【速度】+【越障练习】GMAT得阅读者得天下，大家一起来练阅读吧

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应该是DAY3吧~越障
主旨：讲的一个针对某个美国海洋领域的调查的原因（背景），困难性，发展过程，及目的。
段落：
1、先介绍了开展这个调查的背景，调查的地域的介绍，是一个未知的领土，想要知道水下有什么，所以开展了一个调查；
2、后面两端介绍了ALASKA,是美国1/5的领土，是Arctic的重要领域？
3、介绍调查Arctic的困难性，因为冰层persist的问题？一般是thick ice会限制船的行驶。但是A的冰是因为xx原因，是逐渐减少的，允许船的行驶的。
4、随着A领域的扩张，于是开始制定新的plan，然后介绍了plan的内容？
5、完成了plan的一部分，收集了数据以及数据的重要性，数据是基础，可以帮助调查，可以了解XXX.
6、要寻找经济，安全，环境等之间的平衡。因为那里的人都以捕捉海洋生物为生存，所以要保证当地的需求，但也要处理好其他的问题。
7、最后一段讲的就是整个plan的目的吧，了解了海洋地下的结构等，就可以寻找最合适的安全的生物通行的路。

进击的智人阿飞

今天有点不舒服没有更新，不过找到了beattheGmat论坛上的一个连词逻辑词整理，放在一楼附件了，感觉可以和小安一起用

进击的智人阿飞

【速度1-9】
计时+1行， +3行， +3行， +3行， 54s中间为了兼顾意思有点慢，还是要快点读，记结构哇。今天有空把昨天的越障也补上
first part: according to a UICEF's report that in USA ,among the age group of 13 to 15, the school bllying is still the most important problem in school. Every one in three students have experienced bullying and half of (?) those over 16 have once bullied others. The group most prone to school bullying are the ethnic, disabled and LGBT. A large proportion of children who admit to be gay have been bullied. The boys are subject to physical bullying and the girls, psychological and relational bullying.
Apart from  this common kind, there are two other kinds of bullying. The first is cyber bullying. They are more ubiquitous due to the Internet and push many people to commit a suicide. The second is armed fight. Many young children lived in place full of armed fights and they are prone to being killed by shots at school. Even though this is the truth, the school is still the safest place to stay. UNICEF call on government to take active measures to curb all kinds of bullying especially cyber and armed ones.

second part: A business man M. from Japan  is arranged to the first one to go on a space trip. This news was published on Space X websits. The man is a director of online cloth shop company and he is used to be a musician. He thinks people should do everything to realise dreams and he plans to invite some artists to go with him . This trip is said to be done in 2023. But Musk is always causious about Space X spacecrafts capability . He never said they were prepared 100% and once said this trip might be postponed to 2024. There are two more companies contributing to space trip, the advantage of SPace X over them is the capital —— the customer is asked to prepay some of the service . NASA is also arranging its first spacetrip.

Third part: the lack in excercise now comes the first threat to our health according to WHO. It might result in 心血管疾病， cancer.etc.

寒夜听雪

楼主，我感觉找到你这帖子有点晚了已经，今天一战一败涂地，泪目中。

进击的智人阿飞

寒夜听雪 发表于 2018-9-22 13:23
楼主，我感觉找到你这帖子有点晚了已经，今天一战一败涂地，泪目中。

不晚不晚，一起加油哦！我下个月三战

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day4 10min
主旨：
地球上的氧气是逐渐增加的，不是一次大爆炸导致的，主要讲的就是最新发现的关于这个的evidence,之后讲了最新的对这个evidence的观点及未来还要研究的方向。
段落：
1.二氧化碳循环模式的发现和GOE事件之后的很像，这为地球氧气是逐渐增加的提供了证据。
2.有一个nasa的团队研究了关于这个的，发现了二氧化碳的相关变化，表明了地球上氧气含量的变动是和生物进化有关的。
3.study包含的氧气，硫，二氧化碳相关的数据，数据表明氧气量的变动模式，和之前认为的两个大事件的发展是相反的。
4.一个学家关于study和evidence的看法
5.通过二氧化碳同位素等的变化，以及同时的氧气，硫等的变化，科学家得出这些变化并不是偶然，是有关系的。
6.WILD 波动
7.尽管科学家长期认为氧气波动是跟随生物进化的，但是氧气和二氧化碳的cycle是随意波动的？
8.K提出的观点，关于goe 和Noe 的，goe时期是进化的简单的开始，Noe是复杂的进化时期？
9.未来还要研究的方向

