og11大总结

yichousun

og11-38

Dr. Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its genes to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each specifically targeted at an invading microbe or foreign substance.

(A)  seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each specifically targeted at

(B)  seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically to

(C)  seeming unlimited number of antibodies, all specifically targeted at

(D)  seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, all of them targeted specifically to

(E)   seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically at

1修饰   一级排除 A,B,C
                

seemingly 修饰  unlimited  副词修饰形容词
            

2 词法   一级排除  B,D
                

target at 为正确词组B also uses the unidiomatic preposition to instead of the correct at after targeted(target 后边要求跟介词at, 表示接触, 接触点或者线),

3单复数一致  each 对应an
                

C violates sense by having all the antibodies specifically targeted at an, that is, one, invading microbe or substance.

each常常作同位语,
managers, each…..
dwellings, each…...

fashion [transitive]

1to shape or make something, using your hands or only a few tools

fashion something from something

He fashioned a box from a few old pieces of wood.

fashion something into something

Jamie could take a piece of wood and fashion it into a wonderful work of art.

2[usually passive] to influence and form someone's ideas and opinions

We are all unique human beings, fashioned by life experiences.

yichousun

og11-39

Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending for more than 30 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.

(A)  extending

(B)   extends

(C)  extended

(D)  it extended

(E)   is extending

1平行   一级排除 B,C,D,E
                

filigree of ( …)   spawned ,,,,,,,and extending ,,, 现在分词和过去分词都是形容词性质的, 可以并列
            

A employs the parallel participial phrases spawned... and extending ... to modify filigree.

In C, extended is nonparallel if it is assumed to be a past tense verb form; if it is assumed to be a past participle, it illogically states, as does D, that the filigree extended only in the past. 时间上面和未划线部分矛盾
            

C 被看成是一个动词过去式，而不是分词了，看意思!!!-

Filigree: 金银丝装饰物
                

yichousun

og11-40

The plot of The Bostonians centers on the rivalry between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, with her charming and cynical cousin, Basil Ransom, when they find themselves drawn to the same radiant young woman whose talent for public speaking has won her an ardent following.

(A)  rivalry between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, with her charming and cynical cousin, Basil Ransom

(B)   rivals Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, against her charming and cynical cousin, Basil Ransom

(C)  rivalry that develops between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, and Basil Ransom, her charming and cynical cousin

(D)  developing rivalry between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, with Basil Ransom, her charming and cynical cousin

(E)   active feminist, Olive Chancellor, and the rivalry with her charming and cynical cousin Basil Ransom

1比较对象的平行对应    一级排除 A,B,D,E
                

the rivalry between x and y

the rivals x and y,

the rivalry that develops between x and y.

*Rival   n.竞争者, 对手        v.竞争, 对抗, 相匹敌
            

to be as good or important as someone or something else
The college's facilities rival those of Harvard and Yale.
a stadium to rival any in the world

rivalry.   n.竞争, 竞赛, 敌对, 敌对状态plural rivalries

a situation in which two or more people, teams, or companies are competing for something, especially over a long period of time, and the feeling of competition between them

rivalry between

There has always been intense rivalry between New Zealand and Australia.

The two players have developed a friendly rivalry.

She had never overcome her feelings of sibling rivalry (=rivalry between brothers and sisters) .

yichousun

og11-41

While larger banks can afford to maintain their own data-processing operations, many smaller regional and community banks are finding that the cost asso­ciated with upgrading data-processing equipment and with the development and maintenance of new products and technical staff are prohibitive.

(A)  cost associated with

(B)  costs associated with

(C)  costs arising from

(D)  cost of

(E)   costs of

 1主谓一致/平行    一级排除 A,C,D,E
        

are 对应要用复数 costs

未划线部分有一个with所以要平行对应with

做题时要机敏，紧记用平行的原则，看到with用30秒就应该告定。。。
            

 * be associated (with somebody/something)

a) to be related to a particular subject, activity etc

problems associated with cancer treatment

 

yichousun

og11-42

Quasars, at billions of light-years from Earth the most distant observable objects in the universe, believed to be the cores of galaxies in an early stage of development. (A)  believed to be

(B)  are believed to be

(C)  some believe them to be

(D)  some believe they are

(E)   it is believed that they are

1句子结构 /完整性
   一级排除 A,C,D,E
    

Choice A produces a sentence fragment because it omits the verb are and supplies only an adjectival phrase, believed to be ....

Choices C, D, and E all introduce new clauses (some believe ..., it is believed...) that cannot grammatically complete the construction begun with Quasars.è参考一下那个student are so lacking in ….的解释, 就是说, 把前面的部分变成了dangling part, cannot be attached to any part of the sentence.

Quasars . . . are believed to be the cores....

quasars n.类恒星体, 半恒星状球体
   

这个就是ETS的最爱è  主语, 老长老长的同位语, 谓语动词+宾语从句.

然后在谓语动词的时态, 单复数, 宾语从句的修饰, 同位语的时态, 数, 上面狂作文章. 就是欺负偶记性不好.

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-9-26 15:22:47编辑过]

yichousun

og11-43

Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the number of wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway began in 1975.

