揽瓜阁逻辑做题小分队 第103天

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Psychiatrist: an analysis of psychological and health data collected on almost 100,000 individuals found that during an eight-year period, those who were especially cheerful and optimistic had 30 percent lower risk of heart disease than those who were pessimistic. This shows that many people could improve their healthy by deliberately cultivating an optimistic attitude.
The psychiatrist’s argument is most valuable to criticism on which of the following grounds?
A It fails to adequately address the possibility that several factors in addition to an optimistic or pessimistic attitude affect the risk of heart disease.
B It takes for granted that lowcering the risk of heart disease is the most effective way to improve overall health.
C It reaches a general conclusion about the population as a whole based on a sample that is not representative of that population in certain relevant respects.
D It assumes that what is true of a certain span of time is also true of a longer span of time.
E It concludes, without sufficient evidence, that a certain causal relationship accounts for the correlation between two factors.


Widespread use of a particular drug has stalled the spread of a parasite-caused disease known as blindness which is spread from one person to another by black flies, which feed on human blood But the parasite may be developing resistance to the twice-a-year drug, which does not kill the parasite, but merely hampers its reproduction. Researchers tested infected people after one of their treatments and found that in several, the parasite had been able to reproduce normally.
Which of the following, if true, argues most strongly against the view that the parasite is developing resistance to the drug?

A. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the drug's effects are waning in several areas where people have been treated for years.
B. The people in whom the parasites were found to have reproduced normally have never been able to absorb enough of the drug to hamper the parasite’s reproduction.
C. The researchers tested infected people from every area where river blindness is a danger.
D. Laboratory samples of the parasite are unable to reproduce when treated with the drug.
E. Even when a person has been treated with the drug, the parasite is able to survive inside that person for up to fifteen years.



参考答案：
EB

AliceJQC

Psychiatrist: an analysis of psychological and health data collected on almost 100,000 individuals found that during an eight-year period, those who were especially cheerful and optimistic had 30 percent lower risk of heart disease than those who were pessimistic. This shows that many people could improve their healthy by deliberately cultivating an optimistic attitude.心理学家通过一个收集10万人健康数据的分析发现乐观的人比消极的人少30%得心脏病的风险，这说明人可以通过培养乐观态度促进健康
The psychiatrist’s argument is most valuable to criticism on which of the following grounds?
A It fails to adequately address the possibility that several factors in addition to an optimistic or pessimistic attitude affect the risk of heart disease. 与其他因素无关
B It takes for granted that lowcering the risk of heart disease is the most effective way to improve overall health.    是不是最有效得方法无关
C It reaches a general conclusion about the population as a whole based on a sample that is not representative of that population in certain relevant respects.
结论也并没有说代表整体了
D It assumes that what is true of a certain span of time is also true of a longer span of time.   结论也没有提到时间长短，无关
E It concludes, without sufficient evidence, that a certain causal relationship accounts for the correlation between two factors.   把相关和因果搞混了，正确

Widespread use of a particular drug has stalled the spread of a parasite-caused disease known as blindness which is spread from one person to another by black flies, which feed on human blood But the parasite may be developing resistance to the twice-a-year drug, which does not kill the parasite, but merely hampers its reproduction. Researchers tested infected people after one of their treatments and found that in several, the parasite had been able to reproduce normally.
广泛使用一种药阻止了一种寄生虫疾病可能导致失明的在人与人之间通过吸人血的黒蝇散播。但是寄生虫可能发展出了对一年两次药的抗药性，这种药不会杀死寄生虫而是阻止他们繁殖。研究者检测了被感染并接受了一次他们的治疗的人发现寄生虫可以正常繁殖。
Which of the following, if true, argues most strongly against the view that the parasite is developing resistance to the drug?   削弱寄生虫产生了抗药性

A. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the drug's effects are waning in several areas where people have been treated for years.  在很多地方人们使用这治疗很多年，无关
B. The people in whom the parasites were found to have reproduced normally have never been able to absorb enough of the drug to hamper the parasite’s reproduction.
被检测的人没吸收足够的阻碍寄生虫繁殖的药，说明不是寄生虫抗药了，是检测的人用药不够。削弱，正确
C. The researchers tested infected people from every area where river blindness is a danger.  在每个地区有失明的都进行了检测，跟原文逻辑无关
D. Laboratory samples of the parasite are unable to reproduce when treated with the drug.   和实验室的寄生虫无关，主要在人身上的寄生虫
E. Even when a person has been treated with the drug, the parasite is able to survive inside that person for up to fifteen years.   药本来就不能杀死寄生虫，只是不能繁殖，所以无关



E B

JamesDaiii

zyycn 发表于 2021-12-10 09:28
1、现象：乐观的人心脏病概率比悲观的人低30%，原因：因为乐观有助于健康。
问weaken
思考：果因论证，考虑 ...

同意！               

柚匝呀

柚匝呀 发表于 2022-9-30 21:01
Page1

P：乐观的人得心脏病的概率低

我知道page1 怎么分了！

虽然这里提到了“调查”，有样本，但是不是样本推整体
如果推理模式是：调查中大多数乐观的人得病概率低→所有乐观的人得病概率低。这个就是样本→整体！！

然而本文的推理模式是：因为A，所以B，而B和A没什么关系！

所以，是因果关系！
CQ：因果没有关系

柚匝呀

Page1

P：乐观的人得心脏病的概率低
C：培养乐观心态能改善健康

因果？统计枚举？
CQ：

问题：从文中得到，flaws of reasoning

Page2
C：一种虫具有抗药性了
P1：这种虫子在人体中正常繁殖
P2：这种药抑制虫子繁殖

果因推理
CQ：因果关系不存在
问题：附加反向信息

衬衫lzy

看一下！               

zyycn

1、现象：乐观的人心脏病概率比悲观的人低30%，原因：因为乐观有助于健康。
问weaken
思考：果因论证，考虑他因削弱、类比削弱、因果倒置

A：其他因素也会影响健康。只要乐观对健康有效就行，其他因素无关。
B：想当然乐观是提升健康最有效的方式。文章没说是最有效的方式啊。
C：样本没有代表性。10万人的样本应该很大了，有代表性。
D：特定时期（8年）就一定和长期表现一样。想说时间不够长，但是8年实验已经够有代表性了。
E：两件事发生就一定是特定的因果关系。正确，也可能没有因果关系，或者他因、或者因果倒置。

选E

2、现象：感染者体内寄生虫可以繁殖，原因：由于寄生虫产生了抗药性。
问weaken
思考：果因论证，考虑他因削弱、类比削弱

A：人们治疗几年后药效下降。方向反。
B：寄生虫可以正常繁殖的感染者都没吃够药。正确，他因削弱。
C：每个地方都做测试。无关。
D：实验室里，用药后寄生虫就没法繁殖。但还是没法削弱实际情况。
E：即便用药，寄生虫还是可以在感染者体内存活15年。无关。

选B

svwma

EB

lfengi

BB

1. E 在没有充分证据的情况下， 判断两者的相关性

ccccherry

BB