og11大总结

yichousun

og11-68

            Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, there is a disinclination on the part of many people to recognize the degree to which their analytical skills are weak.
        

(A)  Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, there is a disinclination on the part of many people to recognize the degree to which their analytical skills are weak.

(B)  Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, which they admit they lack, many people are disinclined to recognize that their analytical skills are weak.

(C)  Unlike computer skills or other technical skills, analytical skills bring out a disinclination in many people to recognize that they are weak to a degree.

(D)  Many people, willing to admit that they lack computer skills or other technical skills, are disinclined to recognize that their analytical skills are weak.

(E)   Many people have a disinclination to recognize the weakness of their analytical skills while willing to admit their lack of computer skills or other technical skills.

1比较结构：（一级排除 A, B )
                

Unlike A , B　Ａ／B 要同类对等
            

2．简洁：（二级排除 C, E )
                

it is awkward and unidiomatic to say skills bring out a disinclination.
                

     动词 > 名词
            

be disinclined 比 a disinclination 要好
            

3．代词指代不清
            

they is unclear, and weak to a degree changes the meaning of the original statement.

1．  词法：
            

admit their lack should be
                    admit to their lack.
                

 admit

admit that... 承认 ; admit sb. to do sth. 允许 ; admit to doing sth.  不能是 admit sth.

While 的用法：
            

1）while 做
            当 ...时
            的意思，引导时间状语从句；主语相同，谓语为be可同时省略
            ；主语相同，谓语为一般动词，则动词变为分词
            ；
                

形式：主句，while+ -ing/a.

2）
                 while 做
            而，然而的意思，表对比转折；主语谓语动词不管怎样都不能省，应该完整写出while they are willing........

yichousun

og11-69

A report by the American
            Academy for the Advance­ment of Science has concluded that much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Ameri­cans are exposed comes from the incineration of wastes.

(A)  much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed comes

(B)  much of the currently uncontrolled dioxins that North Americans are exposed to come

(C)  much of the dioxins that are currently uncon­trolled and that North Americans are exposed to comes

(D)  many of the dioxins that are currently uncontrolled and North Americans are exposed to come

(E)   many of the currently uncontrolled dioxins to which North Americans are exposed come

1单复数一致：（一级排除 A,B,C )
                

dioxins 为可数复数名词应用many, come

 主谓单复数一致：
            

 修饰词的单复数一致： much + 不可数名词
            ； many + 可数名词
            

2简洁/平行结构：二级排除 D )
                

n. + that/ whose /which be + adj. 没有 adj. + n. 简洁。
            

currently uncontrolled dioxins / dioxins that are currently uncontrolled

D requires that before North Americans, to be grammatically complete.
                

dioxins to which North Americans are exposed / many of the dioxins ……  and North Americans are exposed to 改变了句子意思和逻辑关系。
            

3．
            修饰：
            修饰顺序： a report by … for ……

4．平行结构：
            逻辑意思决定了分句/主句的平行。改变原句的层次会改变句子意思

yichousun

og11-70

Displays of the aurora borealis, or "northern lights," can heat the atmosphere over the arctic enough to affect the trajectories of ballistic missiles, induce electric currents that can cause blackouts in some areas and corrosion in north-south pipelines.

A. to affect the trajectories of ballistic missiles, induce

B. that the trajectories of ballistic missiles are affected, induce

C. that it affects the trajectories of ballistic missiles, induces

D. that the trajectories of ballistic missiles are affected and induces

E. to affect the trajectories of ballistic missiles and induce

1. 习语
            ： enough to do sth.
                （一级排除B,C,D）
            

can heat... enough to affect in A and E is more idiomatic than the use of the subordinate clause beginning with that

2.平行结构：（二级排除A,）
            

数的一致和时态的一致
            

平行结构只有两个的时候必须用连词，不能只用
            逗号。 A，B＝＝＞Ａand B

Induceè带来
            

Affectè影响
            

两个都是抽象动作
            

3. 单复数一致
            

C lacks agreement in using the singular pronoun it to refer to the plural noun displays;

4．句子完整性and D is faulty because induces cannot fit grammatically with any noun in the sentence. è没有动词发起者

yichousun

og11-71

The cameras of the Voyager II spacecraft detected six small, previously unseen moons circling Uranus, which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting the distant planet

A. which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting

B. doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known to orbit

C. which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known in orbit around

D. doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting

E. which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known that orbit

1非限制性定语从句（一级排除A,C,E）
            

非限制性定语从句 which 指向前面的名词(这里是不是指前面的这件事所以不能用which?)

