lulu's备考日记之CR

lululuna

7/20  一道黑脸题的众多变体（难）
同源题

GWD30-Q26:

In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered suchinjuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is notcovered.  Some commentators have argued, correctly, that since there is presently no objectivetest for whiplash, spurious reports of whiplash injuries cannot be readily identified.  These commentators are, however, wrong to draw the further conclusion that inthe countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of thereported cases are spurious:  clearly, incountries where automobile insurance does not include compensation forwhiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries thatthey actually have suffered.

Inthe argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the followingroles?

A.    The first is a finding whose accuracy is evaluated in the argument; the second isan intermediate conclusion drawn to support the judgment reached by theargument on the accuracy of that finding.

B.     The first is a finding whose accuracy is evaluated in the argument; the second isevidence that has been used to challenge the accuracy of that finding.

C.    The first is a finding whose implications are at issue in the argument; the secondis an intermediate conclusion that has been used to support a conclusion thatthe argument criticizes.

D.    The first is a claim that the argument disputes; thesecond is a narrower claim that the argument accepts.

E.     The first is a claim that has been used to support aconclusion that the argument accepts; the second is that conclusion.   

OA: C

GWD30-Q28:

In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered suchinjuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is notcovered.  Presently,no objective test for whiplash exists, so it is true that spurious reports ofwhiplash injuries cannot be readily identified.  Nevertheless, these facts do notwarrant a conclusion that has been drawn by some commentators:  that in the countries with the higher ratesof reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious.  Clearly, in countries where automobileinsurance does not include compensation for whiplash, people often have littleincentive to report whiplash injuries that they actually have suffered.

Inthe argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the followingroles?

A.    The first is a claim that the argument disputes; thesecond is a conclusion that has been based on that claim.

B.     The first is claim that has been used to support aposition that the argument accepts; the second is a position that the argumentrejects.

C.    The first is a finding whose accuracy is evaluated in the argument; the second is the judgment reached by the argument concerning the accuracy of the finding.

D.    The first is a finding whose implications are at issue in the argument; the secondis the judgment reached by the argument concerning one alleged implication.

E.     The first is a finding, the explanation of which is at issue in the argument; thesecond is an objection that has been raised against theexplanation that the argument defends.   

OA: D

PREP08_cr 115.        (24536-!-item-!-188;#058&000941)

In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is not covered. Some commentators have argued, correctly, that since there is presently no objective test for whiplash,spurious reports of whiplash injuries cannot be readily identified. These commentators are, however, wrong to draw the further conclusion that in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious:  clearly, in countries where automobile insurance does not include compensation for whiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that they actually have suffered.

In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

A. The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument criticizes; the second is that conclusion.

B. The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument criticizes; the second is the position that the argument defends.

C. The first is a claim that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument accepts; the second is the position that the argument defends.

D. The first is an intermediate conclusion that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument defends; the second is the position that the argument opposes.

E. The first presents a claim that is disputed in the argument; the second is a conclusion that has been drawn on the basis of that claim.

OA: A

OG12_78

In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is not covered. Presently, no objective test for whiplash exists, so it is true that spurious reports of whiplash injuries cannot be readily identified. Nevertheless, these facts do not warrant the conclusion drawn by some commentators, that in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious. Clearly, in countries where automobile insurance does not include compensation for whiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that they actually have suffered.

In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

A,The first is a claim that the argument disputes; the second is a conclusion that has been based on that claim.  
B,The first is a claim that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument accepts; the second is that conclusion.  
C,The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion for which the argument provides further evidence; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.  
D,The first is a finding whose implications are at issue in the argument; the second is a claim presented in order to argue against deriving certain implications from that finding.  
E,The first is a finding whose accuracy is evaluated in the argument; the second is evidence presented to establish that the finding is accurate.

