【阅读】10/03起阅读寂静整理（10/14更新，47篇原始，41篇考古）

hajimalikaze

第10题，确定是逆时针吗？因为 转了6 pie的话， 半径为4的那个，转了3/4, 逆时针不是应该指向 数字1吗？顺时针才是3啊

billyisfragile!

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hearing-colors-tasting-shapes/?print=true

MIND
Hearing Colors, Tasting Shapes
People with synesthesia—whose senses blend together—are providing valuable clues to understanding the organization and functions of the brain

By Edward M. Hubbard, Vilayanur S. Ramachandran on September 1, 2006

When Matthew Blakeslee shapes hamburger patties with his hands, he experiences a vivid bitter taste in his mouth. Esmerelda Jones (a pseudonym) sees blue when she listens to the note C sharp played on the piano; other notes evoke different hues—so much so that the piano keys are actually color-coded. And when Jeff Coleman looks at printed black numbers, he sees them in color, each a different hue. Blakeslee, Jones and Coleman are among a handful of otherwise normal people who have synesthesia. They experience the ordinary world in extraordinary ways and seem to inhabit a mysterious no-man's-land between fantasy and reality. For them the senses—touch, taste, hearing, vision and smell—get mixed up instead of remaining separate.

第四篇，我看半天真是搞不懂在干什么，说科学家认为一个sy什么的是fakery的，然后后面要说不是的，然后就开始介绍实验，接下来就出现了red5s black5s,black2s,green,triangle,我把我能记得的都写出来了，大家加油考古吧！问题也都是和实验细节有关的

Modern scientists have known about synesthesia since 1880, when Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin, published a paper in Natureon the phenomenon. But most have brushed it aside as fakery, an artifact of drug use or a mere curiosity. About seven years ago, however, we and others began to uncover brain processes that could account for synesthesia. Along the way, we also found new clues to some of the most mysterious aspects of the human mind, such as the emergence of abstract thought and metaphor.

A common explanation of synesthesia is that the affected people are simply experiencing childhood memories and associations. Maybe a person had played with refrigerator magnets as a child, and the number 5 was red and 6 was green. This theory does not answer why only some people retain such vivid sensory memories, however. You might think of cold when you look at a picture of an ice cube, but you probably do not feel cold, no matter how many encounters you may have had with ice and snow during your youth.

Another prevalent idea is that synesthetes are merely being metaphorical when they describe the note C sharp as red or say that chicken tastes pointy—just as you and I might speak of a loud shirt or sharp cheddar cheese. Our ordinary language is replete with such sense-related metaphors, and perhaps synesthetes are just especially gifted in this regard.

We began trying to find out whether synesthesia is a genuine sensory experience in 1999. This deceptively simple question had plagued researchers in the field for decades. One natural approach is to start by asking the subjects outright: Is this just a memory, or do you actually see the color as if it were right in front of you? When we asked this question, we did not get very far. Some subjects did respond, Oh, I see it perfectly clearly. But a more frequent reaction was, I kind of see it, kind of dont or No, it is not like a memory. I see the number as being clearly red, but I also know it isnt; it's black. So it must be a memory, I guess.

To determine whether an effect is truly perceptual, psychologists often use a simple test called pop-out or segregation. If you look at a set of tilted lines scattered amid a forest of vertical lines, the tilted lines stand out. Indeed, you can instantly segregate them from the background and group them mentally to form, for example, a separate triangular shape. Similarly, if most of a background's elements were green dots and you were told to look for red targets, the red ones would pop out. On the other hand, a set of black 2's scattered among 5's of the same color almost blend in [see box on page 81]. It is hard to discern the 2's without engaging in an item-by-item inspection of numbers, even though any individual number is just as clearly different from its neighbors as a tilted line is from a straight line. We thus may conclude that only certain primitive, or elementary, features, such as color and line orientation, can provide a basis for grouping. More complex perceptual tokens, such as numbers, cannot.

We wondered what would happen if we showed the mixed numbers to synesthetes who experience, for instance, red when they see a 5 and green with a 2. We arranged the 2's so that they formed a triangle.

