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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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1.CR
A movie studio's recent film was a box office failure. Some employees had noticed potential issues during the film's production but refrained from voicing their concerns due to fear of losing their jobs. This fear was partly attributed to the company's compensation system, where employees' salaries remained fixed regardless of the film's commercial success. To encourage valuable input from employees, the studio decided to restructure its compensation system, tying a portion of employees' income to the film's box office performance while guaranteeing that employees would not be fired for expressing their opinions. The studio believes that under the new system, employees are more likely to provide feedback during the production of the next film because ________.
A. the studio's guarantee of job security for expressing opinions demonstrates a commitment to fostering open communication and collaboration among employees
B. the revised compensation system will lead to increased job satisfaction and loyalty among employees, resulting in a more dedicated workforce
C. employees' participation in the decision-making process during film production will enhance their sense of ownership and motivation
D. employees' income will be directly affected by the film's box office performance, incentivizing them to contribute to improving the film's quality
E. the new system will attract top talent in the industry, bringing fresh perspectives and ideas to the studio's film projects
The city government has decided to invest a substantial sum to attract a football team from another city. The mayor argues that this move will not affect the tax burden on citizens because the government will directly deduct taxes from the football team's revenue. However, some citizens are skeptical about the mayor's argument.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the mayor's argument?
A. The football team's relocation may lead to increased traffic congestion and strain on public infrastructure, requiring additional government spending.
B. The city government's investment in attracting the football team could have been allocated to other pressing issues, such as education or healthcare.
C. A significant portion of the football team's projected revenue might have been generated by existing local businesses even without the team's presence.
D. The football team's success and profitability are not guaranteed, and the city government may not recover its investment if the team performs poorly.
E. The tax deductions from the football team's revenue may not be sufficient to cover the city government's entire investment in the short term.
答案:
DC
2.RC
Previous studies have consistently found that most consumers undertake relatively little prepurchase search for durable goods and do even less price-comparison shopping despite the reported importance of price to consumers' purchase decisions. This article proposes and tests two possible explanations for why consumers' willingness to engage in price search does not increase concomitantly with the price variation of durable goods. The first potential explanation, that consumers simply underestimate the market price variation, was not supported. The second possible explanation, which builds upon Weber's law of psychophysics and Thaler's transaction utility theory, was supported. The data indicate that the psychological utility that a consumer derives from saving a fixed amount of money is inversely related to the price of the item. In this case, even if consumers believe that the price variation of more expensive items tends to be greater, their motivation to spend time in price-comparison shopping for these items may not increase as much as expected.
A second possible explanation for the relatively low level of price search by consumers builds upon Weber‘s law of psychophysics and Thaler’s transaction utility theory (1985). Weber’s law suggests that an individual‘s response to a change in a stimulus will he inversely related to the absolute magnitude of the original stimulus. Likewise, Thaler‘s transaction utility theory suggests that the psychological utility that a consumer derives from saving a fixed amount of money, say $20, is inversely related to the price of the item. In this case, even if consumers believe that the price variation of more expensive items tends to be greater, their motivation to spend time in price-comparison shopping for these items may NOT increase as much as predicted by transaction utility theory. Throughout the remainder of the article, we define consumers' tendency to assess the utility of price savings as a proportion of the item‘s price as the “psychophysics-of-price heuristic." Thus, the consumer implicitly translates the expected savings from price search into relative terms rather than absolute dollars.
Consider, for example, a consumer who believes that she/he can obtain a $2.0 savings on a $100 microwave oven and obtain a $20 price reduction on a $400 television by shopping further. The consumer may be inclined to pursue further price search for the $20 savings on the microwave oven because it appears that the relative savings are dramatically higher. Normatively, the two cases are identical in that the consumer's economic cost and expected benefit of price search are the same and should result in the same intention to undertake price-comparison shopping.
