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1.CR
答案：
BA
2.RC
The paradigm of resource productivity offers a novel perspective on evaluating both the systemic costs and the inherent value linked to any product. Within corporations, the manifestations of resource inefficiencies are predominantly seen in the form of suboptimal material usage and flawed process controls, leading to avoidable waste, defects, and excess inventory. Beyond these overt inefficiencies, numerous concealed costs permeate the product lifecycle. For instance, the disposal of packaging by distributors or end-users not only squanders resources but also escalates expenses. Furthermore, consumers incur additional costs through the utilization of products that contribute to pollution or are inefficient in energy usage. The squandering of resources is evident when products harboring reusable materials are discarded, and when consumers are burdened with the costs—be it direct or indirect—for the disposal of products. Historically, efforts aimed at environmental enhancement have largely neglected these systemic costs, favoring instead strategies centered around pollution control through the improved identification, processing, and disposal of waste—a methodology that is inherently expensive. In contrast, contemporary practices among forward-thinking enterprises and regulatory bodies have adopted the philosophy of pollution prevention, or source reduction, employing strategies such as material substitution and the implementation of closed-loop processes to mitigate pollution proactively. However, while pollution prevention marks a significant advancement, it is imperative for businesses to reconceptualize environmental improvements through the lens of resource productivity. Presently, the primary focus of managers and regulators is on the tangible costs associated with the elimination or treatment of pollution. This focus must evolve to encompass the opportunity costs linked to pollution—namely, the resources and efforts squandered, and the resultant depreciation in product value for the consumer. At the juncture of resource productivity, environmental amelioration and competitive advantage converge. This contemporary perspective on pollution as a symptom of resource inefficiency draws parallels with the quality revolution of the 1980s, elucidating some of its most critical teachings. Currently, the notion that innovation can simultaneously enhance quality and reduce costs is widely accepted. Yet, a mere fifteen years ago, the prevailing belief among managers was that quality improvement necessitated substantial expense, achievable only through meticulous inspection and the rectification of inevitable defects. This outdated perspective was underpinned by the assumption of immutability in product design and production processes. As managerial attitudes towards quality evolved, this old paradigm was abandoned, recognizing defects as indicators of inefficiency in product and process design rather than unavoidable by-products of manufacturing. This paradigm shift empowered companies to integrate quality into every facet of the process, leveraging innovation to overcome previously accepted trade-offs. Similarly, pollution often signals deficiencies in product design or production processes. Efforts to eradicate pollution can thus adhere to the principles that underpin quality management programs: enhancing input efficiency, obviating the need for hazardous materials, and eliminating superfluous activities. A study examining significant process modifications at ten manufacturers of printed circuit boards revealed that initiatives led by pollution control personnel were instrumental in driving thirteen out of thirty-three major changes, yielding cost savings, quality enhancements, and expanded production capabilities. It is therefore unsurprising that Total Quality Management (TQM) has emerged as a fertile source of ideas for pollution reduction, offering compensatory benefits. The Dow Chemical Company, for instance, has explicitly recognized the synergy between quality enhancement and environmental performance, utilizing statistical process control to minimize process variance and reduce waste. 1. What is the primary purpose of the passage? A. To argue against traditional methods of pollution control B. To outline the historical evolution of quality management C. To advocate for a shift in focus from pollution prevention to resource productivity D. To present a case study of environmental practices in the manufacturing sector E. To compare and contrast different methodologies for environmental improvement 2. According to the passage, what is a significant drawback of conventional environmental improvement efforts? A. They exclusively focus on the end-user's role in pollution B. They are centered around cost-effective pollution control measures C. They overlook systemic costs associated with the product lifecycle D. They rely on advancements in technology for pollution mitigation E. They prioritize resource productivity over pollution control 3. The passage suggests that the concept of pollution prevention differs from traditional environmental efforts in that it: A. Focuses on the treatment of pollution after it occurs B. Emphasizes cost reduction in the management of waste C. Aims to address pollution at its source through proactive measures D. Is a less favored approach among contemporary businesses E. Has not significantly impacted the reduction of environmental costs 4. What analogy does the author draw to elucidate the shift in perspective towards pollution? A. The transformation in attitudes towards customer service B. The revolution in quality management during the 1980s C. The advancements in production technology D. The evolution of environmental legislation E. The changes in global economic policies 5. The study of printed circuit board manufacturers mentioned in the passage illustrates that: A. Pollution control initiatives invariably lead to increased production costs B. Efforts to reduce pollution cannot simultaneously improve quality C. Environmental improvements are often at odds with production capabilities D. Quality management principles can effectively be applied to pollution reduction E. Most changes initiated by pollution control personnel were unsuccessful
答案：
CCCBD
The Chinese Ministry of Digital Infrastructure is considering a bill that would mandate the use of open-source software within all government agencies to promote transparency and reduce reliance on foreign proprietary software. The proposal has sparked a debate about the costs and benefits of such a transition, given the complexities and scale of China's digital infrastructure.
Passage 1: China's Software Cost Analysis Report
A recent study commissioned by the Ministry indicates that the initial acquisition cost of open-source software constitutes only 10% of the total cost of ownership, with ongoing expenses such as support, customization, and training being significantly higher than for proprietary software. The report also highlights the risk of fragmentation due to the variety of open-source software versions, which could lead to compatibility issues within the government's IT systems and between the government and the private sector.
Passage 2: Ministry's Position Paper
While acknowledging the concerns raised in the cost analysis report, the Ministry's position paper emphasizes that the primary goal of the bill is not to cut costs but to ensure data sovereignty and secure access to government services for all citizens. The paper argues that adopting open-source software could lead to standardized data formats and easier future migrations, potentially reducing long-term costs. Furthermore, the Ministry contends that transitioning to open-source software could foster local technological development and reduce dependency on foreign software suppliers.
What is a potential risk associated with the government's transition to open-source software, as per the cost analysis report?A) Reduced software costsB) Increased compatibility issuesC) Decreased data sovereigntyD) Overreliance on foreign software
Based on the Ministry's position paper, what is a long-term benefit of adopting open-source software?A) Immediate cost savingsB) Standardization of data formatsC) Increased reliance on proprietary softwareD) Higher acquisition costs
According to the proposed budget table, how does the estimated savings change over the four-year transition period?A) It increases annually.B) It remains constant.C) It decreases annually.D) It fluctuates without a clear pattern.
Considering both the report and the position paper, what is the Ministry's main argument for supporting the bill?A) Minimizing immediate migration costsB) Ensuring data sovereignty and secure accessC) Preventing compatibility issuesD) Lowering total cost of ownership
BBAB
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发表于 2024-2-25 23:36:59
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