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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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1.CR
The federal government is considering mandating that all mountain climbers carry a new advanced locator device, which allows rescue teams to quickly pinpoint the location of climbers in distress. Proponents argue that the universal adoption of this device will significantly reduce climbing-related fatalities. They cite recent incidents where climbers were saved due to the device, and they emphasize that location identification is the most critical factor in successful rescue operations.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the argument made by the proponents of this proposed law?
(A) A study found that in 80% of fatal climbing accidents, the victims had already succumbed to their injuries before rescue teams could reach them, even when their locations were known.
(B) Some experienced climbers argue that the device could provide a false sense of security, leading to increased risk-taking behavior and potentially more accidents.
(C) The cost of the locator device is substantial, and many amateur climbers may choose to forgo the activity altogether rather than bear the additional expense.
(D) The majority of climbers already employ a variety of safety measures, such as extensive training, proper equipment maintenance, and detailed route planning to minimize risks.
(E) Rescue teams in remote areas often struggle with limited resources and challenging terrain, which can delay rescue efforts even when the precise location of the climbers is known.
Mathematics is often considered a game of sorts, with its own set of rules, challenges, and rewards. Those who are deeply familiar with mathematics tend to derive a great deal of enjoyment from engaging with mathematical problems and puzzles. The more one understands the intricacies and nuances of mathematics, the more one is likely to appreciate its beauty and elegance.
Which of the following is an assumption underlying the argument above?
(A) Only individuals with advanced degrees in mathematics can truly enjoy engaging with mathematical concepts.
(B) Mathematics is the most enjoyable game that one can engage in, surpassing all other forms of intellectual play.
(C) Those who excel at mathematics are more intelligent than those who excel at other subjects.
(D) People who are highly familiar with a game tend to derive enjoyment from playing that game.
(E) The enjoyment derived from mathematics is directly proportional to the complexity of the mathematical problems being solved.
AD
2.DI
The Vienna Philharmonic, an orchestra of unparalleled renown and prestige, with a history spanning nearly two centuries and a reputation for musical excellence that has earned it a place among the world's most venerated cultural institutions, now finds itself embroiled in a controversy of unprecedented scale and intensity. At the center of this maelstrom is the orchestra's decision to extend an invitation to the polarizing political figure Hans Gruber, a man whose provocative ideas, inflammatory rhetoric, and questionable alliances have made him a lightning rod for criticism and a catalyst for fierce debate across the length and breadth of Austrian society.
Gruber, a charismatic and silver-tongued orator with a gift for captivating audiences and a penchant for pushing the boundaries of acceptable discourse, has spent the better part of the last decade carving out a unique and controversial niche for himself in the rough-and-tumble world of Austrian politics. His unorthodox economic theories, which blend elements of libertarianism, nationalism, and populism into a potent and intoxicating brew, have earned him a devoted following among those who feel left behind by the forces of globalization and modernization, even as they have drawn sharp rebukes from more traditional voices on both the left and the right.
For the proponents of Gruber's invitation, the decision to offer him a platform at the Vienna Philharmonic's annual gala represents a courageous and principled stand for the values of artistic freedom, intellectual diversity, and open dialogue. They argue that in an age of increasing polarization, censorship, and ideological conformity, it is more important than ever for cultural institutions to foster a spirit of inquiry, challenge orthodoxies, and expose their audiences to a wide range of perspectives, even those that may be controversial or unpopular.
"The Vienna Philharmonic has always been more than just an orchestra," declared one longtime board member and prominent advocate for Gruber's invitation. "It is a beacon of enlightenment, a forum for the free exchange of ideas, and a testament to the enduring power of human creativity and imagination. By inviting Herr Gruber to share his unique insights and experiences with our patrons, we are reaffirming our commitment to these core values and demonstrating our faith in the ability of intelligent, thoughtful individuals to engage with challenging ideas and form their own conclusions."
