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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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1.CR
Archaeologists have discovered an abundance of cotton seeds at the ancient site of Caral, a civilization that thrived in the Supe Valley of Peru around 5,000 years ago. The climate and soil conditions in the Supe Valley were not conducive to growing food crops, leading researchers to hypothesize that the people of Caral cultivated cotton to trade with neighboring regions for sustenance. In a nearby fishing village, remnants of cotton fishing nets were found, further supporting this theory. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the researchers' hypothesis?
A. Irrigation systems have been discovered in Caral, suggesting that the inhabitants were capable of diverting water to their fields for agricultural purposes.
B. The fishing village near Caral was known to engage in trade with other coastal communities for a variety of goods, including textiles and food products.
C. Archaeologists have found evidence of a thriving textile industry in Caral, with numerous spindle whorls and weaving tools scattered throughout the site.
D. Remains of marine life, such as fish bones and mollusk shells, have been found in abundance at Caral, indicating that the inhabitants relied heavily on seafood for their diet.
E. While no ceramic bowls have been found at Caral, researchers have discovered numerous gourds, which were commonly used by South American civilizations as vessels for drinking and storing liquids.
Reality television shows have traditionally been less expensive to produce compared to scripted shows, as they do not require well-known, highly-paid actors. Instead, they feature ordinary people or lesser-known personalities. However, in recent years, the production costs of reality shows have been steadily increasing, despite their continued popularity and ability to capture large audiences.
Which of the following, if true, would best explain the rising costs of producing reality television shows?
A. The proliferation of streaming platforms has led to increased competition for viewers' attention, forcing reality show producers to invest more in marketing and promotion.
B. Advances in technology have enabled reality show producers to incorporate more elaborate special effects and post-production techniques, driving up costs.
C. The success of reality shows has prompted labor unions to demand higher wages and better working conditions for production crew members.
D. As reality shows continue to gain popularity, the demand for experienced reality show producers has increased, allowing them to command higher salaries.
E. Many reality show participants, having witnessed the genre's success, are now demanding significantly higher compensation for their appearances, driving up overall production costs.
答案:
CE
2. RC
Atmospheres rich with hydrogen are the most vulnerable to hydrodynamic escape. As hydrogen flows outward, it can pick up and drag along heavier molecules and atoms with it. Much as the desert wind blows dust across an ocean and sand grains from dune to dune, while leaving cobbles and boulders behind, the hydrogen wind carries off molecules and atoms at a rate that diminishes with their weight. Thus, the present composition of an atmosphere can reveal whether this process has ever occurred.
In fact, astronomers have seen the telltale signs of hydrodynamic escape outside the solar system, on the Jupiter-like planet HD 209458b. Using the Hubble Space Telescope, Alfred Vidal-Madjar of the Paris Astrophysics Institute and his colleagues reported in 2003 that the planet has a puffed-up atmosphere of hydrogen. Subsequent measurements discovered carbon and oxygen in this inflated atmosphere. These atoms are too heavy to escape on their own, so they must have been dragged there by hydrogen. Hydrodynamic loss would also explain why astronomers find no large planets much closer to their stars than HD 209458b is. For planets that orbit within three million kilometers or so of their stars (about half the orbital radius of HD 209458b), hydrodynamic escape strips away the entire atmosphere within a few billion years, leaving behind only a scorched remnant.
This evidence for planetary winds lends credence to ideas put forth in the 1980s about hydrodynamic escape from ancient Venus, Earth and Mars. Three clues suggest this process once operated on these worlds. The first concerns noble gases. Were it not for escape, chemically unreactive gases such as neon or argon would remain in an atmosphere indefinitely. The abundances of their different isotopes would be similar to their original values, which in turn are similar to that of the sun, given their common origin in the solar nebula. Yet the abundances differ.Second, youthful stars are strong sources of ultraviolet light, and our sun was probably no exception. This radiation could have driven hydrodynamic escape.Third, the early terrestrial planets may have had hydrogen-rich atmospheres. The hydrogen could have come from chemical reactions of water with iron, from nebular gases or from water molecules broken apart by solar ultraviolet radiation. In those primeval days, asteroids and comets hit more frequently, and whenever they smacked into an ocean, they filled the atmosphere with steam. Over thousands of years the steam condensed and rained back onto the surface, but Venus is close enough to the sun that water vapor may have persisted in the atmosphere, where solar radiation could break it down.
