GWD-6-16

B/F 还是很难，那位nn能不能帮忙分析一下这道题。谢谢。

Q16:

Historian:  Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus.  Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques.  It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent.  Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics.  Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false.  A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however.  Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

In the historian’s reasoning, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

1. The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is evidence that has been used to support an opposing position.


2. The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is that position.


3. The first provides evidence in support of an intermediate conclusion that is drawn to provide support for the overall position that the historian defends; the second provides evidence against that intermediate conclusion.


4. The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position.


5. The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is further information that substantiates that evidence.

我不是NN，这道题应该选D吧？

关于boldface题，一定要注意它的连接词，因为这是整个段落意思的路标。

这段大概意思是，大多数人认为N和L写的这个concept是独立的。然而有些历史学家认为不独立，since L的书里包括了N的概念，since且这个笔记是在L写书之前的（第一个boldface）。However，L书里所引用的只是N早期书的一部分，这些早期书是在N建立这个理论之前的（第二个boldface）。

中间这段，是本段所驳斥的，而两个since引出了支持被驳斥的观点。又由一个however，引出作者的观点。

A，B，C，将第一个boldface看成作者的观点，错。E将第二个boldface看成支持被驳斥的观点的论据，错。就是D了吧？

答案为C较合适

1。原文：。。。。it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false（中间结论）。A more cautious conclusion than this is called for（总结论）（为什麽要说需要更谨慎的下结论呢，下面提出证据）。。。。

2。只有C说到中间结论的事，故为答案。

3。it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false不是历史学家的最终结论，因为后面的证据和该结论不一致。而且下面一句话（需要再谨慎的结论）也反映历史学家并不满足该结论。

4。C选项用词很考究。用AGAINST（having an unfavourable effect on），不用OPPOSING（反对）。前者表示第二个黑体句子和中间结论不一致。正是这两个不一致的证据，才需要更谨慎的下结论（最终结论）

5。选项的理解（不要混淆）：

position that the historian defends意思为历史学家支持的观点。conclusion that the historian criticizes意思为历史学家反对的观点

可是C虽然说是中间结论，但是它说的是作者支持这个中间结论哦，所以不妥啊～

那lawyer gg的意思是D错那里？

1. 严格讲是历史学家，不是作者

2。历史学家当然支持这个中间结论，要不然如何用它去支持最终结论。

3。D错的原因：历史学家要批评的观点是认为L和N独立发展微积分思想，而第一句黑体说的是L的笔记（里面讨论N的包括微积分的书）写于L发展微积分观念之前（说明L的微积分观念来源N，不独立）。这个证据是反对传统观点的。而D却说第一句黑体支持传统观点。故D错。其实历史学家提出传统观点后，用HOWEVER，转到自己观点的论述。HOWEVER以后是历史学家用去证明自己观点用的。

lawyer gg，不好意思，我不是较真，而是却是文中的意思和你所说的相反。

文中的意思可以分成三层：

1. 传统观点认为L和N的观点独立。

2.however， Several scholars 由于最近发现的notes而说L有抄袭之嫌。（注意，这里不是中间结论，而是本文，也就是历史学家所要驳斥的）

3. however，这种抄袭不成立（最终结论，也就是历史学家的结论，也就是还支持传统观点）

中间的并不为中间结论，而是历史学家所驳斥的论点。中间有两个however，不要被它绕进去。

也许gg再读一读就会清楚了，文章脉络还是挺清晰的，也许您那里读错了，我坚定自己的立场，见笑了～

to arundhati

讨论问题怎能算较真，有疑问就该提出，否则这个问题在脑中永远是个结，只是你的字太小，看起来很辛苦。

1。你是对的，我是错的

2。原文：一个传统观点，HOWEVER，几个学者认为传统观点是错的（证据：两个SINCE），HOWEVER，历史学家学家认为应该更谨慎的下结论（几个学者的观点不恰当，批评几个学者）。证据来支持。D为答案

3。it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false是几个学者的观点，不是中间结论。

我为我以前的错误观点道歉。（逻辑题陷阱真多，不小心就进去，我原来就看作it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false是历史学家说的，原来只是几个学者ARGUED的宾语）

谢谢arundhati的指点和指正

to arundhati

讨论问题怎能算较真，有疑问就该提出，否则这个问题在脑中永远是个结，只是你的字太小，看起来很辛苦。

1。你是对的，我是错的

2。原文：一个传统观点，HOWEVER，几个学者认为传统观点是错的（证据：两个SINCE），HOWEVER，历史学家学家认为应该更谨慎的下结论（几个学者的观点不恰当，批评几个学者）。证据来支持。D为答案

3。it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false是几个学者的观点，不是中间结论。

我为我以前的错误观点道歉。（逻辑题陷阱真多，不小心就进去，我原来就看作it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false是历史学家说的，原来只是几个学者ARGUED的宾语）

谢谢arundhati的指点和指正