervention—for example, to link up a swarm of robots exploring a dangerous environment, so that they can talk to each other and relay information back to base. The denizens of Carlisle, meanwhile, may wonder what objection slime moulds have towards their fine city.

billyisfragile!

JOURNAL ARTICLE
A Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction?
John C. Briggs
BioScience
Vol. 41, No. 9 (Oct., 1991), pp. 619-624 (6 pages)
Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1311699

科学家然后开始研究热带的shadow-water里面marine 动物的灭绝，发现热带海水里的灭绝率高于其他地区，并导致了在此灭绝之后，热带海水里的动物存留下来的都是primitive的。

Among the marine plankton species, it was the smaller, more generalized, or primitive forms that survived the extinction, whereas the large, specialized species died out (Keller 1989, Lipps 1986). The generalized species lived in the cooler waters of high latitudes and, when the tropical species were eliminated, the primitive forms moved toward the equator to take their places (Gerstel et al. 1986). In other marine groups with good fossil records, such as the hermatypic corals (Stehli and Wells 1971), hivalve molluscs (Hecht and Agan 1972), and benthic foraminiferans (Durazzi and Stehli 1973), the younger more advanced genera are found in the tropics, whereas the more ancient genera were found at higher latitudes. In other groups, such as fishes and cetaceans, whose fossil history is not as well known, the higher-latitude representatives often have a simpler, more primitive morphology.

The K/T extinctions preferentially eliminated the tropical shelf and epipelagic organisms. This set of extinctions created an ecological vacuum, which was gradually populated by simpler, eurythermic organisms from higher latitudes and possibly from deeper water and other refuges. I have suggested that this process of succession by older, more primitive forms set back the evolutionary clock to an earlier time (Briggs 1990). So, instead of evolutionary benefits, the K/T extinctions resulted in evolutionary disaster. Depending on the habitat, it took the marine world from 3 million years to more than 25 million years to recover its late Cretaceous diversity.

文章中说首先很多人都将白垩纪生物灭绝的重点放在extinction of dinosaurs, 然后发现恐龙的灭绝既不是sudden也不是catastrophic, 而是逐渐灭绝的，尤其是在最后的3000年内。

The fossils have an interesting story to tell about the time over which the K/T extinctions took place, even though it is less spectacular than most current accounts. In both the marine and terrestrial environments, extinctions in major groups of animals began several million years before the K/T boundary. For example, the ammonites began to die out approximately 6 million years before and the dinosaurs approximately 7 million years before. In the shallow, tropical marine waters, where the majority of the extinctions took place, the macroinvertebrates died out over a 2.50—2.75 million year interval. The pelagic plankton species that disappeared did so over a shorter time, but their demise still took place over a period of 0.8-1.0 million years. These changes were certainly not sudden nor catastrophic.

3、highlight那段关于1%的
说明了海洋生物的灭绝对物种多样性的影响

The magnitude of the K/T extinctions has been consistently exaggerated. Recent estimates range from a kill of half the species on Earth on up to 80%. Such estimates have no scientific basis. Some 98% of living species belong to groups (terrestrial arthropods, vascular plants, and nematodes) for which we have virtually no extinction information. They may have passed through the K/T boundary relatively unscathed. Most of the high-latitude and deep-water marine groups lost relatively few species. The loss of species diversity on a global basis could have been less than 1%.

backuu

hermioneecho 发表于 2018-10-9 16:45
想问一下，玻璃工艺那篇Integrity的近义词到底选completeness, conformity, high quality, soundness, comp ...

同意。。不知道正确是哪个

backuu

hermioneecho 发表于 2018-10-9 16:45
想问一下，玻璃工艺那篇Integrity的近义词到底选completeness, conformity, high quality, soundness, comp ...

同想问..

XYZCC

顶！

Vanishlonely

backuu 发表于 2018-10-11 11:32
同意。。不知道正确是哪个

感觉是completeness吧

bj2004

感谢分享

舒杂

45是不是补牙那个~