It is interesting that the use of the psychophysics-of-price heuristic would reduce consumers' search for more expensive items and thus would have important economic consequences (i.e., greater market price variation) at the aggregate, market level. Specifically, this heuristic could help explain Pratt et al.‘s (1979) observation that the actual market price variation of standardized items (i.e., with brand, model, and features held constant) is directly related to their mean market price. Therefore, a supplementary goal of this article is to provide an empirical examination of the relationship between the market price variation of standardized products and their mean market price and to explain this relationship in terms of the psychophysics-of-price heuristic.
1. The passage suggests that the psychophysics-of-price heuristic is most likely to have which of the following effects on consumers' price search behavior for durable goods, assuming all other factors are held constant?
A. Consumers will be more likely to engage in price search for high-priced items than for low-priced items, despite the potential for greater absolute dollar savings on high-priced items.
B. Consumers will be more likely to engage in price search for low-priced items than for high-priced items, despite the potential for greater absolute dollar savings on high-priced items.
C. Consumers will be equally likely to engage in price search for high-priced and low-priced items, as long as the potential absolute dollar savings are equivalent.
D. Consumers' likelihood of engaging in price search will be solely determined by the potential absolute dollar savings, regardless of the price of the item.
E. Consumers' likelihood of engaging in price search will be solely determined by the perceived market price variation, regardless of the price of the item.
2. The author's reference to Pratt et al.'s (1979) observation that "the actual market price variation of standardized items is directly related to their mean market price" serves which of the following functions in the passage?
A. It provides evidence that contradicts the psychophysics-of-price heuristic as an explanation for consumers' price search behavior.
B. It introduces a finding that the author seeks to explain using the psychophysics-of-price heuristic.
C. It highlights a potential limitation of Weber's law of psychophysics in explaining economic phenomena.
D. It supports the idea that consumers' price search behavior is primarily determined by the perceived market price variation.
E. It demonstrates the need for further research on the factors influencing consumers' prepurchase search decisions.
3. Which of the following hypothetical findings, if true, would most strongly support the psychophysics-of-price heuristic as an explanation for consumers' price search behavior?
A. Consumers' perceived utility of saving a fixed percentage of an item's price is constant across all price levels.
B. Consumers' motivation to engage in price search decreases as the price of the item increases, even when the potential absolute dollar savings increase proportionally.
C. Consumers' willingness to pay for an item is positively correlated with the item's price, regardless of the potential for price savings.
D. Consumers' perceptions of market price variation are more strongly influenced by an item's price than by their knowledge of actual price dispersion.
E. Consumers' price search behavior is more strongly influenced by the perceived time and effort required for search than by the potential dollar savings.
4. The passage implies that a limitation of Thaler's transaction utility theory, as applied to consumers' price search behavior, is that it:
A. Fails to account for the influence of consumers' perceptions of market price variation on their search behavior.
B. Overestimates the impact of potential absolute dollar savings on consumers' motivation to engage in price search.
C. Underestimates the extent to which consumers' price search behavior is influenced by the price of the item.
D. Assumes that consumers' perceived utility of saving a fixed amount of money is constant across all price levels.
E. Ignores the role of product features and brand reputation in shaping consumers' price search behavior.
5. Based on the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the relationship between consumers' prepurchase search behavior and market price variation for durable goods?
A. Consumers' limited prepurchase search behavior may contribute to greater market price variation for high-priced durable goods.
B. Market price variation for durable goods is primarily determined by factors other than consumers' prepurchase search behavior.
C. Consumers' prepurchase search behavior is likely to reduce market price variation for low-priced durable goods more than for high-priced durable goods.
D. The relationship between consumers' prepurchase search behavior and market price variation is likely to be mediated by product features and brand reputation.
E. Consumers' prepurchase search behavior is likely to have a stronger impact on market price variation for differentiated durable goods than for standardized durable goods.
6. The passage suggests that which of the following would be most useful for testing the validity of the psychophysics-of-price heuristic as an explanation for consumers' price search behavior?
