og11大总结

我现在在对og11进行总结。

在论坛上看到elinaqu mm按og10的顺序，将总结发表出来。

为了节约og11使用者的时间，特此在这里按og11的顺序排列，发表此帖。在此对elinaqu  妹妹表示感谢，对cd前辈们表示感谢。

因小弟不才，能力有限，对于新题总结没有把握，在这里不再列出。还请xdjm们补充。

这些题是1----18,44------64,97-------106.

先从黄皮开始，一题一楼。

og11-19

In virtually all types of tissue in every animal species, dioxin induces the production of enzymes that are the organism's trying to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical that is irritating it.

A. trying to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical that is irritating it

B. trying that it metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritant

C. attempt to try to metabolize, or render harmless, such a chemical irritant

D. attempt to try and metabolize, or render harm­less, the chemical irritating it

E. attempt to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritant

1.       抽象名词优于动名词做名词性结构----所有格的宾语。

og解释：The –ing form of verb can be used as a noun (e.g., Running is her favorite

sport.), but it is often awkward, particular when used with a possessive, as in this case.

Attempt 好于 trying 做所有格的宾语。动名词强调动作本身，抽象名词强调对应动作的结果。

2.  并列结构：

A  is  B 结构中， A/B 要平行。enzymes that are the organism's trying结构中 enzymes 要和 are 后面的成分对等，即名词 are 名词（此时宾语不能用动名词）

3. 特殊结构：

OG 解释The phrase the chemical irritant is also the most concise and precise conclusion for the sentence because it clearly refers to the dioxin mentioned earlier.

（In virtually all types of tissue in every animal species,） dioxin induces the

production of enzymes that are the organism's attempt（attempt to metabolize, or

render harmless, the chemical irritant）

render harmless, the chemical irritant   ==》render the chemical irritant harmless ，宾语放在后面。render为＂使得＂的意思(后接受词+受词补语 )

chemical irritant->指dioxin(受词, O.)

harmless->受词补语(O.C.)

4. virtually modifies all 而不是修饰 all types of  tissue
   

5.   简洁： attempt to try 不简洁
   

5.   简洁： attempt to try 不简洁
   

6  词法： try + that … 结构错误，
   try to do sth.

7.  主语和宾语的数的一致：宾语为具体名词时，通常要求主语和宾语数的一致。宾语为抽象名词时，主语和宾语的数可以不一致。enzymes that are the organism's attempt  Attempt 此处表示抽象的动作，可以用单数。

看贴后本题最到收获---前辈NN的宝贵意见

注意主考点就好了，OG的SC每一题都有明显的主要的考点，根据这些考点很快就可以把题做出来。ETS绝对不会单考某一个小小的单复数的考点，并且将这个考点作为主要解题依据的。偶们是为了拿分而复习的，这些小细节放过吧。P.S.我总结下来，考单复数的题无非两种考法：1 主谓搭配 2 指代。本题两者皆不是，不要太在意。所以本答案原句为: attempt to metabolize, or render the chemical irritant harmless
   

og11-20

Based on accounts of various ancient writers, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as Bona Dea, "the good goddess."

A. Based on accounts of various ancient writers

B. Basing it on various ancient writers' accounts

C. With accounts of various ancient writers used for a basis

D. By the accounts of various ancient writers they used

E. Using accounts of various ancient writers

1  句首的修饰结构要考虑修饰结构的逻辑和意思上的合理性：分词做句首的修饰结构，其逻辑主语指向后面的句子主语。此时要考虑是否合理，可将前面的修饰结构还原来判断。 ===》 scholar were based on accounts of various ancient writers 不合理

2  词法： Based on….  通常 GMAT中 Base 都使用被动态， based on.

3  代词指代不明确： B 中的 it scholars base it(意思为their painting work)on various ancient writers' accounts,如果指a sketchy picture意思不太对,所以不知道it指谁。
            

代词总的来讲应根据逻辑意思决定指代对象. 象OG11里的they若根据逻辑来判断, 有明确的指代对象, 即主句的主语. 但当ETS要说一个选项是错的时候, 即使逻辑意思清楚, 也被认作指代模糊. 所以完全依靠代词指代模糊来决定答案不可取. 一般我只把它作为最后一招. 有其他区别就先看其他区别.

但有三个代词指代的错误, ETS认为必错

1. 单复数不一致. 如用they指代a person

2. 在同一句句子中, 同一个代词指代不同的东西. (OG12)

3. 代词指代所有格, 而不是中心词. (OG90)

4  简洁：C 中 with accounts of  和 used for a basis 语意重复。 D 中 they used 修饰不明确，也不合理，不简洁。with + n. 在句首表示physically拥有, 相比之下, with更强调一种状态. 而base, compare to这类分词省略形式是应该用被动的.ETS其实偏向主动句, 因为它强调了动作发出者.

og11-21

 aleontologists believe that fragments of a primate jawbone unearthed in Burma and estimated at 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of a crucial step along the evolutionary path that led to human beings.

A. at 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of

B. as being 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of

C. that it is 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of what was

D. to be 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of

E. as 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of what was

1.       主谓一致(单复数)（一级排除B,C,E ）

fragments 。。。。。。。。provide

2. 简洁：(一级排除 C. E )

what was … 多余

Sth is sth.

Sth does sth.

Sth is what is sth. (错, 1. 不并列, 2. 用单个名词和what 从句的概念对称肯定不对)

例句

There is speculation that increasing cold weather was what may have been responsible for the Anasazi move from Mesa Verde to sites in other canyons.