OA: D

In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is not covered.  
=>fact/background: about report on injures  
Some commentators have argued, correctly, that since there is presently no objective test for whiplash, spurious reports of whiplash injuries cannot be readily identified.  
=>commentator's view: the repots is spurious
These commentators are, however, wrong to draw the further conclusion that in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious:  
=>author's view directly refute the main conlusion( not straightly stated in passage)
clearly, in countries where automobile insurance does not include compensation for whiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that they actually have suffered.
=>support the author's main conclusion

哦 我觉得这个题的逻辑链是这样的：先是给出一个事实（在有xx伤赔偿的地方，XX伤赔偿的报告要比没有XX伤赔偿的地方多出一倍），然后根据这个事实+另外一个事实（没有对这种伤的客观评价）一些人得出一个结论：一些人伪造报告很难识别。然后作者发表了一个声明（这些人得出的进一步的结论说一半的报告都是伪造的是错误的），然后说出了自己的一个理由（在那些没有赔偿的地方，人们很少报告自己受伤）。

http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-508615-1-1.html 6#

28,This facts是指上面提到的1.摩托车保险中包含whiplash injuries的国家A的此类受伤报告是没有包含的国家B的两倍2.实际上现在并不存在可以检测whiplash的方法，因此受伤报告难以鉴别。Nevertheless转折，下面的黑体部分对评论家根据上述facts得出的结论one implication产生质疑，结论说A国的报告有一半都是假的，B国的人就算受伤了也不上报。总的来说就是作者反对facts的推论，但没有对facts的真实性提出质疑。C错，选D

lululuna

7/19
either-or-型错误
非A即B=》A+B效果加成

GWD2-27（错题）

Rye sown in the fall and plowed into the soil in early spring leaves a residue that is highly effective at controlling broad-leaved weeds, but unfortunately for only about forty-five days. No major agricultural crop matures from seed in as little as forty-five days. Synthetic herbicides, on the other hand, although not any longer-lasting, can be reapplied as the crop grows. Clearly, therefore, for major agricultural crops, plowing rye into the soil can play no part in effective weed control.

The argument is most vulnerable to the objection that it fails to
(A) consider that there might be minor, quick-growing crops that do mature in forty-fi ve days or less
(B) identify any alternative method of weed control that could be used instead of the method it rejects
(C) distinguish among the various kinds of synthetic herbicides
(D) allow for the possibility of combining the two weed-control methods it mentions
(E) allow for the possibility that plants other than rye, handled the same way, might have the same effect

OA:  D
BG: rye sown in previous fall, leaves residue to control weeds (higly effective)
      synthetci herbicides can be reapplied althoug same effective duration
P：rye effective duration< 45days, but main agricultrual crops  >=45days to mature
C:  plowing rye can play no part in effective weed contrel

做一个类比
A 在除草非常有效，但是有效时间太短，而且得提前半年使用； =>A 的有优点 非常有效
B 虽然不比A时间长，但是可以在种植物时再次使用 => B的优点 再次使用

那么，用A的话完全不能有效控制
错=》A和B一起用更好， A前期highly effective，种下去之后用B（可以reapplied),完美结合两者优点。

联想：OG13_101
Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

The irradiation of food kills bacteria and thus retards spoilage. However, it also lowers the nutritional value of many foods. For example, irradiation destroys a significant percentage of whatever vitamin Bl a food may contain. Proponents of irradiation point out that irradiation is no worse in this respect than cooking. However, this act is either beside the point, since much irradiated food is eaten raw, or else misleading, since

(A) many of the proponents of irradiation are food distributors who gain from foods' having a longer shelf life
(B) it is clear that killing bacteria that may be present on food is not the only effect that irradiation has
(C) cooking is usually the final step in preparing food for consumption, whereas irradiation serves to ensure alonger shelf life for perishable foods
(D) certain kinds of cooking are, in fact, even more destructive of vitamin Bl than carefully controlledirradiation is
(E) for food that is both irradiated and cooked, the reduction of vitamin Bl associated with either process individually is compounded