P2: 研究者为了要证实这种症状是否是真是假，所以就用pop-out方法做了实验来证明。原理是这样的：既然Synaesthetic的人自称自己看到黑色的5会变成红色，那么在一堆黑色数字2当中放几个黑色数字5，这种人应该可以很快找出5来，因为5会变成红色，很快的浮现。而一般人因为2和5长得蛮像的，而且又都是黑色，所以不好辨认。结果显示90%的Synaesthetic患者果然马上就辨认出来5（比例比没有Synaesthetic症状的人高得多）。这个实验结果显示这些人是真的有Synaesthetic这个症状（此处出现了考题考这个对比的内容） （S容易辨认出来，普通人很难辨认出来）

When we conducted these tests with volunteers, the answer was crystal clear. Unlike normal subjects, synesthetes correctly reported the shape formed by groups of numbers up to 90 percent of the time (exactly as nonsynesthetes do when the numbers actually have different colors). This result proves that the induced colors are genuinely sensory and that synesthetes are not just making things up. It is impossible for them to fake their success.

ScarlettDeng

24.美国语言 原文感觉以下这篇很像  https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/12/science/earliest-americans-arrived-in-3-waves-not-1-dna-study-finds.html

Earliest Americans Arrived in Waves, DNA Study Finds

North and South America were first populated by three waves of migrants from Siberia rather than just a single migration, say researchers who have studied the whole genomes of Native Americans in South America and Canada.

Some scientists assert that the Americas were peopled in one large migration from Siberia that happened about 15,000 years ago, but the new genetic research shows that this central episode was followed by at least two smaller migrations from Siberia, one by people who became the ancestors of today’s Eskimos and Aleutians and another by people speaking Na-Dene, whose descendants are confined to North America. The research was published online on Wednesday in the journal Nature.

后来有个Green博士由此提出一个理论（好像与上面是承接关系，不是转折）：3个种族的人immigrate过来，3个语言。Green博士提出这些语言是来源三个不同的语言种族，可能是因为他们的migration貌似。后来作者就说，G说的三个语言即使是对的，后面更详细的信息的得出也不大可能解释现实，因为基因的检测不符合他的理论。因为基因的检测不符合他的理论。

The finding vindicates a proposal first made on linguistic grounds by Joseph Greenberg, the great classifier of the world’s languages. He asserted in 1987 that most languages spoken in North and South America were derived from the single mother tongue of the first settlers from Siberia, which he called Amerind. Two later waves, he surmised, brought speakers of Eskimo-Aleut and of Na-Dene, the language family spoken by the Apache and Navajo.

But many linguists who specialize in American languages derided Dr. Greenberg’s proposal, saying they saw no evidence for any single ancestral language like Amerind. “American linguists made up their minds 25 years ago that they wouldn’t support Greenberg, and they haven’t changed their mind one whit,” said Merritt Ruhlen, a colleague of Dr. Greenberg, who died in 2001.

The new DNA study is based on gene chips that sample the entire genome and presents a fuller picture than earlier studies, which were based on small regions of the genome like the Y chromosome or mitochondrial DNA. Several of the mitochondrial DNA studies had pointed to a single migration.

A team led by David Reich of Harvard Medical School and Dr. Andres Ruiz-Linares of University College London reported that there was a main migration that populated the entire Americas. They cannot date the migration from their genomic data but accept the estimate by others that the migration occurred around 15,000 years ago. This was in the window of time that occurred after the melting of great glaciers that blocked passage from Siberia to Alaska, and before the rising waters at the end of the last ice age submerged Beringia, the land bridge between them.

They also find evidence for two further waves of migration, one among Na-Dene speakers and the other among Eskimo-Aleut, again as Dr. Greenberg predicted. But whereas Dr. Greenberg’s proposal suggested that three discrete groups of people were packed into the Americas, the new genome study finds that the second and third waves mixed in with the first. Eskimos inherit about half of their DNA from the people of the first migration and half from a second migration. The Chipewyans of Canada, who speak a Na-Dene language, have 90 percent of their genes from the first migration and some 10 percent from a third.

It is not clear why the Chipewyans and others speak a Na-Dene language if most of their DNA is from Amerind speakers. Dr. Ruiz-Linares said a minority language could often dominate others in the case of conquest; an example of this is the ubiquity of Spanish in Latin America.