(A) that increasing cold weather was what may have been

(B) whether increasing cold weather was what was

(C) that increasingly cold weather was what had been

(D) whether increasingly cold weather may have been what was（E）

(E) that increasingly cold weather may have been

speculation that,,,,,名词Be what…..be 前后的东东要是一个东东啊…

3.. Estimate to be / that/ at ？(词的用法     二级排除A）estimated to be ………  estimate 做被动，只能是 sth. be estimated to be.......Estimate that….. estimate 做主动，用estimate sth. that  B 中的estimated that it is      it 多余  

It is estimated that……

At+地点, at+点时间(点和线) 不能加年份的

金山词霸解释

Estimate  vt.  -mated, -mating估计，判断（常与that连用）估价，（常与at连用）估计

I estimate her age at 35.我估计她有35岁。

（与in连用）估计…到达

 og11-22

The end of the eighteenth century saw the emergence of prize-stock breeding, with individual bulls and cows receiving awards, fetching unprecedented prices, and excited enormous interest whenever they were put on show.

A. excited

B. it excited

C. exciting

D. would excite

E. it had excited

1.       平行结构（一级排除
                A,B,D, E）
            

 A , B , and C 平行
            ，动名词，动名词，and动名词，
            

可不可以A  a  and b, and B ? 可不可以作为一个排除标准
            

2.  代词指代(二级排除 B, E )
                

  it 无指代对象

og11-23

Of all the possible disasters that threaten American agriculture, the possibility of an adverse change in climate is maybe the more difficult for analysis.

A. is maybe the more difficult for analysis

B. is probably the most difficult to analyze

C. is maybe the most difficult for analysis

D. is probably the more difficult to analyze

E. is, it may be, the analysis that is most difficult

1. 绝对错误比较结构：（一级排除
    A,D）
   

 表示比较对象一个是另外一个的全子集的时候，用最高级比较形式
   

1．  简洁(一级排除  E )
    

when inserted into the sentence, produces an illogical structure: the possibility ... is... the analysis that.

2．  平行结构：一级排除
    C）
   

A is B  B 可以为不定式和
   名词A对应。
   

difficult should be completed by the infinitive to analyze.

an infinitive,  to analyze, functions as a noun equivalent

可以说: To analyze is difficult. 但是不能说For analysis is difficult.

1．  词法：(二级排除 C )
    

probably / maybe ，probably 对应概率， maybe表示能够。         

(maybe是个口语表达，书面语应该用probably)=è其实这个说法好牵强
   

真正的理由是: possibility表示概率, 那么就要用probably, 表示概率的词语, 来对应
   

maybe/can/could都是能够, 不是概率

og11-24

For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows and spears.

A. a method to protect

B. as a method protecting

C. protecting

D. as a protection of

E. to protect

1.       修饰
            ：(一级排除A,B,D, E )
                

句末的分词逻辑主语考虑; 不定式不能单独在句末做修饰成分、
            

the participle protecting begins a phrase that explains what the shields did

句末分词短语的逻辑主语优先考虑句子的主语(最后一句显然是要修饰盾牌的，除了c之外，其他的都修饰不到这儿)。
            

2．单复数
            

Choices A and B awkwardly use the singular word method to refer to items of military equipment rather than to the use of such items. (单复数问题)

3．词用法
            

a method of 正确，，， a method to / a method doing 不正确
            

a method of protecting would be more idiomatic than a method to protect in A or a method protecting in B

4. 同位语：
            同位语要考虑是否逻辑意思内涵一致
            

a protection in D has no noun for which it can logically substitute.

og11-25

The golden crab of the Gulf of Mexico has not been fished commercially in great numbers, primarily on account of living at great depths-- 2,500 to 3,000 feet down.

A. on account of living

B. on account of their living

C. because it lives

D. because of living

E. being they live

1．代词指代, 数的一致：（一级排除B,E）
            

2. 词法 :  (because句子优选) ：（二级排除A,D）
            

A. because + 完整的句子
            

B. on account of / because of + n. ==》
            此处没有明确的限定名词的内涵
            

C. Because 》on account of / because of

because, which appears in C and E, is preferable here since because can introduce a complete subordinate clause explaining the reason why the golden crab has not been fished extensively

. C, which uses because and it as the singular subject of a clause, is the best choice.

(言下之意，主谓宾说的最清楚
                

3.一般现在式表示持续发生的事实和真理。

og11-26

 Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics, would appear the same to someone on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and uniformly through the water as a person standing on land.

A. water as a

B. water as to a

C. water; just as it would to a

D. water, as it would to the 

E. water; just as to the

1.       平行结构;
            ：（一级排除A,C,D,E）
            

 the same to X as to Y ; 形式平行；
            对象范围的平行： someone / a person 泛指
            对
            泛指； someone / the person 不平行。
            

2. 代词：
            代词指代的单复数平行
            

3.分号：
            分号后面需要是完整的句子。
            

4.冠词
                a/ the
                

og11-27

Health officials estimate that 35 million Africans are in danger of contracting trypanosomiasis, or "African sleeping sickness," a parasitic disease spread by the bites of tsetse

flies.

(A)  are in danger of contracting（习语）
        

(B)  are in danger to contract

(C)  have a danger of contracting

(D)  are endangered by contraction

(E)   have a danger that they will contract

1．习语： be in danger of sth.
            一级排除B,D,E
                

2．
            时态：二级排除C
                

现在完成时没有理由，而且从逻辑意思上看 have a danger 也不对。
            

the passive construction in D would be unnecessarily wordy and also imprecise, because it is the disease more than the act of contracting it that poses the danger.(意思表达的细微差别) èbe endangered by的意思也有区别, 往往表示环境/野生动物被endangered