【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-6】

苏错

[精练]
background:ingredient --complaints about headaches,fatigue,and shortness of breath.
permise:gasoline widely used
conclusion: incidence increase
strengthen EXCEPT: 推导关系不成立或者非支持选项
A.strengthen
B.irrelevant(offers up possible alternate
causes)--correct
C.facts support
D.strengthen
E.survey reliable support
[逻辑链]
1.install alarms to prevent harbor porpoises
number dropped due to alarms
So alarms save lives
assumption?
B
2.set up a office to save costs
disadvantage?
B（E ,B disadvantage of real official building）
3.symptoms are consistent with arsenic poisoning
bones reveals level(lower)
support which one?
C
4.population declines coincided with onset of an ice age
boldface是哪两句啊？ >..<

irenetopia

【精练】3. Toxicologist: A survey of oil-refinery workers whowork with MBTE, an ingredient currently usedin some smog-reducing gasolines, found analarming incidence of complaints aboutheadaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.Since gasoline containing MBTE will soon bewidely used, we can expect an increasedincidence of headaches, fatigue, and shortnessof breath.Each of the following, if true, strengthens thetoxicologist’s argument EXCEPT:
没有看到except，还在纠结为什么会有好几个加强项，我真是活腻了……
逻辑链:调查表明，gasoline含有的MBTE含有令人BLABLABLA的物质，在这里工作的工人会BLABLABLA
因此，是MBTE罪魁祸首
问削弱或无关~~        ~~~

(A) Most oil-refinery workers who do not work withMBTE do not have serious health problemsinvolving headaches, fatigue, and shortnessof breath.——support(B) Headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath areamong the symptoms of several medicalconditions that are potentially serious threatsto public health.——bingo！因为这个是一个常见的病，不一定是MBTE搞的(C) Since the time when gasoline containingMBTE was first introduced in a fewmetropolitan areas, those areas reported anincrease in the number of complaints aboutheadaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.——support(D) Regions in which only gasoline containingMBTE is used have a much greater incidenceof headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breaththan do similar regions in which only MBTEfreegasoline is used.——support(E) The oil-refinery workers surveyed werecarefully selected to be representative of thebroader population in their medical historiesprior to exposure to MBTE, as well as inother relevant respects.——support
【逻辑链】29. 1：45S
To prevent harbor porpoises from getting tangled in its nets and suffocating, a fishing company installed acoustic alarms on all its boats that fish in waters off Massachusetts.  The sound emitted temporarily disorients the porpoises and frightens them away.  Since the installation of the alarms, the average number of porpoises caught in the company's nets has dropped from eight to one per month.  The alarms, therefore, are saving the lives of harbor porpoises in those waters.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
逻辑链：为了保护HP,一个fishing公司在船上安装了警报器来把鱼吓走
这个措施让被捕到的鱼下降了
因此可以保护鱼
问assumption：为了保护HP，其他公司会不会装呢，如果其他没有，继续捕鱼，目的保护HP就不会达到了
(A) The use of acoustic alarms increases the number of commercial fish caught by the fishing company's boats.——irrelevant(B) When disoriented, harbor porpoises are not significantly more likely to be killed by other boats.——bingo！安装警报器会让鱼disorient，如果鱼这样会被其他船抓走，目的就达不到(C) Environmentalists advocate the use of acoustic alarms as a means of protecting the harbor porpoise population.——irrelevant(D) The alarms were installed at the time of year when harbor porpoises are most plentiful in the Massachusetts waters.——irrelevant(E) The cost of installing acoustic alarms on fishing boats is less than the cost of repairing nets damaged by harbor porpoises.——irrelevant，跟利益无关啊啊啊30. 1:05
An advertising agency must leave its office building.  To save overhead costs, it is considering setting up a "virtual office" instead of moving to an adjacent office building.  Employees will do their work on computers, as they do now, but will do so at home, sharing their work with colleagues by communicating text and designs to colleagues' computers through telephone lines, receiving typed comments, and then revising the work until it is satisfactory.Which of the following, if true, indicates a disadvantage of the virtual office plan?
逻辑链：为了节省成本，这个公司让员工回家工作，这样可以减少成本，而且通过邮件什么的可以进行交流
问缺点：会不会这个公司要经常开会，或者需要group工作呢(A) The agency can move its computers and associated equipment into employees' homes without purchasing any new equipment or requiring employees to purchase such equipment.——support(B) To reach the current office building and return home, employees spend an average of one and a half hours per day commuting, usually in heavy traffic.——support(C) The employees of the advertising agency are accustomed to autonomy in monitoring their own progress and productivity.——support(D) Employees would be able to adapt quickly to using computers in a virtual office setting, since employees' current use of computers to produce designs requires a high level of skill.——support(E) Expressions and gestures in face-to-face exchanges are an important aid to employees in gauging the viability of new ideas they have proposed.——bingo！面谈很重要31. 50sThe symptoms that United States President Zachary Taylor began showing five days before his death are consistent with arsenic poisoning.  Recent examination of Taylor's bones, however, revealed levels of arsenic comparable to those found in the bones of Taylor's contemporaries.  These levels are much lower than the levels of arsenic that remain in the bones of arsenic poisoning victims who live for more than a day after ingesting a lethal dose of the poison.Which of the following is most strongly supported by the statements given?
逻辑链：假设T是因为A毒死的
最近报告发现T骨头里的A含量比一般服用致死A剂量死去的人少很多
问结论：也就是Z不一定是因为A死的(A) The symptoms that Taylor began showing five days before his death are consistent with poisoning other than arsenic poisoning.——new information(B) Taylor's death was not the result of any kind of poisoning.——no sense(C) The symptoms that Taylor began showing five days before his death were not caused by a lethal dose of arsenic.——bingo！(D) The symptoms that Taylor began showing five days before his death grew more severe each day.——no sense(E) It is unusual for a person who has ingested a lethal dose of arsenic to survive for more than a day.——no sense

