og11大总结

yichousun

og11-78

Visitors to the park have often looked up into the leafy canopy and saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs hang like socks on a clothesline.

(A)   saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs hang

(B)   saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs were hanging

(C)   saw monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging

(D)  seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, with arms and legs hanging

(E)   seen monkeys sleeping on the branches, whose arms and legs have hung

1平行结构：一级排除
            ＡＢＣE
                

考虑动作的逻辑关系平行。
            

Choices A, B, and C use have ... saw where have ... seen is required.

平行结构：looked / seen ; hanging / sleeping 

出现过的两个平行, 错误的, 关于have的
            

Have done sth and did sth

Have been able to do sth and did sth

2 修饰：
            句末的非限制性定语从句指向其前面名词性结构的中心词
            

Choices A, B, and E awkwardly separate the relative clause beginning whose arms and legs ... from monkeys, the noun it modifies.

yichousun

og11-79

The Parthenon was a church from 1204 until 1456, when Athens was taken by General Mohammed the Conqueror, the Turkish sultan, who established a mosque in the building and used the Acropolis as a fortress.

(A)   who established a mosque in the building and used the Acropolis as

(B)   who, establishing a mosque in the building, used the Acropolis like

(C)   who, when he had established a mosque in the building, used the Acropolis like

(D)  who had established a mosque in the building, using the Acropolis to be

(E)   establishing a mosque in the building and using the Acropolis as

1词法：一级排除  B,C,D
                

 use sth. As …

used the Acropolis as a fortress, in which used as means "employed in the capacity of."

2 时态：二级排除  C,D
                

过去时/过去完成时
            

Similarly, in D, had established... using states that Mohammed had already performed the actions before capturing Athens; è过去完成时态自动表示完成在时间参照点之前的动作è结构为先!!!

3 分词一级排除  E
                

and in E, establishing and using modify Athens, thus producing an absurd statement

yichousun

og11-80

New hardy varieties of rice show promise of pro­ducing high yields without the costly requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties.

(A)  requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties

(B)   requirements by earlier high-yielding varieties of application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation

(C)  requirements for application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation of earlier high-yielding varieties

(D)  application of commercial fertilizer and irriga­tion that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties

(E)   irrigation and application of commercial fertil­izer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties

如何可以把内容清晰无误表达出来的一道很好的例题！
            

1# 关注由于不当的平行造成的歧义。
            

2# 定语从句的谓语动词指出主语。
            

        A 也挺好啊？？

yichousun

og11-81

In an effort to reduce their inventories, Italian vint­ners have cut prices; their wines have been priced to sell. and they are.

(A)  have been priced to sell, and they are

(B)  are priced to sell, and they have

(C)  are priced to sell, and they do

(D)  are being priced to sell, and have

(E)   had been priced to sell, and they have

1 时态  一级排除D,E
                

2平行二级排除D,E
                

在由省略出现的时候，尝试补出省略成分，再来比较。
            

从解释中可以infer出来，they 必须指代 wines（由此判断后边省略的只能不定式to sell）；their可以跨过分号指代前边的vintners.

sell 可以做不及物动词，被卖出去。
            

大并列的感觉 (本题会不会作并不重要，重要的是要知道ets是多么的重视并列，而并列应首先考虑本质上并列：本题中do sell 中sell是不带to的不定式)。
            

yichousun

og11-82

Senator Lasker has proposed legislation requiring that employers should retain all older workers indef­initely or show just cause for dismissal.

(A)  that employers should retain all older workers

(B)  that all older workers be retained by employers

(C)  the retaining by employers of all older workers

(D)  employers' retention of all older workers

(E)   employers to retain all older workers

1词法一级排除A,B,C,D,
                

require

Require somebody to do sth

Require of somebody that…/that 从句形式比不定式结构简洁
            

require sb. To do sth. / require that / require of sb. That  è
            注意require 带的从句里面不能用should

Choice A is less concise and contains the unnecessary should before retain,

in B, the awkward shift to the passive construc­tion makes workers the subject of show, thus producing the unintended statement that older workers [rather than employ­ers] are required to show just cause for dismissal

2被动次选/并列对应
            

Choices C and D are ungrammatical because the retaining and retention function as nouns, which cannot be joined by or to the verb show: grammar requires that the compound predicate consist of two verbs, retain... or show.

require 的用法。(OG 109, 138,181,227）
                

require of sb. that 

require sb. to do sth. 

require sth. of sb.

require that X be Y ( 当require,wish等词用于虚拟语气,表示某个愿望或者某人行为要求,用此格式）
                

即：wish/require that X be Y ( correct)

wish/require that X should be Y ( incorrect)

wish/require that X is Y ( incorrect)

yichousun

og11-83

Most state constitutions now mandate that the state budget be balanced each year.