If the genetics of the early migrations to the Americas can be defined well enough, it should in principle be possible to match them with their source populations in Asia. Dr. Greenberg had argued on linguistic grounds that the Na-Dene language family was derived from Ket, spoken by the Ket people in the Yenisei valley of Siberia. But Dr. Reich said there was not yet enough genomic data from Asia or the Americas to make these links. His samples of Na-Dene and Ket DNA did not match, but the few Ket samples he had may have become mixed with DNA from people of other ethnicities, so the test, in his view, was inconclusive.

The team’s samples of Native American genomes were drawn mostly from South America, with a handful from Canada. Samples from tribes in the United States could not be used because the existing ones had been collected for medical reasons and the donors had not given consent for population genetics studies, Dr. Ruiz-Linares said. Native Americans in the United States have been reluctant to participate in inquiries into their origins. The Genographic Project of the National Geographic Society wrote recently to all federally recognized tribes in the United States asking for samples, but only two agreed to give them, said Spencer Wells, the project director.

Interracial marriage — or admixture, as geneticists call it — may have distorted earlier efforts to trace ancestry because subjects assumed to be American may have had European or other DNA admixed in their genomes. Dr. Reich and his colleagues have developed a method to define the racial origin of each segment of DNA and have found that on average 8.5 percent of Native American DNA belongs to other races. They then screened these admixed sections out of their analysis.

Archaeologists who study Native American history are glad to have the genetic data but also have reservations, given that several of the geneticists’ conclusions have changed over time. “This is a really important step forward but not the last word,” said David Meltzer of Southern Methodist University, noting that many migrations may not yet have shown up in the genetic samples. Michael H. Crawford, an anthropologist at the University of Kansas, said the paucity of samples from North America and from coastal regions made it hard to claim a complete picture of early migrations has been attained.

[size=1.0625]“Sometimes the statisticians make wonderful interpretations, but you have to be very guarded,” he said.

[size=1.0625]The geneticists’ finding of a single main migration of people who presumably spoke a single language at the time confirms Dr. Greenberg’s central idea that most American languages are descended from a single root, even though the genetic data cannot confirm the specific language relationships he described.

[size=1.0625]“Many linguists put down Greenberg as rubbish and don’t believe his publications,” Dr. Ruiz-Linares said. But he considers his study a substantial vindication of Dr. Greenberg. “It’s striking that we have this correspondence between the genetics and the linguistics,” he said.

billyisfragile!

第一篇是讲香味在广告中的应用，不是很长，一共两段，第一段大概是说香味的不同以及不是很好辨别之类的，第二段完全记不得了，应该有考古。题目中有一道是问相较于相较于香味的应用，其他两种广告方式（实在记不起来了，类似于听觉、视觉什么的吧）不同之处在于哪里，这个原文第一段直接有定位；还有一道是说在选线中哪个场景顾客会更无法分辨出那个味道（背景是文章里写了人们倾向于对着黄色的东西分不出柠檬的味道而不是其他颜色的，其实是说光凭味觉本身很难辨别，好像只能辨别出50-60%什么的），选项有绿色的东西分辨出pine味道，wheat的照片闻出咖啡的味道，automobile的照片里分辨出leather的味道（其他的都是更简单的选项）；

https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1329599-1-1.html


JOURNAL ARTICLE
Does It Matter If It Smells? Olfactory Stimuli as Advertising Executional Cues
Pam Scholder Ellen and Paula Fitzgerald Bone
Journal of Advertising
Vol. 27, No. 4 (Winter, 1998), pp. 29-39
Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4189089
Page Count: 11

https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-783228-1-1.html

nowhere!