进击的智人阿飞

【越障1-9】  计时： 11min 15s主旨： 英国超市的竞争标价情况及影响。
结构：引入政策背景，研究话题及对象、范围选择，前人的类似研究和结论,limitation，结构，结论
大意：英国政府号召健康饮食，然而健康的核心：蔬菜和水果近几年涨价很凶，很多人的摄入量因此受影响。很多涨价是因为竞争标价引起的。之前有过的研究是让超市不再卖很多东西，而是集中地卖几样东西，看是否能减少这种竞争标价；其他的则是发现标价越高的产品竞争标价行为越少，此外还有一些研究。
但这些研究共同的限制是，时间范围很短，样本范围也很有限。本文克服了限制，研究从2003-2007英国七家食品连锁超市的情况。选择这个时间与经济危机有关。本文希望研究：1. 竞争标价是否集中出现在一些固定的品类中 2. 以批发和零售价格为对照，看看竞争标价情况是否会被pass-through rates(消费者溢价）影响  3. 看零售商间的交流会不会减少竞争标价  4. 是否会出现一个地区一个标价标准的情况
结构： 文献综述，数据罗列，实验，结论
结论： （只记得两个2333）批发价的竞争标价集中出现在一些特定品类（包括花菜，生菜），零售的则是出现在另一些（包括胡萝卜）；pass-through rate被发现与竞争标价的关系不大不同的零售商对竞争标价的反应也不同： 小连锁如 M& S对于竞争对手的标价不怎么关心；大连锁则是标价受对手影响明显，例举了一个大超市普遍标价低但是波动大
不过作者认为消费者不用很担心这种情况，一是一个商场有可能某个商品高某个商品比别个价格低，二是消费者非常容易看出哪个商场普遍价格比较低，三是高的商品价格普遍与商品质量成正比。

看到后面完全忘了第二和第三段的内容TT，看完回去扫了一眼发现其实就是和结论一一对应的呀！！！active reading随时强调对应和前后联系！！

进击的智人阿飞

【速度1-10】计时1 （272 words）

Report: Long Writing Assignments Now Less Common at USColleges

Higher education can testa person's academic abilitiesin many ways. Most study programs require research, class discussions,presentations and group projects, to name a few.

Yetif you asked almost any professor or student, they would likely tell you thatwriting is one of the skills most often examined at colleges and universities.In the United States, writing long essays aboutcomplex subjects has been, in many cases, a major part of higher education foryears.

However,a new study suggests that many current college students have never experiencedthe challenge ofwriting very long papers. And some experts argue this may not be as necessary arequirement for their success overall.

The higher educationresearch company Primary Research Group published the findings of its study inlate July. It includes data gathered from 1,140 students at four-year collegesand universities in the U.S.

Thestudents were asked about the kinds of long-form writing they had done and theamount of writing training they had received. Nearly one third of them hadnever been required to write an essay of ten pages or more inlength.

JamesMoses is the president of Primary Research Group. He says, ten pages might seemlike an unnecessarily large amount of writing, especially for students infields like math or science. In fact, he argues, many students avoid longerpapers by choosing subjects in which they are less likely to be required.

Mosessays students are likely attracted tothose fields because they see many of today's highest paying jobs are at bigtechnology companies.

计时2 （305 words）

But he says that manyyoung people fail to understand that there is still great demand for skilledwriters in the job market. And long form writing assignments domore than measure how much or for how long a person can write about any giventhing.

"Morethan anything else, a long paper teaches you planning and organization, to amuch greater extent thanmost other exercises that I can think of in higher education," he toldVOA.

Universityof California, Davis writing teacher Dan Melzer agrees. He says long formwriting assignments can teach skills that are useful even in fields that maynot seem to be related to writing.

Forexample, engineers often have to write long, detailed proposals for buildingprojects. Businesses require well-written business plans to get bank loans ormoney from private investors.

BothMelzer and Moses agree that there is a deep lack of writing instruction, at alllevels of education. The Primary Research Group study found that about 40percent of college students were not receiving any writing training.

Thisis not surprising to Melzer, He says it is common for colleges and universitiesfacing financial difficulties to make cuts in such programs. And he saysprofessors often expect students to be well trained in long form writing, fromtheir high school studies or earlier.

ButMelzer says that is not fair to students, especially those whose educationalexperiences were centered on skills other than writing. So, he says, professorsof subjects that are not heavy in writing should find ways to include the skillin instruction.

"Ifyour teachers are only giving you exams and you're cramming for theexam and kind of spittingout real short answers...you're not really doing in-depththinking or critical thinking," he said. "You're not really usingyour mind to the fullest."

计时3 （309 words）

Elaine Maimon is thepresident of Governors State University in University Park, Illinois. She alsohelped establish the Writing Across the Curriculum movement in the 1970s. Thiswas an effort to get professors in fields like science, technology, engineeringand mathematics to make greater use of writing in their classes.