(A)  mandate that the state budget be balanced

(B)  mandate the state budget to be balanced

(C)  mandate that the state budget will be balanced

(D)  have a mandate for a balanced state budget

(E)   have a mandate to balance the state budget

1词法一级排除
                B.C,D,E
                

mandate意思为动词强制的时候，必须跟that从句用虚拟语气。
            

When mandate is used as a verb to mean "make it mandatory,' it must be followed by that and a verb in the subjunctive mood, as in A, the best answer: mandate that x be balanced.

Choice B uses the ungrammatical mandate x to be balanced. Mandate/demand不能加
                to do

Choice C inappropriately uses the future indicative, will be, rather than the subjunctive.

Choices D and E use wordy and imprecise expressions in place of the verb mandate: neither have a mandate for a balanced... budget nor have a mandate to balance the ... budget makes clear that the requirement is made by the constitution(名词不能表示动作的发出者
            不清晰).

D中的for 介词短语，不能限定后面的each year是在介短内，还是介短外；所以，会有两种看法，
            

1、have a mandate （ for a balanced state budget） each year；
            

2、have a mandate（ for a balanced state budget each year）
            

E答案中的to是不定式，do1 to do2 each year，我个人认为，each year作为副词是就近修do2的。
            

E应该没有这问题，have a mandate to balance the state budget each year，很明显，each year 是用来修to balance 的；如果它想修mandate不能放在这个位置，要改为：have, each year, a mandate to balance the state budget.

It is also unclear in D whether each year refers to the mandating or the balancing.

yichousun

og11-84

Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Environ­mental Protection Agency is required either to approve individual state plans for controlling the discharge of wastes into underground water or that they enforce their own plan for states without adequate regulations.

(A)  that they enforce their

(B)  for enforcing their

(C)  they should enforce their

(D)  it should enforce its

(E)   to enforce its

1平行  一级排除 A,B,C,D
                

 either to do ……nor to do…….

E is the only one that maintains grammatical parallelism by using an infinitive--to enforce--to complete the construction either to approve ... or....

All of the other choices offer syntactic structures that are not parallel to the infinitive phrase to approve.

2单复数
                

In addition, choices A, B, and C use plural pronouns (they and their) that have no grammatical referents.

Act 法案，法规
            

yichousun

og11-85

Dirt roads may evoke the bucolic simplicity of another century, but financially strained townships point out that dirt roads cost twice as much as maintaining paved roads.

(A)  dirt roads cost twice as much as maintaining paved roads

(B)  dirt roads cost twice as much to maintain as paved roads do

(C)  maintaining dirt roads costs twice as much as paved roads do

(D)  maintaining dirt roads costs twice as much as it does for paved roads

(E)   to maintain dirt roads costs twice as much as for paved roads

1比较/对应  一级排除A,C,D,E
                

A  the cost of dirt roads 比较the cost of maintaining paved roads.
                

C the cost of maintaining dirt roads 比较 the cost of paved roads themselves.

D it 无指代对象
            

E
            to maintain dirt roads 比较for paved roads

yichousun

og11-86

Although early soap operas were first aired on evening radio in the 1920's, they had moved to the daytime hours of the 1930's when the evening schedule became crowded with comedians and variety shows.

(A)  were first aired on evening radio in the 1920's, they had moved to the daytime hours of the 1930's

(B)   were first aired on evening radio in the 1920's, they were moved to the daytime hours in the 1930's

(C)  were aired first on evening radio in the 1920's, moving to the daytime hours in the 1930's

(D)  were aired first in the evening on 1920's radio, they moved to the daytime hours of the 1930's

(E)   aired on evening radio first in the 1920's, they were moved to the 1930's in the daytime hours

1句子完整性
            一级排除C
                

In C, moving introduces a dangling participial phrase in place of an independent clause, thus producing a fragment. 这样一放, 没有主句了.

2并列  二级排除D,E
                

Choice D breaks this parallelism by shifting from passive to active voice (moved). 从意思上看, 被移动, 被播放
            

3时态
            二级排除 A
                

 the past perfect should be used to indicate action completed before, not after, the action of were aired. 体会完成时态的意思èwhen we use a tense or other structure, the tense or structure itself decides the meaning. We need to use the righteous structure to express our meaning. Not only think about the meaning. Past perfect tense itself expresses the meaning of completion of an action, no matter what the author wanted to say.

yichousun

og11-87

The energy source on Voyager 2 is not a nuclear reactor, in which atoms are actively broken apart; rather a kind of nuclear battery that uses natural radioactive decay to produce power.

(A)  apart; rather

(B)  apart, but rather

(C)  apart, but rather that of

(D)  apart, but that of

(E)   apart; it is that of

1平行  一级排除A,E
                

平行结构： not …. But rather

且前后成分的对应
            

here rather is optional but preferable because it helps estab­lish a contrast between the two types of energy source.

2代词指代  二级排除C，D
                

that of has no grammatical referent and thus produces illogical and incorrect sentences.