Under such conditions, hydrodynamic escape would readily operate. In the 1980s James F. Kasting, now at Pennsylvania State University, showed that hydrodynamic escape on Venus could have carried away an ocean’s worth of hydrogen within a few tens of millions of years [see “How Climate Evolved on the Terrestrial Planets,” by James F. Kasting, Owen B. Toon and James B. Pollack; Scientific American, February 1988]. Kasting and one of us (Zahnle) subsequently showed that escaping hydrogen would have dragged along much of the oxygen but left carbon dioxide behind. Without water to mediate the chemical reactions that turn carbon dioxide into carbonate minerals such as limestone, the carbon dioxide built up in the atmosphere and created the hellish Venus we see today
1. The author's use of the analogy comparing the effect of desert winds on dust, sand, and boulders to the process of hydrodynamic escape serves to:
A. Highlight the differences between atmospheric and surface processes on planets.
B. Explain how the weight of molecules and atoms affects their susceptibility to hydrodynamic escape.
C. Demonstrate the importance of wind in shaping planetary surfaces and atmospheres.
D. Suggest that hydrodynamic escape is a slow and gradual process, similar to wind erosion.
E. Emphasize the role of hydrogen in transporting heavier elements during hydrodynamic escape.
2. According to the passage, which of the following factors contributed to the possibility of hydrodynamic escape on early Venus?
A. The planet's proximity to the sun and the potential for water vapor to persist in its atmosphere.
B. The frequent impact of asteroids and comets on the planet's surface.
C. The chemical reactions between water and iron in the planet's atmosphere.
D. The presence of carbon dioxide in the planet's atmosphere, which trapped heat and increased atmospheric temperature.
E. The strong magnetic field of Venus, which protected its atmosphere from solar radiation.
3. The passage implies that the noble gas isotopic abundances in the atmospheres of ancient Venus, Earth, and Mars differ from those of the sun primarily due to:
A. The chemical reactions between these gases and other elements in the atmospheres.
B. The escape of these gases from the atmospheres through hydrodynamic escape.
C. The frequent impacts of asteroids and comets, which delivered these gases to the planets.
D. The breakdown of these gases by solar ultraviolet radiation.
E. The incorporation of these gases into carbonate minerals on the planetary surfaces.
4. Based on the information provided in the passage, which of the following statements about the atmosphere of HD 209458b is most likely to be true?
A. The atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of carbon and oxygen.
B. The planet's distance from its star is too great for hydrodynamic escape to occur.
C. The carbon and oxygen in the atmosphere were likely carried there by the planet's hydrogen wind.
D. The atmosphere is similar in composition to the atmospheres of the early terrestrial planets.
E. The planet's atmosphere is likely to be stripped away entirely within a few million years.
5. The passage suggests that the buildup of carbon dioxide in Venus' atmosphere is a result of which of the following?
A. The hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen and oxygen from the planet's atmosphere.
B. The lack of water to mediate chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide into carbonate minerals.
C. The frequent impact of asteroids and comets on the planet's surface.
D. The strong ultraviolet radiation from the sun breaking down carbon compounds in the atmosphere.
E. Both A and B.
6. The author mentions the work of James F. Kasting and Kevin Zahnle in order to:
A. Provide evidence for the occurrence of hydrodynamic escape on ancient Venus.
B. Explain the role of hydrogen in the formation of planetary atmospheres.
C. Compare the atmospheres of Venus and Earth.
D. Highlight the importance of water in regulating atmospheric composition.
E. Demonstrate the long-term stability of carbon dioxide in planetary atmospheres.
8. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the relationship between solar radiation and hydrodynamic escape?
A. Solar radiation has little impact on the occurrence of hydrodynamic escape.
B. Strong solar radiation, particularly ultraviolet light, can drive hydrodynamic escape.
C. Solar radiation can prevent hydrodynamic escape by ionizing the atoms in a planet's atmosphere.
D. The role of solar radiation in hydrodynamic escape is not well understood.
E. Solar radiation can contribute to the buildup of hydrogen in a planet's atmosphere, reducing the likelihood of hydrodynamic escape.
9. The passage indicates that the study of HD 209458b's atmosphere provides evidence for which of the following?
A. The occurrence of hydrodynamic escape in planetary atmospheres outside our solar system.
B. The similarity in atmospheric composition between HD 209458b and the early terrestrial planets.
C. The importance of carbon and oxygen in the formation of planetary atmospheres.
D. The role of hydrogen in preventing atmospheric escape from planets.
E. The potential for life to exist on planets with hydrogen-rich atmospheres.
10. Based on the information in the passage, which of the following statements about the early terrestrial planets is most strongly supported?
