【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-6】

corneliaflower · 发表于 2011-12-14 22:56:36

明天考试，恐怖的课程。花儿赶紧发完去看书啦~

【精练】
3. Toxicologist: A survey of oil-refinery workers who
work with MBTE, an ingredient currently used
in some smog-reducing gasolines, found an
alarming incidence of complaints about
headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
Since gasoline containing MBTE will soon be
widely used, we can expect an increased
incidence of headaches, fatigue, and shortness
of breath.
Each of the following, if true, strengthens the
toxicologist’s argument EXCEPT:
(A) Most oil-refinery workers who do not work with
MBTE do not have serious health problems
involving headaches, fatigue, and shortness
of breath.
(B) Headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath are
among the symptoms of several medical
conditions that are potentially serious threats
to public health.
(C) Since the time when gasoline containing
MBTE was first introduced in a few
metropolitan areas, those areas reported an
increase in the number of complaints about
headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
(D) Regions in which only gasoline containing
MBTE is used have a much greater incidence
of headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath
than do similar regions in which only MBTEfree
gasoline is used.
(E) The oil-refinery workers surveyed were
carefully selected to be representative of the
broader population in their medical histories
prior to exposure to MBTE, as well as in
other relevant respects.

【逻辑链】
29. (30663-!-item-!-188;#058&005676)
To prevent harbor porpoises from getting tangled in its nets and suffocating, a fishing company installed acoustic alarms on all its boats that fish in waters off Massachusetts. The sound emitted temporarily disorients the porpoises and frightens them away. Since the installation of the alarms, the average number of porpoises caught in the company's nets has dropped from eight to one per month. The alarms, therefore, are saving the lives of harbor porpoises in those waters.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) The use of acoustic alarms increases the number of commercial fish caught by the fishing company's boats.
(B) When disoriented, harbor porpoises are not significantly more likely to be killed by other boats.
(C) Environmentalists advocate the use of acoustic alarms as a means of protecting the harbor porpoise population.
(D) The alarms were installed at the time of year when harbor porpoises are most plentiful in the Massachusetts waters.
(E) The cost of installing acoustic alarms on fishing boats is less than the cost of repairing nets damaged by harbor porpoises.
30. (31171-!-item-!-188;#058&006066)
An advertising agency must leave its office building. To save overhead costs, it is considering setting up a "virtual office" instead of moving to an adjacent office building. Employees will do their work on computers, as they do now, but will do so at home, sharing their work with colleagues by communicating text and designs to colleagues' computers through telephone lines, receiving typed comments, and then revising the work until it is satisfactory.
Which of the following, if true, indicates a disadvantage of the virtual office plan?
(A) The agency can move its computers and associated equipment into employees' homes without purchasing any new equipment or requiring employees to purchase such equipment.
(B) To reach the current office building and return home, employees spend an average of one and a half hours per day commuting, usually in heavy traffic.
(C) The employees of the advertising agency are accustomed to autonomy in monitoring their own progress and productivity.
(D) Employees would be able to adapt quickly to using computers in a virtual office setting, since employees' current use of computers to produce designs requires a high level of skill.
(E) Expressions and gestures in face-to-face exchanges are an important aid to employees in gauging the viability of new ideas they have proposed.
31. (31265-!-item-!-188;#058&006121)
The symptoms that United States President Zachary Taylor began showing five days before his death are consistent with arsenic poisoning. Recent examination of Taylor's bones, however, revealed levels of arsenic comparable to those found in the bones of Taylor's contemporaries. These levels are much lower than the levels of arsenic that remain in the bones of arsenic poisoning victims who live for more than a day after ingesting a lethal dose of the poison.
Which of the following is most strongly supported by the statements given?
(A) The symptoms that Taylor began showing five days before his death are consistent with poisoning other than arsenic poisoning.
(B) Taylor's death was not the result of any kind of poisoning.
(C) The symptoms that Taylor began showing five days before his death were not caused by a lethal dose of arsenic.
(D) The symptoms that Taylor began showing five days before his death grew more severe each day.
(E) It is unusual for a person who has ingested a lethal dose of arsenic to survive for more than a day.
32. (31313-!-item-!-188;#058&006235)
Paleontologist: About 2.8 million years ago, many species that lived near the ocean floor suffered substantial population declines. These declines coincided with the onset of an ice age. The notion that cold killed those bottom-dwelling creatures outright is misguided, however; temperatures near the ocean floor would have changed very little. Nevertheless, the cold probably did cause the population declines, though indirectly. Many bottom-dwellers depended for food on plankton, small organisms that lived close to the surface and sank to the bottom when they died. Most probably, the plankton suffered a severe population decline as a result of sharply lower temperatures at the surface, depriving many bottom-dwellers of food.
In the paleontologist's reasoning, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
(A) The first introduces the hypothesis proposed by the paleontologist; the second is a judgment offered in spelling out that hypothesis.
(B) The first introduces the hypothesis proposed by the paleontologist; the second is a position that the paleontologist opposes.
(C) The first is an explanation challenged by the paleontologist; the second is an explanation proposed by the paleontologist.
(D) The first is a judgment advanced in support of a conclusion reached by the paleontologist; the second is that conclusion.
(E) The first is a generalization put forward by the paleontologist; the second presents certain exceptional cases in which that generalization does not hold.