OA: E
P: IRRADIATION owers food value no worse than COOKING
C: the argument is misleading

Irradiation lowers food value
Cooking lowers food value
=> IRRADIATION+COOKING lowers the food value further
IRRADIATION不好，COOKING也不好，两者加起来对食物更不好

已给出论据部分：
  1）因为Irradiated食物都是生吃的，那么cooking并不影响；
  2）对于要cooking的食物来说，cooking + irradiation 使得事物的营养变得更糟糕。


OG EXPLAINATION:

By stating that irradiation destroys no more Bl than cookingdoes, the proponent seems to be suggesting that anyfood that is going to be cooked mightas well be irradiated because it
will end up with the same amount of Bl eitherway. But if the effects of radiation and cooking combine to destroy more Bl than cooking or irradiation alone would, then theproponents' claim suggests somethingthat is false.

lululuna

7/19错题

TN22_Q22:

The sense of delayedgratification, of working now for later pleasure,has helped shape the economic behavior of our society. However, that sense isno longer nurtured as consistently in our children as it once was. For example,it used to take a bit of patience to put together the toys that children got incereal boxes; now the toys come from the boxes whole.

Which of the followingis an assumption of the passage above?

A.    Thetoys in cereal boxes have changed partly because the economic conditions of oursociety have improved.

B.     Theinfluence of promotion gimmicks on the economic behavior of our society hasincreased over the years.

C.    Thetoys that used to come in cereal boxes were put together by the same childrenwho played with them.

D.    !Part of the pleasure of any toylie in putting the toy together before playing with it.

E.     Today'schildren do not expect a single toy to provide pleasure for a long period oftime.

OA: C
P： now= child take whole box; previous=  take patience to put pieces together
C:   child is no longer nurtured the delayed gratification( working first to gain pleasure later)

assumption: child put the pieces together

lululuna

Q31: FF-19.

Jane: Television programs and movies thatdepict violence among teenagers are extremely popular. Given how influentialthese media are, we have good reason to believe that these depictions causeyoung people to engage in violent behavior. Hence, depictions of violence amongteenagers should be prohibited from movies and television programs, if only inthose programs and movies promoted to young audiences.

Maurice: But you are recommending nothingshort of censorship! Besides which, your claim that television and moviedepictions of violence cause violence is mistaken: violence among young peoplepredates movies and television by centuries.

Which one of the following, if true, moststrengthens Jane’s argument?

A.   Themost violent characters depicted in movies and on television programs are adultcharacters which are portrayed by adult actors.

B.     Themovies that have been shown to have the most influence on young people’sbehavior are those that are promoted to young audiences.

C.   Thepeople who make the most profits in the movie and television industry are thosewho can successfully promote their work to both young and old audiences.

D.   Manyadolescents who engage in violent behavior had already displayed such behaviorbefore they were exposed violence in movies.

E.     Among theproducers who make both movies and television programs, many voluntarilyrestrict the subject matter of films directed toward young audiences.

OA: B
P:violence depictions cause young people to engage in violent behavior
C: in those programs and movies promoted to young audiences , depictions of violence among teenagers should be prohibited

Q32:GWD-13-Q5

Vorland’s government is planning a nationwide ban on smoking inrestaurants.  The objection that the banwould reduce restaurants’ revenues is ill founded.  Several towns in Vorland enacted restaurantsmoking restrictions five years ago. Since then, the amount the government collects in restaurant meal taxesin those towns has increased 34 percent, on average, but only 26 percentelsewhere in Vorland.  The amountcollected in restaurant meal taxes closely reflects restaurants’ revenues.

Which of the following, if true, most undermines the defense of thegovernment’s plan?

A.   When the state firstimposed a restaurant meal tax, opponents predicted that restaurants’ revenueswould decline as a result, a prediction that proved to be correct in the shortterm.