A. A controlled experiment comparing consumers' motivation to engage in price search for items of different prices, while holding the potential absolute dollar savings constant.
B. A field study examining the relationship between consumers' perceptions of market price variation and their actual price search behavior for a variety of durable goods.
C. A survey assessing consumers' attitudes toward the time and effort required for price search, across different price levels and product categories.
D. An analysis of the impact of product features and brand reputation on consumers' willingness to engage in price search for durable goods.
E. A longitudinal study tracking changes in market price variation for durable goods in response to shifts in consumers' price search behavior over time.
7. Which of the following best describes the relationship between Weber's law of psychophysics and Thaler's transaction utility theory, as presented in the passage?
A. Weber's law of psychophysics provides a theoretical foundation for Thaler's transaction utility theory.
B. Thaler's transaction utility theory offers a psychological explanation for the economic phenomena described by Weber's law of psychophysics.
C. Both theories suggest that consumers' perceived utility of a given price saving is inversely related to the price of the item.
D. The two theories offer competing explanations for consumers' price search behavior, with Thaler's transaction utility theory being more widely accepted.
E. The passage presents the two theories as unrelated explanations for different aspects of consumers' decision-making processes.
8. The author's primary purpose in discussing the example of the $100 microwave oven and the $400 television is to:
A. Demonstrate how the psychophysics-of-price heuristic can lead consumers to make suboptimal decisions when engaging in price search.
B. Illustrate how consumers' perceptions of market price variation can differ from actual price dispersion for durable goods.
C. Provide support for the idea that consumers' motivation to engage in price search is more strongly influenced by relative price savings than by absolute dollar savings.
D. Highlight a potential limitation of Thaler's transaction utility theory in explaining consumers' price search behavior for durable goods.
E. Suggest that consumers' price search behavior is more strongly influenced by product features and brand reputation than by potential price savings.
9. The passage implies that the economic consequences of the psychophysics-of-price heuristic are likely to be most significant for which of the following types of durable goods?
A. Low-priced, standardized goods with little market price variation.
B. High-priced, standardized goods with substantial market price variation.
C. Low-priced, differentiated goods with substantial market price variation.
D. High-priced, differentiated goods with little market price variation.
E. Moderately-priced goods with moderate levels of market price variation, regardless of standardization or differentiation.
10. Based on the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the relationship between product standardization and market price variation for durable goods?
A. Standardized durable goods are likely to have less market price variation than differentiated durable goods, regardless of price level.
B. The relationship between product standardization and market price variation is likely to be stronger for high-priced durable goods than for low-priced durable goods.
C. Product standardization is likely to have a greater impact on market price variation than consumers' price search behavior.
D. The passage does not provide enough information to make an inference about the relationship between product standardization and market price variation.
E. The relationship between product standardization and market price variation is likely to be mediated by consumers' perceptions of product quality and brand reputation.