corneliaflower · 发表于 2011-12-14 22:56:55

KEY：B E C A

bible精解

Question #3. StrengthenX-CE. October 2002 LSAT, Section 2, #5. The correct answer choice is (B)
The conclusion of the argument reflects a causal relationship:
MBTE = MBTE used
II = increased incidence of headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath
C E
MBTE II
The question stem is a StrengthenX, and therefore the four wrong answers will support the argument. With
a stimulus containing causal reasoning and a StrengthenX question, expect to see wrong answers that
come from the five different “Causality and Strengthen Questions” categories to help the argument.
Answer choice (A): This answer shows that when the cause is not present, then the effect is not present.
Thus, the answer strengthens the argument and is incorrect.
Answer choice (B): This is the correct answer. By indicating that the symptoms discussed in the stimulus
can be the effects of several potentially serious public health threats, the author offers up possible alternate
causes for the symptoms. These alternate causes would weaken the argument, and therefore this is the
correct answer.
Answer choice (C): This answer affirms that when the cause occurs, then the effect occurs. The answer
therefore strengthens the argument.
Answer choice (D): Like answer choice (C), this answer shows that when the cause is present, then the
effect is present, and makes the case stronger by comparing that scenario to regions where the cause is
absent.
Answer choice (E): This answer choice strengthens the argument by showing that the data used to make
the argument is accurate.

xeyyxzty · 发表于 2011-12-14 23:29:40

1.B:A survey of oil-refinery workers who work with MBTE, an ingredient currently used in some smog-reducing gasolines, found an alarming incidence of complaints about headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath. P：gasoline containing MBTE will soon be widely used
C: we can expect an increased incidence of headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
components before and after burning are different~and is MBTE responsible for the illnesses

(A) Most oil-refinery workers who do not work with MBTE do not have serious health problems involving headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
--support
(B) Headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath are among the symptoms of several medical conditions that are potentially serious threats to public health.
--irrelevant--right--weaken
(C) Since the time when gasoline containing MBTE was first introduced in a few metropolitan areas, those areas reported an increase in the number of complaints about headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
--suport
(D) Regions in which only gasoline containing MBTE is used have a much greater incidence of headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath than do similar regions in which only MBTEfree gasoline is used.
--support
(E) The oil-refinery workers surveyed were carefully selected to be representative of the broader population in their medical histories prior to exposure to MBTE, as well as in other relevant respects.
--support
2. B:To prevent harbor porpoises from getting tangled in its nets and suffocating, a fishing company installed acoustic alarms on all its boats that fish in waters off Massachusetts.
P:The sound emitted temporarily disorients the porpoises and frightens them away. Since the installation of the alarms, the average number of porpoises caught in the company's nets has dropped from eight to one per month.
C:The alarms, therefore, are saving the lives of harbor porpoises in those waters.
--irrelevant
(A) The use of acoustic alarms increases the number of commercial fish caught by the fishing company's boats.
--irrelevant
(B) When disoriented, harbor porpoises are not significantly more likely to be killed by other boats.
--right
(C) Environmentalists advocate the use of acoustic alarms as a means of protecting the harbor porpoise population.
--irrelevant
(D) The alarms were installed at the time of year when harbor porpoises are most plentiful in the Massachusetts waters.
--irrelevant
(E) The cost of installing acoustic alarms on fishing boats is less than the cost of repairing nets damaged by harbor porpoises.
--irrelevant
3.B:An advertising agency must leave its office building. it is considering setting up a "virtual office" instead of moving to an adjacent office building.