However, for the critics of the decision, the invitation to Gruber represents a betrayal of the Vienna Philharmonic's most cherished principles and a capitulation to the forces of extremism, intolerance, and demagoguery. They argue that by granting Gruber such a prestigious and visible platform, the orchestra is not only legitimizing his controversial views but also normalizing a style of political discourse that is corrosive to the very foundations of liberal democracy.
"Hans Gruber is not just another provocative thinker or iconoclastic intellectual," fumed one prominent music critic and social activist. "He is a dangerous ideologue whose ideas are rooted in xenophobia, nationalism, and a fundamental disregard for the dignity and humanity of those who do not share his narrow, exclusionary vision of Austrian identity. By inviting him to speak at the gala, the Vienna Philharmonic is not fostering debate or encouraging diversity; it is providing aid and comfort to those who would tear apart the very fabric of our society."
As the controversy continues to rage and the date of the gala draws ever closer, the leadership of the Vienna Philharmonic finds itself facing a daunting and unprecedented challenge. With ticket sales plummeting, corporate sponsors threatening to withdraw their support, and tensions within the orchestra itself reaching a boiling point, the stakes could not be higher.
Some have suggested that the only way forward is for the orchestra to reverse course and rescind its invitation to Gruber, thereby reaffirming its commitment to the values of tolerance, inclusivity, and social justice that have long been a hallmark of its institutional identity. Others, however, have warned that such a move would be seen as a capitulation to the forces of censorship and political correctness, and would only serve to embolden those who seek to silence dissenting voices and enforce a narrow, orthodox view of acceptable discourse.
As the pressure mounts and the clock ticks down, the leaders of the Vienna Philharmonic must weigh the competing imperatives of artistic integrity, financial solvency, and moral responsibility, all while navigating a cultural and political landscape that grows more treacherous and unpredictable by the day. Will they stand firm in their commitment to open dialogue and intellectual freedom, even in the face of overwhelming opposition and potential financial ruin? Or will they bow to the demands of their critics and abandon their principles in the name of expediency and self-preservation?
As the eyes of the world turn to Vienna and the fate of one of its most beloved and respected cultural institutions hangs in the balance, it is clear that the controversy surrounding Hans Gruber and the Vienna Philharmonic is about more than just a single invitation or a single event. It is a battle for the soul of the arts in an age of polarization and uncertainty, a struggle to define the role and responsibilities of cultural institutions in a rapidly changing and increasingly fractured world.
For some, the Vienna Philharmonic's decision to invite Gruber represents a last stand for the values of artistic autonomy and intellectual curiosity, a defiant assertion of the power of music and ideas to transcend the petty divisions and tribulations of the political realm. For others, it is a dangerous and misguided capitulation to the forces of extremism and intolerance, a betrayal of the very principles that have made the orchestra a symbol of hope and enlightenment for generations.
As the gala approaches and the controversy shows no signs of abating, one thing is certain: the world will be watching closely to see how the Vienna Philharmonic and its leadership navigate this perilous and uncharted territory. Will they emerge from the crisis stronger, more united, and more committed than ever to their artistic mission and their role as a beacon of cultural excellence and intellectual freedom? Or will they be consumed by the forces of division and acrimony, their legacy tarnished and their future uncertain?
Only time will tell, but one thing is clear: the stakes could not be higher, and the consequences of the Vienna Philharmonic's actions will be felt far beyond the walls of the concert hall and the borders of Austria itself. In the end, the fate of the orchestra may well be a harbinger of the fate of the arts themselves in an age of unprecedented change and upheaval.
1. The passage suggests that Hans Gruber's economic theories are best described as:
A. A synthesis of Keynesian and Marxist principles
B. A radical rejection of all mainstream economic thought
C. A blend of libertarianism, nationalism, and populism
D. A revival of the theories of the Austrian School of Economics
E. A pragmatic adaptation of neoliberal ideas to the challenges of the 21st century
2. According to the passage, which of the following best characterizes the view of Gruber's supporters within the Vienna Philharmonic?