B.    The tax on meals in restaurants ishigher than the tax on many other goods and services.

C.   Over the last fiveyears, smoking has steadily declined throughout Vorland.

D.   In many of the townsthat restrict smoking in restaurants, restaurants can maintain separate diningareas where smoking is permitted.

E.   Over the last fiveyears, government revenues from sales taxes have grown no faster in the townswith restaurant smoking restrictions than in the towns that have no suchrestrictions.

OA:  D
P:  restaurant that enacted smoking restrictions got 34% increase in meal taxes, while others only 26%
C:  ban on smoking not reduce meal revenue

lululuna

7/20
同源题

GWD30-Q38:

Theancient Nubians inhabited an area in which typhus occurred, yet surprisinglyfew of their skeletons show the usual evidence of this disease.  The skeletons do show deposits oftetracycline, an antibiotic produced by a bacterium common in Nubian soil.  This bacterium can flourish on the dried grainused for making two staples of the Nubian diet, beer and bread.  Thus, tetracycline in their food probablyexplains the low incidence of typhus among ancient Nubians.

P: Nubian skeletons no evidence of typhus(disease) but deposits of tetracycline(antibiotic)

C: food ( tetracycline fluorished on dried grain the staple of Nubian) explains the low incidence

gap:  deposits of bactria ≠ bacteria in food=》 possibly from other resoures

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argumentrelies?

A.    The tetracycline deposits did not form after the bodies were buried.

B.     The diseases other than typhus to which the ancient Nubians wereexposed would not be affected by tetracycline.

C.    Typhus is generally fatal.

D.    Nubian grain became contaminated with tetracycline-producingbacteria prior to being harvested.

E.     Bread and beer were the only foods eaten by the ancient Nubianswhich could have contained tetracycline.

oa: A

GWD18-Q30

The ancient Nubians inhabited anarea in which typhus occurs, yet surprisingly few of their skeletons show theusual evidence of this disease.  Theskeletons do show deposits of tetracycline, an antibiotic produced by abacterium common in Nubian soil.  Thisbacterium can flourish on the dried grain used for making two staples of theNubian diet, beer and bread.  Thus,tetracycline in their food probably explains the low incidence of typhus amongancient Nubians.

Which of the following is an assumption on whichthe argument relies?

A.   Infectiousdiseases other than typhus to which the ancient Nubians were exposed areunaffected by tetracycline.

B.    Tetracycline is not rendered ineffective as anantibiotic by exposure to the processes involved in making bread and beer.

C.   Typhuscannot be transmitted by ingesting bread or beer contaminated with theinfectious agents of this disease.

D.   Breadand beer were the only items in the diet of the ancient Nubians which couldhave contained tetracycline.

E.    Typhusis generally fatal.

OA: B

P: Nubian skeletons no evidence of typhus(disease) but deposits of tetracycline(antibiotic)

C: food ( tetracycline fluorished on dried grain for the staple of Nubian) explains the low incidence

gap:  deposits of bactria ≠ bacteria in food=》 possibly from other resoures

lululuna

7/20错题

羊皮狼GWD-29-Q38

In the past, every ten-percentage-point increase in cigaretteprices in the country of Coponia has decreasedper capita sales of cigarettes by four percent.  Coponia is about to raise taxes on cigarettesby 9 cents per pack.  The average price of cigarettes in Coponia isand has been for more than a year 90 cents perpack.  So the tax hike stands anexcellent chance of reducing per capita sales of cigarettes by four percent.

BG: cig price increases 10%, then per captia sale decreases 4%;
P: raise tax on cig by 9 cents, and the avg prc this year has been 90 cents;
C:  reduce the per captia cig by 10%

gap/intermediate conclusion:  cig prc will increased by 10%( 9/90)

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.    To baccocompanies are unlikely to reduce their profit per pack of cigarettes to avoidan increase in the cost per pack to consumers in Coponia.

B.     Previous increases in cigarette prices in Coponia have generally been due to increasesin taxes on cigarettes.

C.    Any decrease in per capita sales of cigarettes in Coponia will result mainly froman increase in the number of people who quit smoking entirely.