P: Employees will do their work on computers, as they do now, but will do so at home, sharing their work with colleagues by communicating text and designs to colleagues' computers through telephone lines, receiving typed comments, and then revising the work until it is satisfactory.
C:To save overhead costs,
what about the efficiency~
(A) The agency can move its computers and associated equipment into employees' homes without purchasing any new equipment or requiring employees to purchase such equipment.
--irrelevant, or support
(B) To reach the current office building and return home, employees spend an average of one and a half hours per day commuting, usually in heavy traffic.
--irrelevant, or support
(C) The employees of the advertising agency are accustomed to autonomy in monitoring their own progress and productivity.
--support
(D) Employees would be able to adapt quickly to using computers in a virtual office setting, since employees' current use of computers to produce designs requires a high level of skill.
--support
(E) Expressions and gestures in face-to-face exchanges are an important aid to employees in gauging the viability of new ideas they have proposed.

--right
4. B:The symptoms that United States President Zachary Taylor began showing five days before his death are consistent with arsenic poisoning.
P:Recent examination of Taylor's bones, however, revealed levels of arsenic comparable to those found in the bones of Taylor's contemporaries. These levels are much lower than the levels of arsenic that remain in the bones of arsenic poisoning victims who live for more than a day after ingesting a lethal dose of the poison.
C:???
the president didn't die for poisoning
(A) The symptoms that Taylor began showing five days before his death are consistent with poisoning other than arsenic poisoning.
--maybe it's not poisoning
(B) Taylor's death was not the result of any kind of poisoning.
--maybe it's poisoning
(C) The symptoms that Taylor began showing five days before his death were not caused by a lethal dose of arsenic.
--right
(D) The symptoms that Taylor began showing five days before his death grew more severe each day.
--we don't know
(E) It is unusual for a person who has ingested a lethal dose of arsenic to survive for more than a day.
--irrelevant
5.BF ???

fox0923 · 发表于 2011-12-15 02:41:49

精练------------------31s----------------------support ExceptP: A survey shows that the workers work with MBTE, an ingredient used in smog-reducing gasoline, suffer from headache, fatigue, etc.
P: Since the gasoline contains such ingredient.
C: The increase incidence of headache, fatigue will occur since there will be a widely use of gasoline.
Prephrase: Other ingredients in gasoline also causes headache, fatigue,etc.

Analysis:
(A) Most oil-refinery workers who do not work with
MBTE do not have serious health problems
involving headaches, fatigue, and shortness
of breath.---------------------------------------------------------cause does not occur, the effect does not occur. SUPPORT!
(B) Headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath are
among the symptoms of several medical
conditions that are potentially serious threats
to public health.--------------------------------------------------the potential serious threats can cause public health threat, but it cannot explain that the increase incidence of headache, fatigue, etc.
(C) Since the time when gasoline containing
MBTE was first introduced in a few
metropolitan areas, those areas reported an
increase in the number of complaints about
headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.---------------Uses a small piece of sample to represent the possible incidence may occurred later on. This works, support!
(D) Regions in which only gasoline containing
MBTE is used have a much greater incidence
of headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath
than do similar regions in which only MBTEfree
gasoline is used.--------------------------------------------------cause does occur, and effect occurs. SUPPORT!
(E) The oil-refinery workers surveyed were
carefully selected to be representative of the
broader population in their medical histories
prior to exposure to MBTE, as well as in
other relevant respects.-----------------------------------------representative means this survey can be trusted, SUPPORT