(分词结构的话，since 从句或状语不用完成时可以)

(A)
                    bringing

(B)
                    and brings

(C)
                    and it brings

(D)and it brought

(E)
                    and brought

1单复数   一级排除B,C
                

In B, there is no subject available for the singular present-tense verb brings. The subject cannot be eagles, since that noun is plural and the action of its verb left is in the past.

2代词无指代
                  二级排除C,D
                

Neither C nor D contains a grammatical referent for it.

3逻辑意思   二级排除E
                

动作发出的逻辑主语意思奇怪In E, the use of and brought implies two discrete actions on the part of the eagles

Choice A is best. The "-ing" (present participle) form intro­duces action that is simultaneous with the action of the main clause; i.e., bringing indicates that the number of wild birds became 34 when the sea eagles left their nests.（现在分词表伴随，说明这个动作和主句的动作同时发生）
                

yichousun

og11-44到og11-64大家自己总结

yichousun

og11-65

The only way for growers to salvage frozen citrus is to process them quickly into juice concentrate before they rot when warmer weather returns.

A. to process them quickly into juice concentrate before they rot when warmer weather returns

B. if they are quickly processed into juice concen­trate before warmer weather returns to rot them

C. for them to be processed quickly into juice concentrate before the fruit rots when warmer weather returns

D. if the fruit is quickly processed into juice concen­trate before they rot when warmer weather returns

E. to have it quickly processed into juice concentrate before warmer weather returns and rots the fruit

1. 平行结构：平行结构的形式对称  the only way to … is to …

2 单复数一致：代词要和他指代的名词的数一致。 Them/it 的选择

Citrus 单复数都可以，这里用单数，因为指一类

it is better to use the singular in referring to an anatomical feature common to an entire species;这是ets对og167的

3 代词正确答案的标志：当前面有多个名词可以指代的时候，通常补出概括性的名词来去掉代词，防止歧义。

4．句子逻辑意思：用 when 引导的时间状语从句只强调动作发生的时间上的同步，没有强调因果的意思。表示因果/目的，可以用不定式。A and B，当 A/B 是两个连续的动作的时候，可以存在强调因果的意思在。   

5．   习惯用法Before / after …. When 连用不符合语言习惯
            

6．Rot 的用法 既可以是及物动词又可以是不及物动词
                    

6．Rot 的用法 既可以是及物动词又可以是不及物动词
            

6．Rot 的用法 既可以是及物动词又可以是不及物动词
            

yichousun

og11-66

Unlike a typical automobile loan, which requires a fifteen- to twenty-percent down payment, the lease-loan buyer is not required to make an initial deposit on the new vehicle.

A. the lease-loan buyer is not required to make

B. with lease-loan buying there is no requirement of

C. lease-loan buyers are not required to make

D. for the lease-loan buyer there is no requirement of

E. a lease-loan does not require the buyer to make

1 比较结构平行：(一级排除A,B,C,D）

Unlike/ like A , B …..  A /B 要对等。（数的一致，逻辑意思的一致, 时态上的平行）比较时逻辑意思优先！

choice E is the only option that supplies an active verb form, does not require, to parallel requires
                

经典例句

经典例句

经典例句

Unlike most warbler species, the male and female blue-winged warbler are very difficult to tell apart.

(A) Unlike most warbler species, the male and female blue-winged warbler are very difficult to tell apart.

(B) Unlike most warbler species, the gender of the blue-winged warbler is very difficult to distinguish.

(C) Unlike those in most warbler species, the male and female blue-winged warblers are very difficult to distinguish.

(D) It is very difficult, unlike in most warbler species, to tell the male and female blue-winged warbler apart.（E）

(E) Blue-winged warblers are unlike most species of warbler in that it is very difficult to tell the male and female apart.

感觉一下, 全划线和部分划线的不同---可以把全句重新放置!

比较对象要明确
   

a. most species ----------------------------the male and female blue-winged warbler是不能并列的
b. most warbler species------------------ the gender
c. those in most warbler species-------- the male and female blue-winged warblers
e. most species of warbler ---------------Blue-winged warblers

2.简洁：

 动词比名词要好：is no requirement of / require

yichousun

og11-67

Defense attorneys have occasionally argued that their clients' misconduct stemmed from a reaction to something ingested, but in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food allergy, the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for their actions.

A. in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food allergy

B. if criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed to an allergy to some food

C. in attributing behavior that is criminal or delinquent to an allergy to some food

D. if some food allergy is attributed as the cause of criminal or delinquent behavior

E. in attributing a food allergy as the cause of criminal or delinquent behavior

1. 修饰（一级排除 A,C,,E）

前置定语的中心词指向句子主语，是否合适。A, C, and E, in attributing ... behavior modifies the perpetrators, producing the illogical statement that the perpetrators rather than the defense attorneys are attributing behavior to food allergies.(动词attributing的发起者!!!!!)

That be /which be + 形容词都省略that be /which be （排除C ）

2 习语：(二级排除 D )

In the correct form of the expression, one attributes x, an effect, to y, a cause; è将一个现象归咎于某个东东x is attributed to y ==》 x 被归因于y , or, if a passive construction is used, x is attributed to y. ,,,,x is attributed to y ==》 x 被归因于y