D.    At present, the price of a pack of cigarettes in Coponia includes taxes thatamount to less than ten percent of the total selling price.

E.     The number of people in Coponia who smoke cigarettes has remained relativelyconstant for the past several years.

OA: A

一点自醒的tips:
这题做的时间长，还做错了，一直纠结在per captia上面，但其实不是计算型的逻辑题；
因为per captia已经在background info 里面作为general rule给出了，是已知条件，不是assumption，不需要去根据它来判断。
是断桥型的题目，只给出了tax增加9cents,之前价格是90cents=>implied的结果是 价格增长了10%，但却没有直接说出，留下了逻辑漏洞，此处是破题点

GWD30-Q32:

A major chemical spill occurred five years ago atBaker’s Beach, the world’s sole nesting ground for Merrick sea turtles, andprevented nearly all the eggs laid that year from hatching.  Yet the number of adult female Merricks returningto lay their eggs at Baker’s Beach has actually increased somewhat since fiveyears ago.  Clearly, environmentalists’prediction that the world’s Merrick population would decline as a result of thespill has proven unfounded.

Whichof the following, if true, most seriously underminesthe argument offered in refutation of theenvironmentalists’ prediction?

A.    The chemical spill five years ago occurred at a time when there were neitherMerrick sea turtles nor Merrick sea turtle eggs on Baker’s Beach.

B.     Female Merrick sea turtles begin returning to Baker’s Beach to lay their eggs whenthey are ten years old.

C.    Under normal conditions, only a small proportion of hatchling female Merrick seaturtles survive in the ocean until adulthood and return to lay their eggs atBaker’s Beach.

D.    Environmental pressures unrelated to the chemical spill have caused a significant decline inthe population of one of the several species of sea birds that prey on Merricksea turtle eggs.

E.     After the chemical spill, an environmental group rejected a proposal to increase theMerrick sea turtle population by transferring eggs from Baker’s Beach to nearbybeaches that had not been affected by the spill.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument offered in refutation of the environmentalists’ prediction?

P： spill occurred 5yrs ago and prevented nearly all the eggs laid that year from hatching, but # female M returnning to lay eggs has increased 5 yrs ago;

C:   E's prediction that M # would decline is unfouned = in refutation of the environmentalists’ prediction

=>thus stengthen the E's predition is what we should do.

B 、Female M是那些已经长到10岁的龟，但是spill是在5年前发生的，说明这批生蛋的母M 不是 5年前的出生母M=>从而不能说明 M#没有减少=>加强了M#减少的可能性

lululuna

7/21错题

GWD-13-Q32*:

Macrophagesare cells that play a role in the response of the immune system of mice andother mammals to invasive organisms such as bacteria.  Unlike other mice, mice that are geneticallyincapable of making these particular cells do not show elevated levels ofnitrates when infected with bacteria.

Thestatements above, if true, provide the most support for which of the followingconclusions?

A.   Mice that are unable either tomake macrophages or to make them in sufficient numbers will protect themselvesfrom bacterial infections in some other way.

B.    Mice that show elevated levelsof nitrates can easily fight off most types of bacterial infections.

C.   In mice, macrophages playa role in the production of nitrates or inhibit a process by which nitrates arebroken down or otherwise eliminated.

D.   When a healthy mouse becomesinfected with an invasive organism, the number of macrophages in the mouse’sbody decreases.

E.    Injections of nitrates intomice that lack macrophages will not enhance the ability of these animals’immune systems to fight off infection.

OA:C

M protect mice from bacteria;

if mice can’t produce M,they didn't show increased level of N when infected with bacteria;
=>whether N increase or not is related to the prodcution of M
=>正确答案必须指向M和N之间的关系

TN23_Q35:

GWD-11-Q31:

People with a certain eye disorder are virtually unable to see inmoderately bright light, which seems to them unbearably intense, since thecells of their retinas are overwhelmed by moderately bright light.  These people do, however, show normal sensitivity to most componentsof dim light.  Their retinal cells arealso not excessively sensitive to red components of moderately bright light.