Supportersof the movement seek to train such professors in writing instruction. They alsohelp professors share successful writing assignments with each other and showthem how best to criticize students' written work.

Maimonshares the opinions of Melzer and Moses that writing instruction is highlyimportant. Still, she is not as concerned about the lack of longer assignments.She agrees that in some cases, these long assignments can challenge students ina helpful way. But length is not the only quality that is important, she says.

"Countingpages,...that's not the way to assess whetherstudents are learning to be writers," said Maimon. "If you say, ‘Wehave a great program and the students have to write five ten-page papers,' whatyou're going to get is a lot of filler. So students aren't going to be learninghow to write, rewrite, rethink. And when should something be brief instead oflong? We want to make sure students understand that, too."

YemenisStarving as Aid System Fails

In a rural area innorthern Yemen, many families with starving children have nothing to eat butthe leaves ofa local plant. They cook the leaves in water, creating a bitter, sharp-tastinggreen substance.

Internationalaid agencies have been surprised by the level of starvation in northern Yemen,as parents and children die.

Manythin children stopped by the main health center in Aslam during a recent visitby the Associated Press. Babies with all the signs of malnutrition were eachweighed. Their papery skin was stretched tight over arms and legs.

计时4 （297 words）

At least 20 children areknown to have died of starvation in the province this year, more than threeyears into Yemen's civil war. The real number is likely higher, since fewfamilies report it when their children die at home, officials say.

Ina nearby village, a seven-month-old girl, Zahra, cries for her mother to feedher. Her mother is starving herself and is often unable to breastfeed thechild.

"Sincethe day she was born, I have not had the money to buy her milk or buy hermedicine," the mother said.

Zahrawas recently treated at the heath clinic. At home, she is losing weight again.Her parents do not have the money to pay for transportation back to thedoctors.

Ifthey don't, Zahra will die, said Mekkiya Mahdi, the head of the clinic.

"Weare in the 21st century, but this is what the war did to us," she said.Mahdi added that after she visits nearby villages and sees people eating thegreen, leafy paste, "I go home and I can't put food in my mouth."

Thehunger in Aslam is a sign of problems in an international aid system that isalready low on supplies and under pressure from local officials.

Yetforeign aid is the only thing stopping widespread death from starvation inYemen.

Theconditions in Aslam may also show that the aid agencies' warnings are comingtrue: In an unending war, the spread of starvation is greater than the effortsto keep people alive.

Whenthe Associated Press (AP) asked United Nations agencies about the situation inAslam, they expressed surprise. To find out the reason why food was not gettingto the needy families, aid groups launched an investigation, a top aid officialtold the AP.

计时5（ 292 words）

In order to helpimmediately, the official said, aid agencies are sending over 10,000 foodcontainers to the area. The official did not give his name because of thedanger of working in the middle of a war.

UNICEFResident Representative Meritxell Relano said the organization is increasingits mobile teamsfrom three to four and transporting people to the health clinics.

Inthe first six months of 2018, Hajjah province, including Aslam village, had17,000 cases of extreme malnutrition. That number is higher than any otheryear, said Walid al-Shamshan, head of nutrition at the province's HealthMinistry.

Malnourishedchildren who are treated often go back to villages with no food and bad water.Then they return to clinics in worse condition or they die.

Deathshappens in these villages, where people can't reach healthcare teams,al-Shamshan said.

Thecivil war in Yemen has wrecked the country's ability to feed its people.

Thewar is between Shiite Muslim rebels known as Houthis, who hold the north, and aSaudi-led coalition, armed and helped by the United States. The coalition hastried to bomb the rebels into submission withan air campaign in support of Yemeni government forces.

Around2.9 million women and children are acutely malnourished.Another 400,000 children with extreme malnourishment are fighting for theirlives.

Nearly8.4 million of Yemen's 29 million people would starve without food aid,one-fourth more than last year, the U.N. estimates.

Thatnumber is likely to rise by another 3.5 million because of the falling value ofYemen's money, which leaves people unable to buy food, the U.N. warned.

Todate, the U.N. and its partners have only received about 65 percent of the $3billion they requested for a humanitarian campaign in 2018.

进击的智人阿飞

【越障1-10】  （经济+历史）
The mighty coinThe dominance of merchant values is the reason for today's financial crisis, argues David Priestland
（936 words）

A VIEW of history as a perpetual tussle between competing classes and interest groups is not exactly new. Max Weber and Karl Marx, the founders of historical sociology, spawned an army of disciples. David Priestland, an Oxford don and the author of a wide-ranging history of communism, is happy to acknowledge his intellectual debt. Yet he argues that this view of history underestimates the importance of the way people in power think, behave and persuade others of the supremacy of their values.