A. Gruber's invitation is a necessary response to the threat of censorship and cancel culture.
B. Gruber's ideas are essential for solving the economic and social problems facing Austria today.
C. Gruber's presence at the gala will help to boost ticket sales and attract new donors.
D. Gruber's participation in the gala is a matter of upholding the principles of artistic freedom and intellectual diversity.
E. Gruber's controversial reputation will generate valuable publicity for the orchestra and its programs.
3. The passage indicates that critics of Gruber's invitation are most concerned about:
A. The financial impact of the controversy on the orchestra's bottom line
B. The potential for Gruber's presence to overshadow the musical performances at the gala
C. The risk that Gruber's ideas could incite violence or unrest among the orchestra's patrons
D. The damage that the controversy could do to the orchestra's relationships with key donors and sponsors
E. The normalizing effect that Gruber's invitation could have on extremist and intolerant ideologies
4. Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage as a whole?
A. Partisan and polemical, with a clear bias in favor of Gruber and his supporters
B. Objective and impartial, presenting both sides of the controversy in a balanced and even-handed manner
C. Pessimistic and fatalistic, suggesting that the controversy is likely to have disastrous consequences for the orchestra and the arts more broadly
D. Urgent and exhortatory, calling on readers to take action in support of one side or the other in the debate
E. Analytical and reflective, using the controversy as a lens through which to explore broader questions about the role of the arts in contemporary society
5. The author of the passage suggests that the controversy surrounding Gruber's invitation is:
A. An isolated incident with little relevance to the broader cultural and political landscape
B. A turning point in the history of the Vienna Philharmonic, marking a decisive break with its past traditions and values
C. A symptom of a broader crisis facing cultural institutions in an age of polarization and uncertainty
D. An opportunity for the orchestra to redefine its mission and values for the 21st century
E. A distraction from the more pressing challenges facing the orchestra, such as declining audiences and rising costs
6. The passage implies that the decision to invite Gruber to speak at the gala was made by:
A. The orchestra's board of directors, acting on the recommendation of its artistic director
B. A small group of wealthy donors who threatened to withdraw their support if Gruber was not invited
C. The Austrian government, as part of a broader effort to promote free speech and intellectual diversity
D. The musicians of the orchestra, who voted overwhelmingly in favor of extending the invitation
E. The passage does not provide enough information to determine who made the decision to invite Gruber
7. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential consequence of the controversy for the Vienna Philharmonic?
A. A decline in ticket sales for the gala and other upcoming performances
B. The withdrawal of support from major corporate sponsors and donors
C. Increased tensions and divisions within the orchestra itself
D. A boycott of the orchestra by prominent musicians and cultural figures
E. The cancellation of the gala altogether due to security concerns
8. The author of the passage suggests that the ultimate significance of the Gruber controversy may lie in:
A. Its impact on the future direction and leadership of the Vienna Philharmonic
B. Its role in shaping the broader debate about the role of the arts in contemporary society
C. Its potential to catalyze a wider movement for artistic freedom and intellectual diversity
D. Its ability to generate new and innovative ideas for addressing the challenges facing cultural institutions in the 21st century
E. Its capacity to bring about a fundamental transformation in the way that classical music is composed, performed, and appreciated
9. The passage suggests that the leadership of the Vienna Philharmonic is facing pressure from all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Critics who argue that inviting Gruber legitimizes extremist and intolerant ideologies
B. Supporters who believe that rescinding the invitation would be a capitulation to censorship and political correctness
C. Musicians within the orchestra who are divided over the appropriateness of Gruber's invitation
D. Government officials who are concerned about the potential impact of the controversy on Austria's international reputation