The information above best supports which of the followinghypotheses about people with the disorder described, if they have no otherserious visual problems?

A.   In all moderately dimlight in which people without the disorder can read large print, people withthe disorder cannot read such print.

B.    In an otherwisedarkened concert hall, these people will see a dimly illuminated red exit signmore clearly than small dim white lights that mark the aisles.

C.   These peopletypically see more acutely at night and in dim light than do most people who donot have the disorder.

D.   Eyeglasses that aretransparent to red components of light but filter out other components of lighthelp these people see in moderately bright light.

E.    These people perceive colors other than red in the same way as domost people who do not have the disorder.

OA : D

F1:can't see bright light; but can see dim light;
F2:not excessively sensitive to red of bright light;

GWD23_Q36: OV-80

Vitacorp, amanufacturer, wishes to make its information booth at an industry conventionmore productive in terms of boosting sales. The booth offers informationintroducing the company’s new products and services. To achieve the desiredresult, Vitacorp’s marketing department will attempt to attract more people tothe boost. The marketing director’s first measure was to instruct eachsalesperson to call his or her five best customers and personally invite themto visit the boost.

Which of thefollowing, if true, most seriously weaken the predication that the marketingdirector’s first measure will contribute to meeting that goal of boostingsales?

A.   Customers who participate booth are thosenot satisfied with Vitacorp products and will use this opportunity toexpress their unsatisfaction.

B.    Many of Vitacorp’s competitors have made plans formaking their own information booths more productive in increasing sales.

C.   An information booth that is well attended tends toattract visitors who would not otherwise have attended the booth.

D.   Most of Vitacorp’s best customers also havebusiness dealings with Vitacorp’s competitors.

E.    Vitacorp has fewer new products and servicesavailable this year than it had in previous years.

oa: A

OG-199 http://forum.chasedream.com/thread-14936-1-1.html

199. Vitacorp, a manufacturer, wishes to make its information booth at an industry convention more productive in terms of boosting sales. The booth offers information introducing the company’s new products and services. To achieve the desired result, Vitacorp’s marketing department will attempt to attract more people to the both. The marketing director’s first measure was to instruct each salesperson to call his or her five best customers and personally invite them to visit the booth. Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction that the marketing director’s first measure will contribute to meeting the goals of boosting sales? (A) Vitacorp’s salespeople routinely inform each important customer about new products and services as soon as the decision to launch them has been made. (B) Many of Vitacorp’s competitors have made plans for making their won information booths more productive in increasing sales. (C) An information booth that is well attended tends to attract visitors who would not otherwise have attended the booth. (D) Most of Vitacorp’s best customers also have business dealings with Vitacorp’s competitors. (E) Vitacorp has fewer new products and services available this year than it had in previous years. OA:c

lululuna

同源题

OG12
Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium transmitted to humans by deer ticks. Generally, deer ticks pick up the bacterium while in the larval stage by feeding on infected white-footed mice. However, certain other species on which the larvae feed do not harbor the bacterium. If the population of these other species were increased, more of the larvae would be feeding on uninfected hosts, so the number of ticks acquiring the bacterium would likely decline.

Which of the following would it be most important to ascertain in evaluating the argument?
A，Whether populations of the other species on which deer tick larvae feed are found only in areas also inhabited by white-footed mice   
B，Whether the size of the deer tick population is currently limited by the availability of animals for the tick's larval stage to feed on
C，Whether the infected deer tick population could be controlled by increasing the number of animals that prey on white-footed mice   
D，Whether deer ticks that were not infected as larvae can become infected as adults by feeding on deer on which infected deer ticks have fed   
E，Whether the other species on which deer tick larvae feed harbor any other bacteria that ticks transmit to humans
OA:B

