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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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1.CR
A struggling shopping mall plans to open a new movie theater in an effort to boost its flagging sales. However, some of the mall's tenants argue that the theater will actually harm their businesses. They contend that, since customers' total time spent at the mall is unlikely to change significantly, the theater will merely divert foot traffic away from the mall's stores, leading to decreased sales and potentially forcing some stores to close down. Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support the tenants' argument?
A. The movie theater will primarily attract customers who are solely interested in watching films and have little inclination to shop at the mall's stores.
B. The mall's current customer base consists mainly of elderly patrons who are unlikely to be interested in the movie theater's offerings.
C. The movie theater will occupy a large space that was previously home to several popular retail stores, which were forced to vacate due to rising rent prices.
D. The mall's stores have been struggling to compete with online retailers and have been relying on impulse purchases from foot traffic to stay afloat.
E. The movie theater will offer a loyalty program that rewards frequent movie-goers with discounts and free tickets, potentially incentivizing repeat visits to the mall.
A manufacturing company has recently experienced a significant decline in its stock price. In response, the management is planning to implement a new policy: the company executives' compensation will be paid in the form of stock options (the explanation of stock options is given, i.e., the right of the option holder to purchase the company's stock at the price on the date of option issuance within a certain period in the future, which means if the stock price rises after the option issuance, the option holder will profit). With this incentive, the executives are expected to work diligently to improve the company's performance and increase its stock value.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously call the management's plan into question?
A. The company's stock price is likely to rise in the future along with the overall market trend, regardless of the executives' efforts.
B. The stock option incentive may encourage the executives to take more risks on new products, potentially exposing the company to greater financial instability.
C. The company's competitors have already implemented similar stock option incentive plans for their executives with mixed results.
D. The stock option plan may lead to a short-term focus on boosting stock prices, rather than long-term sustainable growth of the company.
E. The company's employees may feel resentful if the executives receive substantial compensation through stock options while their own wages remain stagnant.
答案:
DA
2.RC
FROM adhesives that mimic the feet of geckos to swimsuits modelled on shark skin, biologically inspired design has taken off in recent times. Copying nature's ideas allows people to harness the power of evolution to come up with clever products. Now a group of researchers has taken this idea a step further by using an entire living organism—a slime mould—to solve a complex problem. In this case, the challenge was to design an efficient rail network for the city of Tokyo and its outlying towns.
Slime moulds are unusual critters—neither animal, nor plant nor fungus. If they resemble anything, it is a colonial amoeba. Physarum polycephalum, the species in question, consists of a membrane-bound bag of protoplasm and, unusually, multiple nuclei. It can be found migrating across the floor of dark, damp, northern-temperate woodlands in search of food such as bacteria. It can grow into networks with a diameter of 25cm.
When P. polycephalum is foraging, it puts out protrusions of protoplasm, creates nodes and branches, and grows in the form of an interconnected network of tubes. As it explores the forest floor, it must constantly trade off the cost, efficiency and resilience of its expanding network.
Since the purpose of this activity is to link food sources together and to transport nutrients around the creature, Atsushi Tero at Hokkaido University in Japan and his colleagues wondered if slime-mould transport networks bore any resemblance to human ones. As they report in Science, they built a template with 36 oat flakes (a favoured food source) placed to represent the locations of cities in the region around Tokyo. They put P. polycephalum on Tokyo itself, and watched it go.
They found that many of the links the slime mould made bore a striking resemblance to Tokyo's existing rail network. For P. polycephalum had not simply created the shortest possible network that could connect all the cities, but had also included redundant connections that allow the creature (and the real rail network) to have resilience to the accidental breakage of any part of it. P. polycephalum's network, in other words, had similar costs, efficiencies and resiliencies to the human version.
How the creature does this is unknown, but Mark Fricker of Oxford University, who is one of Dr Tero's colleagues, speculates that the forces generated by protoplasm pulsating back-and-forth through the multinuclear cell are interpreted and used to determine which routes to reinforce, and which connections to trim.