E. Donors and sponsors who are threatening to withdraw their support in response to the controversy
10. Which of the following best describes the structure of the passage as a whole?
A. A chronological account of the events leading up to and following Gruber's invitation to speak at the gala
B. A point-counterpoint presentation of the arguments for and against Gruber's invitation, followed by a synthesis of the two positions
C. A historical overview of the Vienna Philharmonic and its role in Austrian cultural life, with the Gruber controversy as a case study
D. An in-depth analysis of Gruber's ideas and their potential impact on Austrian politics and society
E. A wide-ranging exploration of the controversy and its implications for the Vienna Philharmonic and the broader world of classical music and the arts
C. A blend of libertarianism, nationalism, and populism
格鲁伯的经济理论被描述为自由意志主义、民族主义和民粹主义的混合体。
D. Gruber's participation in the gala is a matter of upholding the principles of artistic freedom and intellectual diversity.
支持格鲁伯的人认为，邀请他参加晚会是为了维护艺术自由和思想多元化的原则。
E. The normalizing effect that Gruber's invitation could have on extremist and intolerant ideologies
批评者最担心的是，格鲁伯的受邀可能会使极端主义和不宽容的意识形态正常化。
C. Pessimistic and fatalistic, suggesting that the controversy is likely to have disastrous consequences for the orchestra and the arts more broadly
文章整体基调是悲观和宿命论的，暗示这场争议可能会给乐团和整个艺术界带来灾难性的后果。
C. A symptom of a broader crisis facing cultural institutions in an age of polarization and uncertainty
作者认为，围绕格鲁伯邀请的争议是文化机构在两极分化和不确定时代面临的更广泛危机的一个症状。
E. The passage does not provide enough information to determine who made the decision to invite Gruber
文章没有提供足够的信息来确定是谁做出邀请格鲁伯的决定。
E. The cancellation of the gala altogether due to security concerns
文章没有提到因安全问题而完全取消晚会的可能性。
B. Its role in shaping the broader debate about the role of the arts in contemporary society
作者认为，格鲁伯争议的最终意义可能在于它在塑造当代社会中艺术作用的更广泛辩论中所扮演的角色。
D. Government officials who are concerned about the potential impact of the controversy on Austria's international reputation
文章没有提到政府官员因担心争议可能对奥地利的国际声誉产生影响而施加压力。
E. A wide-ranging exploration of the controversy and its implications for the Vienna Philharmonic and the broader world of classical music and the arts
文章结构是对这场争议及其对维也纳爱乐乐团和更广泛的古典音乐与艺术世界的影响进行广泛探讨。
3.RC
On 2nd August 199.9, a particularly hot day in the town of Cirencester in the UK, a large pane of toughened glass in the roof of a shopping centre at Bishops Walk shattered without warning and fell from its frame. When fragments were analysed by experts at the giant glass manufacturer Pilkington, which had made the pane, they found that minute crystals of nickel sulphide trapped inside the glass had almost certainly caused the failure.
‘The glass industry is aware of the issue,’ says Brian Waldron, chairman of the standards committee at the Glass and Glazing Federation, a British trade association, and standards development officer at Pilkington. But he insists that cases are few and far between. ‘It’s a very rare phenomenon,’ he says.
Others disagree. ‘On average I see about one or two buildings a month suffering from nickel sulphide related failures,’ says Barrie Josie, a consultant engineer involved in the Bishops Walk investigation. Other experts tell of similar experiences. Tony Wilmott of London-based consulting engineers Sandberg, and Simon Armstrong at CIadTech Associates in Hampshire both say they know of hundreds of cases. ‘What you hear is only the tip of the iceberg,’ says Trevor Ford, a glass expert at Resolve Engineering in Brisbane, Queensland. He believes the reason is simple: ‘No-one wants bad press.’
Toughened glass is found everywhere, from cars and bus shelters to the windows, walls and roofs of thousands of buildings around the world. It’s easy to see why. This glass has five times the strength of standard glass, and when it does break it shatters into tiny cubes rather than large, razor-sharp shards. Architects love it because large panels can be bolted together to make transparent walls, and turning it into ceilings and floors is almost as easy.