T-9-Q28
Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium transmitted to humans by deer ticks. Generally deer ticks pick up the bacterium while in the larval stage from feeding on infected white-footed mice. However, certain other species on which the larvae feed do not harbor the bacterium. Therefore, if the population of these other species were increased, the number of ticks acquiring the bacterium and hence the number of people contracting Lyme disease would likely decline.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A.    Ticks do not suffer any adverse consequences from carrying the bacterium that causes Lyme disease in humans.
B.    There are no known cases of a human’s contracting Lyme disease through contact with white-footed mice.
C.    A deer tick feeds only once while in the larval stage.
D.    A single host animal can be the source of bacterium for many tick larvae.
E.     None of the other species on which deer tick larvae feed harbor other bacteria that ticks transmit to humans
OA:C

BG: L is caused bacteria by deer tick ;
      tick pick b at larval stage

P： # other species(food of tick at larva stage) increases
inter C: # tick acquring bacteria will decline
C: # people contracting L will decline

lululuna

7月22日错题

T-9-Q3

Business Consultant: some corporations shun the use of executivetitles because they fear that the use of titles indicating position in thecorporation tends to inhibit communication up and down the corporate hierarchy.Since an executive who uses a title is treated with more respect by outsiders, however, use of a title canfacilitate an executive’s dealings with external businesses. The obviouscompromise is for these executives to use their corporate titles externally butnot internally, since even if it is widely known that the corporation’sexecutives use executive titles outside their organization, this knowledge doesnot by itself inhibit communication within the corporation.

In the consultant’s reasoning, the two portions in boldface playwhich of the following roles?

A.    The first presents an obstacle to achieving a certain goal; thesecond presents a reason for considering that goal to be undesirable.

B.     The first is a consideration that has led to the adoption of acertain strategy; the second presents a reason against adopting that strategy.  

C.    The first describes a concern that the consultant dismisses asinsignificant; the second is a consideration that serves as the basis for that dismissal.

D.    The first is a belief for which the consultant offers support; the second is part of thatsupport.

E.     The first is a belief against which evidence is offered; the secondis part of the evidence offered against that belief.

OA : B

PREP08_85. (23981-!-item-!-188;#058&000656)

Fearing that the use of titles indicating positionin the corporation tends to make the corporate hierarchy rigid by inhibitingcommunication, some corporations shun the use of executive titles.  A title, however, can facilitate anexecutive's dealings with external businesses since it encourages outsiders totreat the executive with respect.  Theobvious compromise is for these executives to use their titles externally butnot within their corporations.

Which of the following, if true, provides the mostsupport for the compromise suggested above?

A. Only small corporations can preserve anatmosphere of mutual respect and high regard without having a rigid corporatehierarchy.

B. Referring to an executive by using a title canencourage both those outside the organization and inside the organization totreat the executive with respect.

C. Even if it is widely known within a corporationthat the corporation's executives use executive titles outside theirorganizations, this knowledge does not by itself inhibit communication withinthe corporation.

D. A rigid corporate hierarchy can promoteefficiency within an organization as well as provide access to the corporationfor those outside the organization.

E. Although many corporateexecutives disapprove of rigid hierarchies on the grounds that they inhibitcommunication, the vast majority of executives have no qualms about usingtitles both internally and externally.   
OA: C

BG:shun the use of title inside, because it makes hierarchy which inhibite communication
P: [size=13.3333330154419px]facilitate an executive's dealings with external businesses  
C: use their titles externally but not within their corporations




T-9-Q4

In the years following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax ona pack of cigarettes, sales of cigarettes fell ten percent. In contrast, in theyear prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen one percent. The volume ofcigarette sales is therefore strongly related to the after-tax price of a packof cigarettes.

Theargument above requires which of the following assumptions?

A.    Duringthe year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettesdid not increase by as much as it had during the year prior to the taxincrease.