Tokyo's is not the first transport network to be modelled in this way. A study published in December by Andrew Adamatzky and Jeff Jones of the University of the West of England used oat flakes to represent Britain's principal cities. Slime moulds modelled the motorway network of the island quite accurately, with the exception of the M6/M74 into Scotland (the creatures chose to go through Newcastle rather than past Carlisle).
Of course, neither Dr Tero nor Dr Adamatzky is suggesting that rail and road networks should be designed by slime moulds. What they are proposing is that good and complex solutions can emerge from simple rules, and that this principle might be applied elsewhere. The next thing is to discover and use these rules to enable other networks to self-organise in an “intelligent” fashion without human intervention—for example, to link up a swarm of robots exploring a dangerous environment, so that they can talk to each other and relay information back to base. The denizens of Carlisle, meanwhile, may wonder what objection slime moulds have towards their fine city.
1. The passage suggests that the field of biologically inspired design has recently:
A. Focused primarily on the study of slime moulds and their network-forming behavior.
B. Experienced a surge in popularity, with designers drawing inspiration from various organisms.
C. Shifted away from mimicking specific organisms in favor of understanding underlying principles.
D. Struggled to find practical applications for the insights gained from studying natural systems.
E. Been largely dismissed by the scientific community as a frivolous pursuit with little real-world value.
2. The researchers' decision to use oat flakes to represent cities in their experiments with P. polycephalum indicates that:
A. Slime moulds have a natural preference for oats over other food sources.
B. The nutritional content of oat flakes is essential for the slime mould's network-forming behavior.
C. Oat flakes serve as an effective proxy for the spatial distribution of cities in the real world.
D. The researchers were primarily interested in studying the slime mould's foraging behavior.
E. The use of oat flakes was a arbitrary choice and had no bearing on the outcome of the experiments.
3. The passage's description of P. polycephalum's network formation suggests that the organism:
A. Actively seeks out the most efficient paths between food sources to minimize energy expenditure.
B. Relies on random chance to create networks that happen to be efficient and resilient.
C. Engages in a trial-and-error process, constantly refining its network over time.
D. Possesses a rudimentary form of intelligence that allows it to make informed decisions about network structure.
E. Is driven purely by instinct and lacks any capacity for adaptation or optimization.
4. Mark Fricker's speculation about the mechanism underlying P. polycephalum's network formation suggests that:
A. The slime mould's decision-making process is guided by external environmental cues.
B. The organism's network structure is determined by the random flow of protoplasm through its cell.
C. P. polycephalum uses internal feedback mechanisms to optimize its network architecture.
D. The slime mould's behavior is governed by a complex set of predetermined genetic instructions.
E. The factors influencing the slime mould's network formation are currently unknown and require further study.
5. The passage's discussion of the differences between P. polycephalum's network and the British motorway network suggests that:
A. Slime moulds are inherently better at designing transportation networks than human engineers.
B. The principles governing slime mould network formation may not be universally applicable to all human transportation systems.
C. The efficiency of Britain's motorway network could be improved by more closely mimicking slime mould behavior.
D. Slime moulds have a preference for certain geographic regions when forming networks.
E. The study of slime mould networks has little relevance for the design of large-scale transportation infrastructure.
6. The researchers' findings regarding the similarities between P. polycephalum's network and Tokyo's rail network suggest that:
A. Tokyo's rail network was consciously designed to mimic the behavior of slime moulds.
B. Slime moulds have a natural affinity for the geographic layout of Tokyo and its surrounding areas.
C. The principles underlying efficient network design may be shared across biological and human-made systems.
D. Tokyo's rail network is unique among human transportation systems in its resemblance to a slime mould's network.
E. The study of slime mould networks is essential for improving the efficiency of urban transportation planning.
7. The passage's mention of "redundant connections" in P. polycephalum's network and Tokyo's rail network implies that:
A. Both networks are inefficient due to the presence of unnecessary connections.
B. Redundancy is a key feature of resilient networks, allowing for continued function in the face of disruptions.
C. Slime moulds and human engineers have a shared preference for creating visually complex networks.
D. The cost of maintaining redundant connections outweighs the benefits of increased resilience.
E. Redundancy is a unique feature of biological networks and is not typically found in human-made systems.
8. The authors' suggestion that the principles underlying slime mould behavior could be applied to other networks, such as robot swarms, indicates that:
A. Slime mould-inspired algorithms could enable the development of self-organizing, adaptable robotic systems.
B. Robot swarms are the most promising application for the insights gained from studying slime mould networks.
C. The study of slime mould behavior is primarily aimed at advancing the field of robotics.
D. Slime moulds and robot swarms face similar challenges in terms of navigation and resource allocation.
E. The principles governing slime mould behavior are too simplistic to be applied to complex robotic systems.
9. What is the primary purpose of the passage?
A. To highlight the potential of biologically inspired design in solving complex human problems.
B. To argue for the superiority of biological networks over human-made transportation systems.
C. To explore the similarities between slime mould behavior and human decision-making processes.
D. To emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary research in advancing scientific understanding.
E. To critique the current state of urban transportation planning and propose slime mould-inspired solutions.
答案:
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. C
7. B
8. A
9. A
3.DI
Xinjiang, a vast and enigmatic region in northwestern China, has emerged as a premier tourist destination, captivating visitors with its breathtaking landscapes, rich cultural tapestry, and historical significance. Divided into two distinct sub-regions, Northern Xinjiang and Southern Xinjiang, this area offers an unparalleled array of natural wonders and cultural treasures that have enticed a growing number of domestic and international tourists in recent years.
Northern Xinjiang, characterized by its sprawling grasslands, majestic mountains, and crystal-clear lakes, is a haven for outdoor enthusiasts and nature lovers. The Altai Mountains, which straddle the borders of China, Mongolia, Russia, and Kazakhstan, are renowned for their rugged beauty and biological diversity. Visitors can explore the stunning Kanas Lake, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, which boasts turquoise waters, lush forests, and abundant wildlife, including the endangered Siberian crane and the elusive snow leopard. The region is also home to the Hemu Village, a picturesque settlement nestled in the Altai foothills, where visitors can experience the unique culture and lifestyle of the Tuva people, known for their traditional yurts, horse riding skills, and hauntingly beautiful throat singing.
In contrast, Southern Xinjiang is a land of stark deserts, towering peaks, and ancient oasis cities that testify to the region's pivotal role in the historic Silk Road trade network. The Taklamakan Desert, the world's second-largest shifting sand desert, covers an area of 337,000 square kilometers and is home to a wealth of archaeological and cultural treasures. Visitors can explore the ruins of ancient Buddhist kingdoms, such as the Niya and Loulan sites, which were once thriving centers of trade and religious activity. The desert also harbors the mysterious Xiaohe Tomb complex, where well-preserved mummies with Caucasian features and intricate textiles have been discovered, challenging conventional theories about the region's early inhabitants.
Amidst the desert, the Tianshan Mountains rise majestically, forming a natural boundary between Northern and Southern Xinjiang. These mountains, which extend for over 2,500 kilometers, are a paradise for hikers, climbers, and ski enthusiasts. The Tianchi Lake, also known as "Heaven Lake," is a stunning alpine lake nestled at an altitude of 1,980 meters, renowned for its crystal-clear waters, lush meadows, and snow-capped peaks. Visitors can also explore the Flaming Mountains, a series of fiery-red sandstone hills that inspired the legendary "Journey to the West" novel, and the Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves, a complex of Buddhist grottoes with intricate murals and sculptures dating back to the 6th century.