It is made by heating a sheet of ordinary glass to about 620°C to soften it slightly, allowing its structure to expand, and then cooling it rapidly with jets of cold air. This causes the outer layer of the pane to contract and solidify before the interior. When the interior finally solidifies and shrinks, it exerts a pull on the outer layer that leaves it in permanent compression and produces a tensile force inside the glass. As cracks propagate best in materials under tension, the compressive force on the surface must be overcome before the pane will break, making it more resistant to cracking.
The problem starts when glass contains nickel sulphide impurities. Trace amounts of nickel and sulphur are usually present in the raw materials used to make glass, and nickel can also be introduced by fragments of nickel alloys falling into the molten glass. As the glass is heated, these atoms react to form tiny crystals of nickel sulphide. Just a tenth of a gram of nickel in the furnace can create up to 50,000 crystals.
These crystals can exist in two forms: a dense form called the alpha phase, which is stable at high temperatures, and a less dense form called the beta phase, which is stable at room temperatures. The high temperatures used in the toughening process convert all the crystals to the dense, compact alpha form. But the subsequent cooling is so rapid that the crystals don’t have time to change back to the beta phase. This leaves unstable alpha crystals in the glass, primed like a coiled spring, ready to revert to the beta phase without warning.
When this happens, the crystals expand by up to 4%. And if they are within the central, tensile region of the pane, the stresses this unleashes can shatter the whole sheet. The time that elapses before failure occurs is unpredictable. It could happen just months after manufacture, or decades later, although if the glass is heated - by sunlight, for example - the process is speeded up. Ironically, says Graham Dodd, of consulting engineers Arup in London, the oldest pane of toughened glass known to have failed due to nickel sulphide inclusions was in Pilkington’s glass research building in Lathom, Lancashire. The pane was 27 years old.
Data showing the scale of the nickel sulphide problem is almost impossible to find. The picture is made more complicated by the fact that these crystals occur in batches. So even if, on average, there is only one inclusion in 7 tonnes of glass, if i you experience one nickel sulphide failure in your building, that probably means you’ve got a problem in more than one pane. Josie says that in the last decade he has worked on over 15 buildings with the number of failures into double figures.
One of the worst examples of this is Waterfront Place, which was completed in 1990. Over the following decade the 40 storey Brisbane block suffered a rash of failures. Eighty panes of its toughened glass shattered due to inclusions before experts were finally called in. John Barry, an expert in nickel sulphide contamination at the University of Queensland, analysed every glass pane in the building. Using a studio camera, a photographer went up in a cradle to take photos of every pane.
These were scanned under a modified microfiche reader for signs of niclrel sulphide crystals. ‘We discovered at least another 120 panes with potentially dangerous inclusions which were then replaced,’ says Barry. ‘It was a very expensive and time-consuming process that took around six months to complete.’ Though the project cost A$1.6 million (nearly £700,000), the alternative - re-cladding the entire building - would have cost ten times as much.
1. The passage implies that the true extent of the problem of nickel sulphide-induced failures in toughened glass may be obscured by
(A) the lack of a centralized database or reporting system for such incidents, making it difficult to assess their frequency and distribution
(B) the reluctance of building owners and managers to disclose failures due to concerns about negative publicity and legal liability
(C) the difficulty in definitively attributing the cause of a failure to nickel sulphide inclusions, as opposed to other factors such as impact damage or thermal stress
(D) the tendency of the glass industry to downplay the significance of the issue and to attribute reported failures to improper installation or maintenance
(E) the focus of media attention on high-profile incidents, which may create a distorted perception of the overall prevalence of the problem
2. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the relationship between the glass industry and the issue of nickel sulphide-induced failures in toughened glass?
(A) The industry has been proactive in researching and developing solutions to the problem, but has been hampered by the technical complexity and cost of implementing them on a large scale.
(B) The industry has sought to suppress information about the extent and severity of the problem in order to protect its reputation and avoid costly recalls or liability claims.