1. 答案: B
解释: 文章提到,根据心理物理价格启发式,消费者可能不会像预期的那样增加对高价商品的价格比较,尽管搜索高价商品可能带来更大的绝对节省。这意味着在其他条件不变的情况下,消费者更有可能搜索低价商品的价格,而不是高价商品。
2. 答案: B
解释: 作者提到Pratt等人的观察结果,即标准化商品的实际市场价格变化与其平均市场价格直接相关。这一发现是作者试图用心理物理价格启发式解释的现象。
3. 答案: B
解释: 如果消费者对价格搜索的动机随着商品价格的上升而下降,即使潜在的绝对节省金额与价格成比例地增加,这将有力地支持心理物理价格启发式作为消费者价格搜索行为的解释。
4. 答案: D
解释: 文章暗示Thaler的交易效用理论在解释消费者的价格搜索行为时存在局限性,因为它假设消费者节省固定金额的感知效用在所有价格水平上都是恒定的。然而,心理物理价格启发式表明,消费者的价格搜索行为受商品价格的影响更大。
5. 答案: A
解释: 根据文章,消费者有限的购买前搜索行为可能导致高价耐用品的市场价格变化更大。这是因为心理物理价格启发式表明,消费者可能不会像预期的那样增加对高价商品的价格搜索。
6. 答案: A
解释: 通过比较不同价格商品的消费者价格搜索动机,同时保持潜在的绝对节省金额不变,可以最有效地检验心理物理价格启发式作为消费者价格搜索行为解释的有效性。这样的对照实验可以揭示价格对消费者搜索行为的影响,而不受潜在节省金额的影响。
7. 答案: C
解释: Weber的心理物理学定律和Thaler的交易效用理论都表明,消费者对特定价格节省的感知效用与商品价格成反比。这两个理论都为心理物理价格启发式提供了理论基础。
8. 答案: C
解释: 作者讨论100美元微波炉和400美元电视机的例子,主要是为了说明消费者的价格搜索动机更多地受相对价格节省的影响,而不是绝对节省金额。这个例子表明,尽管两种情况下的绝对节省金额相同,但消费者可能更倾向于为微波炉搜索更多的价格,因为相对节省似乎更高。
9. 答案: B
解释: 文章暗示,心理物理价格启发式的经济后果可能对高价标准化耐用品最为显著。这是因为消费者可能不会像预期的那样增加对这些商品的价格搜索,尽管它们有更大的市场价格变化和潜在节省金额。因此,高价标准化耐用品的市场效率可能会降低,因为消费者的搜索行为不足以推动价格趋同。
10.答案: D
解释: 文章没有提供足够的信息来推断产品标准化与耐用品市场价格变化之间的关系。虽然文章提到标准化商品的市场价格变化与其平均市场价格直接相关,但它并没有将标准化商品与非标准化商品进行比较,也没有讨论产品标准化如何影响不同价格水平下的市场价格变化。因此,根据文章中的信息,我们无法得出产品标准化与市场价格变化之间关系的具体推论。
3.DI
The Baroque period, spanning from approximately 1600 to 1750, was a golden age for classical music, giving rise to some of the most iconic compositions and composers in history. Originating in Italy, Baroque music quickly spread throughout Europe, captivating audiences with its grandeur, complexity, and emotional depth. The style was characterized by its use of intricate ornamentation, harmonic innovations, and the emergence of new musical forms such as the concerto, suite, and opera.
One of the defining features of Baroque music was the concept of the "doctrine of the affections," which held that music should evoke specific emotions in the listener. Composers sought to achieve this through the use of contrasting dynamics, tempos, and tonalities, as well as through the development of musical motifs and themes associated with particular feelings or ideas. This emphasis on emotional expression was a departure from the more restrained and formal style of the preceding Renaissance period.
Another key innovation of the Baroque era was the development of the basso continuo, a type of continuous bass line played by a keyboard instrument and a low melodic instrument, typically a cello or bassoon. This provided a harmonic foundation for the music and allowed for greater flexibility and improvisation by the performers. The basso continuo became a staple of Baroque music and was used in a wide range of compositions, from solo sonatas to large-scale orchestral works.
The Baroque period also saw the rise of the virtuoso performer, with composers writing increasingly complex and technically demanding music to showcase the skills of the most talented musicians. Violinists such as Arcangelo Corelli and Antonio Vivaldi became celebrities in their own right, dazzling audiences with their mastery of the instrument. The keyboard music of Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel pushed the boundaries of what was possible on the harpsichord and organ, while the operas of Claudio Monteverdi and Henry Purcell set new standards for dramatic expression and vocal technique.
Despite the popularity and influence of Baroque music during its time, the style fell out of favor in the mid-18th century as tastes shifted towards the more streamlined and elegant style of the Classical period. However, a resurgence of interest in Baroque music began in the early 20th century, led by pioneering musicians and scholars such as Wanda Landowska and Arnold Dolmetsch, who sought to revive the works of Bach, Handel, and other Baroque masters using historically authentic instruments and performance practices.