Xinjiang's tourism industry has experienced remarkable growth in recent years, with the number of domestic and international visitors surging from 50 million in 2010 to over 150 million in 2019. This growth has brought significant economic benefits to the region, with tourism revenue reaching 130 billion CNY (approximately 20 billion USD) in 2019, accounting for over 10% of Xinjiang's GDP. The industry has also created numerous employment opportunities, with over 1 million people directly or indirectly employed in tourism-related sectors.
However, the rapid development of tourism in Xinjiang has also raised concerns about its environmental and cultural impact. The influx of visitors has put pressure on the region's fragile ecosystems, particularly in ecologically sensitive areas such as the Altai Mountains and the Taklamakan Desert. The construction of tourism infrastructure, such as roads, hotels, and scenic spots, has led to habitat fragmentation and degradation, threatening the survival of endangered species and the integrity of natural landscapes.
Moreover, the commodification of ethnic minority cultures, such as the Uyghur, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz, has raised questions about the authenticity and sustainability of cultural tourism in Xinjiang. The staging of cultural performances, the sale of mass-produced souvenirs, and the adaptation of traditional customs to cater to tourist preferences have led to concerns about cultural erosion and the loss of intangible heritage.
To address these challenges, the Xinjiang government has launched a comprehensive sustainable tourism development plan, which seeks to balance economic growth, environmental protection, and cultural preservation. The plan includes a range of measures, such as establishing protected areas and national parks, promoting eco-tourism and low-impact travel, and supporting community-based tourism initiatives that empower local residents and protect their cultural heritage.
One notable example is the Kanas Eco-Tourism Zone, a national-level protected area that covers an area of 10,030 square kilometers in the Altai Mountains. The zone has implemented strict regulations on tourism development, such as limiting the number of visitors, requiring permits for entry, and prohibiting the construction of large-scale infrastructure. Instead, the zone has promoted small-scale, community-based tourism projects, such as homestays, guided tours, and cultural workshops, which provide income opportunities for local residents while minimizing the environmental and cultural impact of tourism.
Similarly, in Southern Xinjiang, the government has launched the Taklimakan Desert Ecotourism Program, which aims to protect the desert's unique ecosystem while providing sustainable livelihood options for local communities. The program has established a network of eco-lodges, camel trekking routes, and cultural heritage sites, which showcase the desert's natural beauty and cultural diversity. The program has also trained local guides and artisans, who share their knowledge and skills with visitors, fostering cultural exchange and understanding.
However, despite these efforts, the challenges facing tourism development in Xinjiang remain significant. The region's vast size, complex geography, and diverse cultural landscape require a nuanced and adaptive approach that balances the needs and interests of multiple stakeholders. This requires not only government leadership and investment but also the active participation and empowerment of local communities, who are the ultimate stewards of their natural and cultural heritage.
As Xinjiang looks to the future, it must chart a path that harnesses the power of tourism as a force for sustainable development, cultural resilience, and social inclusion. This will require a shift from a focus on mass tourism and rapid growth to a more holistic and regenerative model that prioritizes the well-being of both people and nature. By embracing this vision, Xinjiang has the potential to become a global leader in sustainable tourism, setting an example for other regions facing similar challenges and opportunities.
Questions:
1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT one of the main challenges facing tourism development in Xinjiang?
A. Balancing economic growth with environmental protection and cultural preservation
B. Addressing the commodification and erosion of ethnic minority cultures
C. Managing the increasing number of visitors and their impact on fragile ecosystems
D. Developing adequate infrastructure to accommodate the growing tourism industry
E. Competing with other popular tourist destinations in China and Central Asia
2. The Kanas Eco-Tourism Zone in the Altai Mountains is an example of:
A. Mass tourism development that prioritizes economic growth over environmental protection
B. Community-based tourism that empowers local residents and protects cultural heritage
C. Government-led infrastructure projects that support the growing tourism industry
D. The commodification of ethnic minority cultures for the benefit of tourists
E. The challenges of balancing tourism development with the needs of multiple stakeholders
3. The Taklimakan Desert Ecotourism Program aims to:
A. Promote large-scale infrastructure projects that showcase the desert's natural beauty
B. Provide sustainable livelihood options for local communities while protecting the desert's ecosystem
C. Encourage mass tourism and rapid economic growth in Southern Xinjiang
D. Foster cultural exchange and understanding through the staging of cultural performances
E. Empower local communities to become the primary beneficiaries of tourism revenue
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic of Northern Xinjiang's tourism attractions?