zz42050524 · 发表于 2011-12-15 18:22:48

2011/12/15 strengthen except
Meta contained in gasoline makes worker headache, fatigue and shortness of breath. Because gasoline contained Meta will be wildly used
The incidence of headache will increase.
Pre: strengthen point 应该是1.已经出现这种情况2.meta在gasoline在使用之后不能避免
(A) Most oil-refinery workers who do not work with strengthen 没有mete 则没有headache
MBTE do not have serious health problems
involving headaches, fatigue, and shortness
of breath.
(B) Headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath are irrelevant
among the symptoms of several medical
conditions that are potentially serious threats
to public health.
(C) Since the time when gasoline containing strengthen， MBTE出现，an incidence increase
MBTE was first introduced in a few 出现
metropolitan areas, those areas reported an
increase in the number of complaints about
headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
(D) Regions in which only gasoline containing strengthen 理由同A
MBTE is used have a much greater incidence
of headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath
than do similar regions in which only MBTE free
gasoline is used.
(E) The oil-refinery workers surveyed were strengthen 说明数据可靠，加强
carefully selected to be representative of the
broader population in their medical histories
prior to exposure to MBTE, as well as in
other relevant respects.

答案是就是B

风无衣 · 发表于 2011-12-16 11:43:15

【精炼2-6】
strengthen X_36s
premise:a survey of oil-refinery workers who work with MBTE found an increasing incidence of headaches,fatigue and shortness of breath.
conclusion:since gasoline containing MBTE will be widely used, we can expect an increasing incidence of headaches,fatigue and shortness of breath.

(A) Most oil-refinery workers who do not work with
MBTE do not have serious health problems
involving headaches, fatigue, and shortness
of breath.——support
(B) Headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath are
among the symptoms of several medical
conditions that are potentially serious threats
to public health.——correct.
(C) Since the time when gasoline containing
MBTE was first introduced in a few
metropolitan areas, those areas reported an
increase in the number of complaints about
headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.——support
(D) Regions in which only gasoline containing
MBTE is used have a much greater incidence
of headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath
than do similar regions in which only MBTEfree
gasoline is used.——support
(E) The oil-refinery workers surveyed were
carefully selected to be representative of the
broader population in their medical histories
prior to exposure to MBTE, as well as in
other relevant respects.——support

Answer choice (B): This is the correct answer. By indicating that the symptoms discussed in the stimulus
can be the effects of several potentially serious public health threats, the author offers up possible alternate
causes for the symptoms. These alternate causes would weaken the argument, and therefore this is the
correct answer.

winghyy · 发表于 2011-12-17 22:53:10

精炼题
35s-strengthen EXCPET
A survey shows that the oil-refinery workers are likely to have headache... because M is used in gasoline. Since the M will be widely used, we can expect an increased incidence.
选B
A) Most oil-refinery workers who do not work with MBTE do not have serious health problems involving headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
——strengthen, A does not occur, B does not occur.
(B) Headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath are among the symptoms of several medical
conditions that are potentially serious threats to public health.——irrelevant (public health)
(C) Since the time when gasoline containing MBTE was first introduced in a few metropolitan areas, those areas reported an increase in the number of complaints about headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
——stregthen A occurs, B occurs
(D) Regions in which only gasoline containing MBTE is used have a much greater incidence
of headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath than do similar regions in which only MBTE free gasoline is used.——stregthen
(E) The oil-refinery workers surveyed were carefully selected to be representative of the broader population in their medical histories prior to exposure to MBTE, as well as in other relevant respects. ——stregthen (data accuracy)

winghyy · 发表于 2011-12-18 12:28:29

PREP逻辑链
29. 46s-assumption
A fishing company install the alarms to prevent harbor prosperies from getting caught. The sound emitted frightens them away. Therefore, the alarms are saving the lives of harbor propoises.
Prephase:
选(B)

30. 40s-weaken
The advertising company must leave the building. In order to save overhead cost, it plans to build a "vitual office" and makes their employees work at home.
选(E)