现在分词在句末表示伴随
            

2．词法
            ：A as B，Ａ/B 对应。
                Known to orbit 比 known as orbiting … 好。

yichousun

og11-72

Architects and stonemasons, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport.

A.      huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya without benefit of the wheel or animal transport

B.      without the benefits of animal transport or the wheel, huge palace and temple clusters were built by the Maya

C.      the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the wheel

D.     there were built, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, huge palace and temple clusters by the Maya

E.      were the Maya who, without the benefit of the wheel or animal transport, built huge palace and temple clusters

1.       同位语结构：(一级排除A,B,D）
   

逻辑对象要对应；
   是GMAT 的优选结构。主语和谓语之间, 除非是插入语, 不能加逗号.

2.       平行结构：(二级排除E）
   

系表结构的对应Architects and stonemasons, were the Maya ; 泛指
   对
   特指
   不对
   

E is awkwardly phrased and produces a sentence fragment, because the appositive noun phrase Architects and stonemasons cannot serve as the subject of were the Maya. è主语和谓语之间, 除非是插入语, 不能加逗号.

主语, 插入语, 谓语.

主语, 介词短语, 分词短语, 定语从句, 谓语.

同位语, 主语谓语.

E即使没有语法错误，也不能选，因为它 awkward; 这就是gmat的精髓。（简洁，清晰）然而, 造成E awkward的原因是:,without the benefit of …. 是修饰动词的, 放在主谓之间, 不好, 要放在谓语的后面, 或者句首. 谓语动词象一座山
   

某人是作…..的某人=è这样的描述没有直接说:  某人作某事
   来得流畅清楚.

3.       被动语态要避免。
   

4.       简洁
   

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-9-26 15:43:48编辑过]

yichousun

og11-73

According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, like that of earlier generations.
            

(A)  like that of earlier generations

(B)   as that for earlier generations

(C)  just as earlier generations did

(D)  as have earlier generations

(E)   as it was of earlier generations

1. Like/As 的
            比较问题：
             as + 句子； like + n. 一级排除B,C,D）
            

根据逻辑意思决定比较的对象是单独比较一个名词还是比较一种状态。
            

like + n. ; as+ 完整句子
            

Like+ n, 通常放在句首或者句中，但是不肯定。
            放在句末也是优先指向主语。
            

As 的比较：
                

--让As结构成为正确答案
            

在这样的情况下，as是作为连词出现的。既然是连词就只能带一个句子。但是由于as所带的句子与主句有很多相同的地方，所以可以使用加助动词省略的形式成为正确答案。比如：
            

A do ***, as B do

A can *** as B can

A is *** as B and C are

补出助动词的原则是必须和主句的类型一致，而且要时态一致。
            

但是如果某个as结构自己就带了时间状语，那么该as结构的时态和自己带的状语保持一致，而类型和主句保持一致。
            

A do *** as B did ten years ago.

二、让Like结构成为正确答案
            

在这样的情况下，Like是作为介词出现的。既然是介词，就只能带宾语。而且宾语的类型和主句主语的类型必须保持一致。
            

Like A’s Book, B’s Book is red.

典型的错误为：Like A, B’s book is red.（人和人比，书和书比）
            

三、典型的干扰选项
            

看到下面的选项一定不要被它们所迷惑：
            

similar to

contrary to（但在like/unlike题型中有可能成为正确答案）
            

2. That 的指代容易有歧义 . 排除 A
                

like 虽然放在句末，但是做状语也应该优先修饰主语（例似于with放在句末）；另外that指带也有问题。
            

3.gmat 中句子从整体上看要有大并列的感觉，
            

it refers unambiguously to the phrasal subject owning ... land, the verb was corresponds to is, and today's young adults are appropriately compared to earlier genera­tions(大并列).
            

gmat中that一般不能单独指代，要有修饰成分，如that of ...或that in....等。it一般不存在过去和现在的区分，如than it was five years ago等，但地点是要区分的，这好像是你近来的一个总结。不知我理解的对不对。

yichousun

og11-74

Often visible as smog, ozone is formed in the atmosphere from hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, two major pollutants emitted by automobiles, react with sunlight.

(A)  ozone is formed in the atmosphere from

(B)  ozone is formed in the atmosphere when

(C)  ozone is formed in the atmosphere, and when

(D)  ozone, formed in the atmosphere when

(E)   ozone, formed in the atmosphere from

1.句子完整性一级排除D,E
                

Choice D,E omits the main verb, is, leaving a sentence fragment
                

1.      从句和主句不能并列二级排除C,且造成句子不完整
            

In choice C, the use of the conjunction and results in the illogical assertion that the formation of ozone in the atmosphere happens in addition to, rather than as a result of, its formation when hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxide react with sunlight.