Today, Baroque music is widely performed and studied around the world, with a thriving community of musicians, scholars, and enthusiasts dedicated to exploring its rich and varied repertoire. The use of period instruments, such as the harpsichord, recorder, and Baroque violin, has become increasingly common in recent decades, allowing modern audiences to experience the music as it would have sounded in the 17th and 18th centuries.
However, the performance of Baroque music is not without its challenges and controversies. Some critics argue that the emphasis on historical authenticity can lead to a sterile and academic approach that prioritizes adherence to rules over musical expression. Others contend that the use of period instruments and performance practices can create barriers to accessibility and enjoyment for modern audiences.
Despite these debates, the enduring popularity and influence of Baroque music are a testament to its timeless appeal and cultural significance. From the soaring melodies of Bach's Brandenburg Concertos to the dramatic intensity of Handel's Messiah, the music of the Baroque period continues to inspire and move listeners around the world. As new generations of musicians and scholars discover its riches, the legacy of this extraordinary musical era seems certain to endure for centuries to come.
According to a 2022 report by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), classical music, including Baroque music, accounted for 4.3% of global recorded music revenues, amounting to approximately $2.1 billion.
A 2021 survey by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) found that 35% of adults in the United Kingdom listened to classical music, with Baroque composers such as Bach and Handel among the most popular.
In 2020, the streaming service Spotify reported a 23% increase in global streams of Baroque music compared to the previous year, with Bach's "Cello Suite No. 1 in G Major" being the most-streamed Baroque piece on the platform.
A 2019 study by the League of American Orchestras found that Baroque music was programmed in 28% of the concerts performed by its member orchestras, making it the second most popular historical period after the Classical era.
Questions:
1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of Baroque music?
A) Use of intricate ornamentation
B) Harmonic innovations
C) Emergence of new musical forms
D) Lack of emotional expression
2. The "doctrine of the affections" in Baroque music held that:
A) Music should be purely instrumental without vocals
B) Music should evoke specific emotions in the listener
C) Music should prioritize technical complexity over expressiveness
D) Music should be performed only by professional musicians
3. The basso continuo, a key innovation of the Baroque era, refers to:
A) A type of solo vocal performance
B) A continuous bass line played by a keyboard and a low melodic instrument
C) A style of improvisation used by virtuoso performers
D) A method of composing using mathematical algorithms
4. Which of the following composers is NOT mentioned as a notable figure of the Baroque period?
A) Arcangelo Corelli
B) Johann Sebastian Bach
C) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
D) Claudio Monteverdi
5. The resurgence of interest in Baroque music in the early 20th century was led by:
A) Wanda Landowska and Arnold Dolmetsch
B) Claudio Monteverdi and Henry Purcell
C) Arcangelo Corelli and Antonio Vivaldi
D) Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel
6. According to the passage, which of the following is a challenge or controversy surrounding the performance of Baroque music today?
A) The use of period instruments can create barriers to accessibility for modern audiences
B) The emphasis on historical authenticity can lead to a lack of emotional expression
C) The popularity of Baroque music has declined in recent years
D) Both A and B
7. In 2022, classical music, including Baroque music, accounted for what percentage of global recorded music revenues?
A) 2.1%
B) 4.3%
C) 23%
D) 35%
8. According to a 2021 survey by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), what percentage of adults in the United Kingdom listened to classical music?
A) 4.3%
B) 23%
C) 28%
D) 35%
9. Which Baroque composer's piece was the most-streamed on Spotify in 2020?
A) Johann Sebastian Bach
B) George Frideric Handel
C) Antonio Vivaldi
D) Claudio Monteverdi
10. According to a 2019 study by the League of American Orchestras, Baroque music was programmed in what percentage of concerts performed by its member orchestras?
A) 4.3%
B) 23%
C) 28%
D) 35%
Answers:
1. D
2. B
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. D
7. B
8. D
9. A
10. C
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发表于 2024-5-30 09:15:12
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