感恩大家的辛苦奉献～

Basquiat

顶！谢谢各位好人。

gmat9月过过过

感谢分享！想问下相似库是啥

ScarlettDeng

46.补牙，在今年0818库里有

四十六、补牙
【本月原始】Amenzai
另外一篇比较偏mechanical engineering领域，先是说补牙的填充物会有什么内部的压力可能导致牙齿裂缝，后来又讲到engineering领域这些内部压力是有帮助的，再后来又带出了一系列可以直接测量这些压力的好处。


【本月原始】boweili115
另外一个讲的是一个stress的好处，第一段很短就说dental filling的material实际上有很多risk，因为stress会可能fracture你的teeth，但是也有好处。第二段讲stress的好处，举了一个汽车零部件上一种做工故意加一种material这样这种negative stress实际上可以让product更结实。但是要确定怎么更好利用这种 stress需要知道什么direct measurement。第三段讲关于什么三个trends，不太记得了，第三段看的有点云里雾里的。


【考古】
【本月原始】bella806
一篇是讲residual stress, 说是dental filling的时候会让人有stress，然后第二段直接跳到manufacture material， 第三段讲现在的material有哪些trends，这篇时间不多了，没怎么看明白，希望有人能考古

【考古】

【本月原始】nixiaoming
补牙会造成一种xxx stress，这种stress可能导致骨折等等，因此很多人觉得应该避免。
    其实很难避免，而且这种stress是有益的......科学家现在的进步是可以直接的测出stress是多少了。
    这种进步是很重要的，主要有三个原因...

【本月原始】lonaysta
补牙那个，时间不够看的不仔细。第一段说补牙需要压力，这种压力会导致牙裂开，但是stress不可避免。第二段说了一堆stress的好处，段末提了新技术发现了direct measurement for the stress（有题）。第三段说了一堆trend，好像第一个是有题的。

【本月原始】fionaleechase
阅读 开篇讲dental filling has stress that could lead to breakage 然后才入正题说金属加工很难避免这种stress有些情况还会故意introduce这种stress，然后举例说明汽车的某个部件故意这么加工来limit cracks 然后讲现在的科学家有能力精确度量和计算这种stress。第三段讲这种精确度量计算能力的重要性有3 － 1是很多新材料例如半导体的出现，跟有lore可循的打铁铸剑不一样新材料的锻造工艺没有历史上的lore，需要精确计算。2是以往需要估算weight bearing structure的stress阀值，所以要多留好几倍的承载量，现在能够精确计算了，可以省材料 （这句直接回答一道题）3很多新的电子器件都非常小，需要这种计算能力。
【考古】
本月原始
(by ZIyu_Chen )
P1一种residual stress存在于某种材料里，人们知道了这件事很担忧，想着试图怎样减少它以提高安全性
P2转折，其实这种stress是好的，介绍它的原理，然后最后提到它的 direct measurement 有怎样的好处，减少不断地试错带来的浪费啊之类的
P3用它的广泛运用证明它真的好！介绍了三种应用

悦读菌考古版
V1
另外有一篇关于对于stress的new measurement的研究。为了探讨和measure人类对于stress的身体反应，科学家采用另外一种类似测量弹簧弹性的new method来improve原先traditional measurement method的weakness。基本都是细节题，主要是回原文定位。
V2
大概说一种stress，人们觉得这种stress太高就不好，因此科学家就想办法怎么不要使他升高。突然转折。。。说有一点的stress会使人怎么怎么好，可以用在treatment里面。。。之后一堆生词我就懵逼了。。。希望大家不要遇到这篇，太难了，完全看不懂
还有一篇是说residual stresses 这篇都是生词 我不太记得了很长一篇，

另外有一篇是关于STRESS的，共三段，第二段讲了目前关于stress的方法和不足，第三段讲了三种新的关于stress的方法，记得不太全囧。

residual stress  跟机经差不多，但是生词挺多的，读的过程有点困难，其中一道题提到author会support哪个观点，选项有关于nontraditional的（阅读过程中完全没印象），residual stress的引进方法，这一些细节有些在最后一段讲它应用的趋势，小伙伴们注意！！！

阅读碰到了redisual stress,确认以下是原文The average person is likely to feelmildly alarmed on being told that dental fillings contain locked-in stresses.We all have a somewhat hazy不清楚的 understanding that stress leads tofracture and can vaguely recall dramatic instances of stress-related failures.Thus we are likely to feel that all material stresses are without redeeming挽回的 value and should, if possible, be eliminated.