A. Sprawling grasslands and majestic mountains
B. Crystal-clear lakes and lush forests
C. Endangered species such as the Siberian crane and snow leopard
D. Ancient Buddhist ruins and archaeological sites
E. Traditional yurts and the unique culture of the Tuva people
5. The passage suggests that the future of sustainable tourism development in Xinjiang requires:
A. A focus on mass tourism and rapid economic growth
B. Government leadership and investment alone
C. The active participation and empowerment of local communities
D. A shift away from community-based tourism initiatives
E. Prioritizing the needs of tourists over the well-being of people and nature
6. According to the passage, the rapid development of tourism in Xinjiang has led to:
A. The creation of numerous employment opportunities in tourism-related sectors
B. Increased pressure on the region's fragile ecosystems and endangered species
C. The construction of tourism infrastructure that has caused habitat fragmentation and degradation
D. Concerns about the authenticity and sustainability of cultural tourism
E. All of the above
7. The Tianshan Mountains, which form a natural boundary between Northern and Southern Xinjiang, are known for:
A. The Taklamakan Desert and ancient Silk Road oasis cities
B. The Kanas Lake and the endangered Siberian crane
C. The Tianchi Lake, Flaming Mountains, and Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves
D. The Altai Mountains and the traditional culture of the Tuva people
E. The Xiaohe Tomb complex and well-preserved mummies with Caucasian features
8. The passage mentions that the staging of cultural performances and the sale of mass-produced souvenirs in Xinjiang have led to concerns about:
A. The empowerment of local communities and the protection of their cultural heritage
B. The development of small-scale, community-based tourism projects
C. The cultural erosion and loss of intangible heritage
D. The promotion of eco-tourism and low-impact travel
E. The establishment of protected areas and national parks
9. Which of the following best describes the main idea of the passage?
A. Xinjiang's tourism industry has experienced significant growth, bringing both economic benefits and environmental and cultural challenges that require a sustainable and adaptive approach to development.
B. The Kanas Eco-Tourism Zone and the Taklimakan Desert Ecotourism Program are successful examples of mass tourism development that prioritize economic growth over environmental protection and cultural preservation.
C. The commodification of ethnic minority cultures is the primary challenge facing tourism development in Xinjiang, and government intervention alone can address this issue.
D. The future of sustainable tourism in Xinjiang depends on a focus on rapid economic growth and large-scale infrastructure projects that showcase the region's natural beauty and cultural diversity.
E. Northern Xinjiang and Southern Xinjiang offer distinct tourism experiences, with the former focusing on nature-based activities and the latter on cultural heritage and historical sites.
10. The author's perspective on the future of sustainable tourism development in Xinjiang can be best described as:
A. Pessimistic, as the challenges facing the region are too complex and significant to overcome
B. Neutral, as the passage presents both the positive and negative aspects of tourism development without taking a clear stance
C. Optimistic, as the government's efforts and the potential for community-based initiatives suggest a promising path forward
D. Critical, as the passage emphasizes the need for a fundamental shift in the approach to tourism development
E. Uncertain, as the passage does not provide a clear vision or recommendation for the future of sustainable tourism in Xinjiang
Answers:
1. E
2. B
3. B
4. D
5. C
6. E
7. C
8. C
9. A
10. D
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发表于 2024-7-1 08:23:01
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