cyndichiang

精炼：20‘’
premise:A survey of oil-refinery workers who work with MBTE, an ingredient currently used in some smog-reducing gasolines, found an alarming incidence of complaints about headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
premise: MBTE will be widely used
conclusion: incidence of headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath will increase
Q:support EXCEPT
prephrase: support EXCEPT again; relationship between the MBTE and complaints--->MBTE causes increase of incidence
1. A survey' raliability ; 2, whether has casual relationship 3. other facotrs happened at the same time
(A) Most oil-refinery workers who do not work with
MBTE do not have serious health problems
involving headaches, fatigue, and shortness
of breath.------strengthen;无因无果的例证
(B) Headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath are
among the symptoms of several medical
conditions that are potentially serious threats
to public health.-----irrelevant; the argument concerns on the whether MBTE can lead to the incidence; so the origin of these symtoms has no bearing on the point.分析错了the author offers up possible alternate causes for the symptoms. These alternate causes would weaken the argument, and therefore this is the
correct answer.
(C) Since the time when gasoline containing
MBTE was first introduced in a few
metropolitan areas, those areas reported an
increase in the number of complaints about
headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath.----有因有果的例证establish casual relationship
(D) Regions in which only gasoline containing
MBTE is used have a much greater incidence
of headaches, fatigue, and shortness of breath
than do similar regions in which only MBTEfree
gasoline is used.-------strengthen; esatblish causual relationship
(E) The oil-refinery workers surveyed were
carefully selected to be representative of the
broader population in their medical histories
prior to exposure to MBTE, as well as in
other relevant respects.-----strengthen; this statement confirms the reliability of the survey thus strengthen the argument


逻辑链；
1. 32‘’
premise:the installation of the alarms laed to the average number of porpoises caught in the company's nets has dropped
conclusion:The alarms are saving the lives of harbor porpoises in those waters
Q:Assumption
prephrase: there are no side-effects of the alarms