3．.介词短语后面只能接名词，不能接句子。二级排除A

, from后面的东东不对In choice A, the construction from hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides ... react is ungrammatical.

From是介词, 介词后面只能接名词, 不能接句子!!!!  

Be based on sth一样!!!og90

yichousun

og11-75

Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile delta and the river valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.

(A)  that flourished at the same time as the civilizations

(B)  that had flourished at the same time as had the civilizations

(C)  that flourished at the same time those had

(D)  flourishing at the same time as those did

(E)   flourishing at the same time as those were

1.       比较结构：一级排除D,E 

比较的时候，尽量把比较放在一个句子中进行（哪怕是个定语从句），也不要在分词短语中，ets认为这样的比较有缺陷
            

2. 代词： those一级排除C,D,E 

In choices C, D, and E, the plural pronoun those has no plural noun to which it can refer.

没有歧义的时候补出动词多余，尤其在这儿，因为后边还有一堆介词短语，就更加显的笨拙，
            

1．  时态：二级排除B, 

At the same time asè明确是个一般过去的时间!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

过去完成时态一定要有一个过去时态的动词，并且完成时态发生在过去时态动作之前。
            

Choice A, the best answer, uses the simple past tense flourished to describe civilizations existing simultaneously in the past.

Choice B wrongly uses the past perfect had flourished; past perfect tense indicates action that was completed prior to some other event described in the simple past tense: for example, "Mayan civilization had ceased to exist by the time Europeans first reached the Americas." è在此题里面没有过去完成时态的时间参照点è过去完成时态就这个一招: 要明确出现一般过去时态的动词
            

His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine homeland, far outside the range of present-day glaciers, led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of an age in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas.

(A) in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas

(B) in which great ice sheets existed in what are now temperate areas
                    

(C) when great ice sheets existed where there were areas now temperate

(D) when great ice sheets had existed in current temperate areas（B）
                

(E) when great ice sheets existed in areas now that are temperate  

yichousun

og11-76

Never before had taxpayers confronted so many changes at once as they had in the Tax Reform Act of 1986.

(A)  so many changes at once as they had in

(B)  at once as many changes as

(C)  at once as many changes that there were with

(D)  as many changes at once as they confronted in

(E)   so many changes at once that confronted them in

1比较结构：
            一级排除A,B,E
                

Never + as/so … as 都可以。比较结构的意思上的对等。。  as… that 不合理
            

A。 as they had è as they had confronted ,时间点不合理。
            è
            排除 A

B.   as… as the Tax …   Tax / changes 比较不合理。è
            排除 B

C.   so many … that 无比较意义è
            排除 E

2．时态：     比较结构的时态前后要考虑是否逻辑上合理。。。。
            

3．修饰：二级排除C    状语的位置不能随便改变。。。。

yichousun

og11-77

Even though the direct costs of malpractice disputes amounts to a sum lower than one percent of the $541 billion the nation spent on health care last year, doctors say fear of lawsuits plays a major role in health-care inflation.

(A)  amounts to a sum lower

(B)  amounts to less

(C)  amounted to less

(D)  amounted to lower

(E)   amounted to a lower sum

1 时态/单复数：一级排除A,B
                

 last year 是
            一般过去式的标志。
            

2简洁/平行结构：二级排除D.E
                

Sum lower 太 wordy.

the construction a lower sum than is awkward and imprecise in the context of the sentence

less / lower 

less 可以做名词
            和后面的one percent比较，但是 lower只能是形容词。能和后面的平行对比的只能是less.  In D, the adjective lower is erroneously used in place of the noun less as object of the preposition to. (less 是名词，还是第一次听说) actually it functions as a determiner/pronoun指示词
            有代名词的性质
            

.

Amounts to (to 为介词用)

lower肯定是形容词
            

less : 

1. a smaller amount or not as much/opposite more

Doctors recommend eating less salt.

People today seem to have less time for each other.Most of us got £4 an hour, but some received even less.

less of

The map covered less of the area than I'd thought.Flying is less of a risk than driving.

less (...) than

She knows less than I do about it.

less than 10/100 etc

a distance of less than 100 metres much/a lot less

It costs much less to go by bus.

It costs much less to go by bus.

2. used to mean 'fewer' or 'not as many', although many people think this use is incorrect opposite more

2. used to mean 'fewer' or 'not as many', although many people think this use is incorrect opposite more

There were less people there than we expected.

see usage note few