31. 41s-must be true
The symptons that T began showing 5 days before his death are consistent with a poisoning. However the levels of A remained in T's bone is comparable to those found in the bones of T's contemporaries. The levels are much lower than those of people who live for more than a day after ingesting a lethal dose of the poison.
选(E)

32. 120s-BF
选A

ugly5552000 · 发表于 2011-12-19 17:50:14

1/Background: a survey discovers an ingredient currently used in smog-reducing gasolines can lead to headaches, fatigue and shortness of breath.
Premise: since the gasoline will be widely used, the toxicologist predict an increased incidence of headaches, fatigue and shortness of breath.
B
A: supports
B: irrelevant to the argument
C: supports
D: supports
E: the survey is reliable
2/Background: a fishing company installed alarms on all its boats to prevent harbor porpoises from getting tangled in its nets and suffocating.
Premise: after the installation of the alarms, the average number of porpoises caught in the company’s nets drops significantly, so the alarms saves the lives of harbor porpoises in those waters.
Prephrase: the total number of harbor porpoises in the waters does not drop
B
A: irrelevant
B: depending on this assumption, the harbor porpoises are saved.
C: irrelevant
D: compared with B, B is more convincing
E: irrelevant
3/Background: in order to save overhead costs, an advertising agency plans to set up a virtual office to assign the work to employees and to be completed in their home, the work communication is done through telephone and internet.
Prephrase: the employees are less supervised, the working efficiency decreases, the cost of telephone is no less than the rent of office building.
E
A: advantage
B: disadvantage of real official building
C: advantage
D: advantage
E: it induces the limitation of communicating through telephone
4/Background: the symptoms of US President ZT five days before his death are consistent with arsenic poisoning. Recent examination of ZT’s bones revealed levels much lower than that of arsenic poisoning victims.
Prephrase: arsenic poisoning is not the main cause of the death of ZT.
C
A: wrong conclusion
B: conclusion goes too far
C: right answer.
D: cannot be concluded
E: irrelevant
5/Background: because of the low temperature, the plankton suffered a severe population decline, as plankton is the main food many bottom-dwellers depend on, so although the temperature near the ocean floor changed very little, the decline of the bottom dwellers’ population is due to the cold temperature indirectly.
A

leewonting · 发表于 2012-4-22 20:52:56

112
背景：Oil-refinery workers, who work with MBTE, an ingredient currently used in some smog-reducing gasoline, have more connected with headaches, fatigue and shortness of breath.
条件：Gasoline containing MBTE will soon be widely used
结论：An increased incidence of headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath
推测：Workers 的这些症状与其他事情没有关系？
选B，irrelevant

113
背景：To prevent harbor porpoises from getting tangled in its nets and suffocating, a fishing company installed acoustic alarms on all its boats.
条件：The sound emitted temporarily disorients the porpoises and frightens them away, and the number of porpoises caught in the nets has dropped from 8 to 1 per month
结论：The alarm is saving the lives of porpoises in those waters
推测：the decreased number of porpoises caught by the nets results not from some reasons such as the porpoises migrating or preying by predators
选B，强调saving lives

114
背景：An advertising agency considers setting up a visual office instead of moving to an adjacent office building.
条件：They can work through computers by texting messages and receiving typed comments and then revising the work until is satisfactory
结论：It won’t work
推测：需要实际的交流？有些事情电脑上说不清楚？
选E

115
背景：The symptoms that US president Taylor began showing five days before his death are consistent with arsenic poisoning.
条件：Recent examination of Taylor’s bones, however, revealed levels of arsenic comparable to those found in Taylor’s contemporaries, and these levels are much lower than the levels of arsenic that remain in the bones of arsenic poisoning victims who lived for more than a day after ingesting a lethal dose of the poison
结论：Support it
推测：5天前就有显示症状，arsenic的程度比一天就死的程度要低很多
选C

116
背景：2.8 million years ago, many species that lived near the ocean floor suffered substantial population declines.
条件：Not because the cold killed the creatures but did because the cold indirectly influent the lives of creatures
结论：The organisms suffered a decline because the cold
推测：A

[逻辑小分队] 【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-6】

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