Mr Priestland’s thesis in this lively, opinionated but ultimately disappointing “essay” (his term) is that throughout most of history three “castes”—the soldier, the merchant and the sage—have struggled for predominance over a fourth, the worker. When one of these castes achieves unchallenged control over the others, he writes, the result is war, revolution or economic disaster. The aim of this book is to use the lessons of history to understand the current financial crisis. Mr Priestland argues that the West is now paying the price for succumbing to the values of merchants, who believe in the justice of the market, prize the pursuit of short-term profit and worship credit and risk.

Most societies are based on an informal alliance between two of these three castes, writes Mr Priestland. Early agrarian empires were often led by aristocrats with warrior and landowner values (soldiers) in close alliance with priests (sages), who provided a spiritual justification for their rule. The merchant was tolerated for bringing wealth through trade, but also resented for being cleverer and often richer than traditional elites.

Merchant power waxed and waned throughout most of the pre-modern period, always dependent on protection from the warrior caste. It was not until the late 17th century that merchants first emerged as a dominant caste in England and Holland. Mr Priestland sets out to show how merchant ideals and the reaction to them, often in the form of a warrior resurgence, have shaped (and largely misshaped) the modern world.

The 19th century saw the seemingly inexorable rise of what Mr Priestland describes as “soft merchant” values, when Britain used its growing empire as a force for promoting free-trade and globalisation, ostensibly in the interests of all. Britain’s competitors, however, regarded this imperial project as less benign. As Mr Priestland puts it, by the mid-19th century, “the world of cosmopolitan merchants was becoming one of competing business cartels, increasingly backed by the might of nation states.” No country adopted the values of the “warrior-hard merchant” with more vigour than Bismarckian Germany, where repression at home and brutal zero-sum commercial competition with other rising industrial powers became the order of the day. Mr Priestland sees the first world war as both the consequence and the graveyard of that system.

After the war, America emerged as the wealthiest nation and dominant exporter of capital. This led to the spread of a new form of merchant power across much of the developed world in the form of debt-fuelled consumer capitalism. Yet the massive financial and trade imbalances that resulted ended up bringing this “first merchant age” to a shuddering halt with the Great Depression of the early 1930s. The years of fiscal austerity and social turmoil that followed, writes Mr Priestland, contributed to the militarisation of Germany and Japan.

The bloodletting of the second world war ultimately inspired a new alliance of “sagely technocrats” and “soft merchants”. Determined to learn the lessons of the past, this partnership worked to create a new world order, writes Mr Priestland. The early fruit was the Bretton Woods monetary system, which established the rules governing commercial relations between the big industrial nations. The result, the author contends, was the post-war golden age of prosperity and social harmony.

But with the collapse of Bretton Woods in 1971, due to fiscal incontinence, rising inflation and union militancy, came what Mr Priestland sees as the tragic demise of sagely technocrats and a renaissance of hard merchant power. Led by Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, this period marked the rise of “Davos man” and the so-called Washington consensus. It launched the second merchant age which persists today, albeit in a rather broken state.

Mr Priestland regards the banking and sovereign-debt crisis of the past five years as the entirely “predictable” consequence of allowing merchant values to dictate the ethos of Western policymakers. He laments that these leaders are still in thrall to financial markets and international business, and he is appalled by what he sees as a collective instinct to try to repair a failing system rather than change it.

Unfortunately the author seems to have little idea of how this change might come about. Because today’s politicians came of age when the sagely consensus of the 1970s was under attack, he suspects the lessons of this crisis will be understood only by a new generation, who will forge a caste balance that puts the merchant in his proper subservient place and restores the technocratic sage to his.

As a foundation for this new world order, Mr Priestland is hoping for a new Bretton Woods-style agreement—one that would regulate international capital movements and thus tame the power of the bond markets. But he has no idea how such a pact might be created, or why it would not succumb to the same strains. Mr Priestland has some interesting things to say about why power relationships shift and what happens when they do, but his call for a return to a better yesterday is too glib to be convincing.

进击的智人阿飞

【速度1-10】
计时 +2行， +3行， +6行， +2行， 56s
the first : A  research finds that less and less students write long essays at university now. The first reason is that the students , especially those majored in science avoid choosing course involving writing and also many professors doesn't see the necessity to give students' training only to expect them to use their high school writing skills.  The professors think writing will not infuence their success and students think they will work in high-tech company where there is less need in writing. However they are wrong. Many employers require employees to write long paper and see  writing skill as important one.  A project aiming to cope with this is started by a woman professor. She gives training to students about writing and teach them to rewrite and rethink.
The second:  Due to the war in yemen ,many  people is starving in Yemen. A specific case is cited.  The current condition in yemen is that its food supply is mainly dependent on international aid but aid is absent in many area.  A investigation raised by a non-governmental organization finds that because of war and pressure from government, many food aid is disrupted halfway.