2.29''
premise: setting up a "virtual office" instead of moving to an adjacent office building can help ad companies save money.
premise: Employees will work at home, sharing their work with colleagues by communicating text and designs to colleagues' computers through telephone lines, receiving typed comments, and then revising the work until it is satisfactory
Q: weaken(find a disadvantage of the plan)
prepharse: people work at home will reduce their efficiency and become lazy withou supervision

3.28''
BG:The symptoms that United States President Zachary Taylor began showing five days before his death are consistent with arsenic poisoning
premise: remain in the bones of arsenic poisoning : president T > contemporaries who live one day more after infesting a dose of poison
conclusion:???
Q:Must be true
prephrase: A sharp drop in reamin showes up after 5 days?

4. 1'05''
Paleontologist: About 2.8 million years ago, many species that lived near the ocean floor suffered substantial population declines. --->evidence( phenomenon needs to be explain)
These declines coincided with the onset of an ice age. ---->evidence
The notion that cold killed those bottom-dwelling creatures outright is misguided, ---->conclusion(against)
temperatures near the ocean floor would have changed very little.  --->evidence
the cold probably did cause the population declines, though indirectly. ---->conclusion
Many bottom-dwellers depended for food on plankton, small organisms that lived close to the surface and sank to the bottom when they died.  Most probably, the plankton suffered a severe population decline as a result of sharply lower temperatures at the surface, depriving many bottom-dwellers of food.---->evidence

Lincy123

P：含有MBTE的汽油将被广泛运用
C：头痛气短的事故会增加
Not strengthen / weaken
A）        大部分没有接触MBTE的功能没有那些病症。半加强
B）        这些病症对公共健康来说是潜在的威胁。 待定Correct
理解错误，意思是这些病症是多种医疗状况的病症（不止MBTE的意思），这些医疗状况对公众健康来说是潜在的严重威胁。
C）        有MBTE的汽油首次在一些城市使用时，有很多报告说那些病症增加。Strengthen
D）        只用含有MBTE汽油的地区有更高的事故数量 strengthen
E）        那些被调查的工人在MBTE之前就有过其他病史。Correct（x）strengthen
理解错误，意思是这些受调工人是在广泛的暴露在MBTE和其他相关方面的人群中选择出来的代表，说明取样的公平性

P：自从安装了警报器，平均每月海龟被抓到的数量降到1
C：警报器在救海龟
Assumption：警报器不会伤害海龟
A）        警报器增加了渔船的收获鱼的数量。无关
B）        当丧失方向感的时候，海龟不会被其他船杀死。取非-警报器让海龟被其他船杀死。Correct
C）        环境学家支持使用警报器来保护海龟。无关
D）        警报器是在海龟数量很多的时候安装的
E）        报警器的安装费用比替换坏掉的渔网费用低。无关

远程办公，用电话修改稿子直到满意
Weaken
A）        机构将自己的电脑和相关设备移到员工家里，不买新的设备。Strengthen
B）        去办公室然后回家这个路上员工要花一个半小时通勤。Strengthen
C）        员工习惯远程办公 strengthen
D）        员工会很快习惯虚拟办公室，因为员工能力都很强。Strengthen
E）        面对面的表达对员工获取新想法而言是很重要的。Correct

Bg：T死亡前5天的症状和a中毒很像
P：残存在T骨头里的a毒药的水平低于一个a毒药停留在体内超过1天的致死量
Must be true。C：不是a毒药致死
A）        T在死亡前5天的症状和a之外的毒药很像。
B）        T不是中毒而亡
C）        T在死前5天的症状不是a引起的。Correct
D）        T在死前5天的症状日趋严重
E）        服用了a毒药的人活超过1天是不寻常的。

因为做过记得粗体
B1: 寒冷间接导致了数量下降 – c
B2：浮游动物由于表面温度降低而大量减少，剥夺了海底居民的食物。
B2解释B1，两者都是作者支持的，B1像是main conclusion，B2像premise
A）correct