(C) The industry has collaborated closely with independent experts and regulatory authorities to establish rigorous standards and testing protocols for toughened glass.
(D) The industry has prioritized the aesthetic and functional benefits of toughened glass over its potential safety risks, and has resisted calls for more stringent quality control measures.
(E) The industry has responded to the problem by shifting production to alternative materials and processes that are less susceptible to nickel sulphide-induced failures.
3. The author's discussion of the Waterfront Place case study primarily serves to
(A) illustrate the potential scale and severity of nickel sulphide-induced failures in a single building, and the high cost of remediation
(B) argue that the use of toughened glass in high-rise buildings should be prohibited due to the unacceptable risk of catastrophic failure
(C) emphasize the importance of regular inspections and maintenance of toughened glass installations to identify and address potential problems before they escalate
(D) highlight the role of advanced imaging and analysis techniques in detecting and quantifying the presence of nickel sulphide inclusions in installed glass panels
(E) suggest that the replacement of toughened glass with alternative materials, such as laminated or tempered glass, is the most effective long-term solution to the problem
4. Based on the information provided in the passage, which of the following statements about the mechanism of nickel sulphide-induced failure in toughened glass is most accurate?
(A) The failure occurs when the nickel sulphide crystals, which are evenly distributed throughout the glass, simultaneously undergo a phase transformation and expand, causing the glass to shatter.
(B) The failure occurs when the nickel sulphide crystals, which are concentrated near the surface of the glass, react with atmospheric moisture and corrode, weakening the glass over time.
(C) The failure occurs when the nickel sulphide crystals, which are trapped in the tensile region of the glass, undergo a sudden phase transformation and expand, creating localized stresses that exceed the strength of the glass.
(D) The failure occurs when the nickel sulphide crystals, which are inherently unstable and prone to decomposition, release reactive compounds that attack and degrade the surrounding glass matrix.
(E) The failure occurs when the nickel sulphide crystals, which are sensitive to electromagnetic radiation, absorb energy from sunlight or artificial lighting and heat up, causing thermal stresses that fracture the glass.
5. The passage suggests that the development of a solution to the problem of nickel sulphide-induced failures in toughened glass is complicated by
(A) the lack of funding and resources for research and development, as the glass industry does not consider the issue to be a high priority
(B) the need to balance the competing demands of safety, performance, and aesthetics in the design and specification of glazing materials
(C) the difficulty in predicting the long-term behavior and failure probability of toughened glass under real-world conditions of use and exposure
(D) the resistance of architects and designers to using alternative materials that may not have the same visual and functional properties as toughened glass
(E) the complex interplay of chemical, mechanical, and thermal factors that contribute to the formation and transformation of nickel sulphide inclusions in the glass matrix
6. The author's attitude towards the glass industry's handling of the nickel sulphide inclusion issue can best be described as
(A) unequivocally critical and condemning
(B) cautiously optimistic about future improvements
(C) neutral and objective in presenting facts
(D) skeptical of the industry's commitment to addressing the problem
(E) appreciative of the industry's efforts to find a solution
7. According to the passage, which of the following factors is most likely to influence the rate at which nickel sulphide inclusions cause toughened glass to fail?
(A) The size and orientation of the glass panel
(B) The type of building in which the glass is installed
(C) The age of the glass and the length of time since its manufacture
(D) The prevailing weather conditions and temperature fluctuations
(E) The frequency and intensity of use or occupancy of the building
8. The passage is most likely to be of interest to which of the following audiences?
(A) Researchers studying the properties and behavior of amorphous materials
(B) Manufacturers seeking to optimize production processes for toughened glass
(C) Architects and engineers involved in the design and specification of glazing systems
(D) Homeowners considering the use of toughened glass in residential renovations
(E) Government regulators responsible for setting building codes and safety standards
Answers:
1. (B)
2. (B)
3. (A)
4. (C)
5. (C)
6. (D)
7. (D)
8. (C)
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发表于 2024-5-29 09:42:30
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