B.    Theone percent fall in cigarette sales in the year prior to tax increases was dueto a smaller tax increase.

C.    Thepretax price of a pack of cigarettes gradually decreased throughout the yearbefore and the year after the tax increase.

D.    Forthe year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigaretteswas not eight or more cents lower than it had been the previous year.

E.     Asthe after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes rises, the pretax price also rises.

OA:  d

P: increase tax, sale fell
C: after-tax prc relate to cig Sale
gap ：brideg tax to prc

提高tax以后pretax price不会比前年低的超过8 cents，比如前年10 cents，今年≥2 cents。那么tax上升了8 cents，price下降的少于8 cents，所以after-tax price还是涨价了，sales下降。加强。如果取非，那就是说今年pretax price降低的比提高的tax还高，那么cigarette价格其实是降低了。Sales应该升高才对，而原文是sales降低。

同源题

In the year following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of cigarettes fell ten percent. In contrast, in the year prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen one percent. The volume of cigarette sales is therefore strongly related to the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes.

Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument above?

A，During the second year after the tax increase, cigarette sales increased by a significant amount.
B，The information available to consumers on the health risks of smoking remained largely unchanged in the period before and after the tax increase.  
C，Most consumers were unaware that the tax on cigarettes was going to increase.  
D，During the year following the cigarette tax increase, many consumers had less income, in inflation-adjusted dollars, than they had had in the previous year
E，During the year after the tax increase, there was a greater variety of cigarettes on the market than there had been during the previous year.  

OA: B

lululuna

同源题

GMAT-PREP08-CR1

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Concerned about the financial well-being of its elderly citizens, the government of Runagia decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to all Runagians over 65.  Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible, and the increase has been duly received by all eligible Runagians.  Nevertheless, many of them are no better off financially than they were before the increase, in large part because __________.

A. they rely entirely on the government pension for their income

B. Runagian banks are so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks to cash a pension check

C. they buy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation

D. the pension was increased when the number of elderly Runagians below the poverty level reached an all-time high

E. in Runagia children typically supplement the income of elderly parents, but only by enough to provide them with a comfortable living

OA: E

OG13_24
Plan: Concerned about the welfare of its senior citizens, the government of Runagia decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to all Runagians age sixty-five and older.
Result: Many Runagian senior citizens are no better off financially now than they were before the increase.
Further information: The annual rate of inflation since the pension increase has been below 5 percent, and the increased pension has been duly received by all eligible Runagians.

In light of the further information, which of the following, if true, does most to explain the result that followed implementation of the plan?
(A) The majority of senior citizens whose financial position has not improved rely entirely on the government pension for their income.
(B) The Runagian banking system is so inefficient that cashing a pension check can take as much as three weeks.
(C) The prices of goods and services that meet the special needs of many senior citizens have increased at a rate much higher than the rate of inflation.
(D) The pension increase occurred at a time when the number of Runagians age sixty-five and older who were living below the poverty level was at an all-time high.
(E) The most recent pension increase was only the second such increase in the last ten years.
OA: C

prep08_87. (31284-!-item-!-188;#058&005747)

Two years ago, the government of Runagiaincreased by 20 percent the government-provided pensions paid to Runagians over65.  The aim of the increase was tostimulate the economy in the rural regions of the country, where most pensionrecipients live.  Statistics, however,show that there has been no increase in economic activity in those regionssince then, but that there has been noticeably more spending in the urbanareas.

Which of the following, if true, most helpsto explain why the increase resulted in the unintended state of affairsdescribed?

A. Until the pensions were increased, manyRunagians over 65 in rural regions had been receiving support from theirchildren who live in urban areas.

B. The pensions were increased when thenumber of people below the poverty level in rural areas of Runagia reached anall-time high.

C. City-dwellers in Runagia rarely travelto rural regions of the country.

D. The Runagian postal system is soinefficient that it can take up to three weeks for pension checks to reachrecipients in rural areas.

E. On average, the pensions were higher inrural than in urban areas before the increase.

OA:A