A truer picture of the behavior ofmaterials is both more complicated and more interesting. It turns out that itis difficult to work a rigid material without introducing permanent internalstresses. Most common manufacturing operations, such as turning, grinding, and peening,can set up internal stresses, and many familiar objects are subject to them,including dental fillings, computer chips, and pipelines.Butthese residual stresses can be beneficial as well as harmful. Indeed,manufacturers sometimes go to great lengths to introduce them. Manystress-related effects and recipes for obtaining them have long been known toartisans. What is new is the ability tomeasure the stress fields directly rather than inferring their nature fromwarpage and breakage. Several trends in engineering design make this analyticalcompetence important.

One of the trends is the proliferationof nontraditional materials. The best way to work a sword or to coil绕成圈 a spring弹簧 may be known, but no comparable body oflore知识 exists for ceramic transducers陶瓷转换器 or semiconductor wafers半导体晶片 or compositeairfoils复合材料机翼. Asecond trend is the trimming of safety margins修正安全边际. Bridges andother load-bearing structures have traditionally been built with large safetyfactors, but the lavish过分给予的,大量生产的 use ofmaterials required by this practice is increasingly uneconomic（原文在这里有改动，给了一些比较具体的数字）; in the case of objects that must belofted高高地升到空中 into space, a large safety factor istotally impractical. A third trend is the reduction in scale of many engineeredsystems. Residual stresses play a much more important role in the microscopicmetal微观金属 interconnects on the surface of a chip缺口 than they do in a thick electrical cable电缆.
题目
1, What does the “analytical competence”refer to?
1.  A) The ability to measure the stress field.
2.  B) The ability to infer from warpage and breakage.

2, Which of the follow is a benefit ofthe improved measurement?
1.  A) Allow structures to be built more economically.
2.  B) 忘了

3, Which of the following about residualstress is supported by the argument?
1.  A) Dental filling is beneficial
2.  B) 忘了
生词：
residual stress：残余应力
dental filling：牙齿填充物，填充蛀牙的材料
peening：锤打（金属表面）
artisan：工匠
lore: 学问、知识、传说
warpage是warp的名词：翘曲、扭曲
breakage是break的名词：断裂
proliferation：普遍出现、扩散

hermioneecho

想问一下，玻璃工艺那篇Integrity的近义词到底选completeness, conformity, high quality, soundness, complexity里的哪一个呀，感觉好几个都有道理，考古也是有好几种说法

ScarlettDeng

32.Tempered glass 的相似文章

Architects and designers have begun using glass to make load-bearing structures. Glass is very strong but starts to weaken the instant it is made. Even one gas molecule can break a silicon-oxygen bond, generating a tiny fissure that grows under stress. Protective coatings can help avoid new cracks but can affect transparency, the main reason for using glass in the first place.

Thus, structural glass is often strengthened by tempering, which compresses the surface so that more force is needed for the cracks to grow. Heat tempering, the process most often used, takes advantage of the fact that when glass cools slowly it shrinks and becomes denser. In this process, a sheet's exterior is cooled rapidly, keeping the surface less dense. As the hot glass inside cools slowly and shrinks to a denser structure, it pulls the surface inward and compresses it. Tempered glass can still break, but it breaks into more and smaller pieces than untempered glass, which reduces the chance of causing injury.

Tempering alone is usually not enough, however. A primary concern when building with glass is what happens if a component breaks. Unlike other materials, glass does not deform or otherwise give advance warning of failure, so if breakage occurs, maintaining the integrity of the structure is paramount. Lamination helps address this issue: glass sheets are bonded with thin interlayers made of plastic or other polymers; should a glass layer break, the interlayers keep the structure together. But lamination makes fabricating glass for structural uses very difficult. Because cutting into tempered glass causes it to break, each layer of the glass to be laminated must be polished and drilled for connecting fittings before being tempered and bonded together.

Some builders seeking to make glass structures unencumbered by metal or other materials are investigating less common kinds of glass. Conventional glass, called “soda-lime," expands when heated, so welding introduces stresses that can lead to failure. Components made of a less expandable glass could be welded together, forming, in effect, a continuous piece. Other builders are using adhesives to join glass pieces. Unfortunately, adhesives' long-term strength and reliability have not been established.