A. They had atmospheres that were very similar in composition to the sun.
B. They experienced hydrodynamic escape, which altered the composition of their atmospheres.
C. They had atmospheres that were primarily composed of carbon dioxide and water vapor.
D. They were too far from the sun to experience significant atmospheric loss through hydrodynamic escape.
E. They had atmospheres that were unaffected by the impact of asteroids and comets.
1. B
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. E
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. B
3.DI
The Crusades, a series of religious wars waged by the Latin Church and European powers in the Middle Ages, had a profound and lasting impact on the political, social, and cultural landscape of Europe and the Middle East. These wars, fought over the course of several centuries, were initially launched with the goal of reclaiming the Holy Land from Muslim rule and securing Christian access to the sacred sites in Jerusalem. However, the Crusades evolved into a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that had far-reaching consequences beyond their original religious and military objectives.
One of the most significant aspects of the Crusades was the evolution of military tactics and technology. At the outset of the Crusades, European armies primarily relied on heavy cavalry, with knights serving as the elite force and backbone of the military. These knights, clad in heavy armor and mounted on powerful warhorses, were formidable opponents on the battlefields of Europe. However, the harsh terrain, scorching climate, and unfamiliar enemy tactics of the Middle East posed significant challenges to the Crusader forces.
The Crusaders quickly realized that their traditional military strategies were ill-suited to the conditions they faced in the Holy Land. The heavily armored knights struggled to maneuver in the narrow, winding streets of ancient cities like Jerusalem and Antioch, and the intense heat of the desert sapped their strength and endurance. Moreover, the Muslim defenders of these cities employed sophisticated fortification techniques and siege engines that the Europeans had not encountered before.
To adapt to these challenges, the Crusaders began to modify their tactics and incorporate new elements into their armies. They placed greater emphasis on infantry, recognizing the value of foot soldiers in storming city walls and engaging in close-quarters combat. The Crusaders also recruited large numbers of archers, whose long-range attacks could harass enemy forces and provide cover for advancing troops. These tactical adjustments allowed the Crusaders to successfully capture heavily fortified cities like Jerusalem in 1099 and Acre in 1191.
Furthermore, the Crusaders learned from their Muslim adversaries and adopted many of their military technologies. The Muslims had long been masters of siege warfare, employing sophisticated engines like trebuchets, mangonels, and battering rams to breach city walls and conquer fortified positions. The Crusaders quickly recognized the effectiveness of these weapons and began to construct their own, leading to a rapid advancement in siege technology on the European continent.
The exchange of military knowledge was not limited to siege engines, however. The Crusaders also encountered advanced Muslim fortification techniques, such as the use of concentric castle walls, barbicans, and machicolations. These architectural features were designed to enhance the defensibility of castles and cities, and the Europeans eagerly incorporated them into their own fortifications upon returning home. The Crusades thus served as a catalyst for the diffusion of military innovations between the Islamic world and Christian Europe.
Beyond the military realm, the Crusades had a significant impact on the intellectual and cultural development of Europe. The Crusaders came into contact with the rich scientific, mathematical, and medical knowledge of the Islamic world, which had preserved and expanded upon the wisdom of ancient Greek and Roman scholars. Muslim scholars had made groundbreaking advances in fields such as algebra, astronomy, and medicine, and their works were translated into Latin and disseminated throughout Europe.
The Crusaders brought back this knowledge to their homelands, where it would have a profound impact on the intellectual landscape of medieval Europe. The influx of new ideas and concepts from the Islamic world challenged traditional European notions and sparked a renewed interest in learning and inquiry. This knowledge transfer laid the foundation for the Renaissance, a period of great cultural and scientific flourishing that would transform Europe in the centuries to come.
However, the Crusades also had darker consequences for the peoples of Europe and the Middle East. The wars were marked by incredible brutality and violence, with both sides committing atrocities in the name of their faith. The Crusaders, in particular, were known for their ruthless treatment of Muslim and Jewish populations, often massacring entire cities upon their conquest.
One of the most notorious examples of this brutality was the Rhineland massacres of 1096, which occurred during the First Crusade. As Crusader armies marched through the German Rhineland en route to the Holy Land, they unleashed a wave of violence against the Jewish communities in cities like Worms, Mainz, and Cologne. Thousands of Jews were slaughtered, their homes and synagogues destroyed, and their property plundered. This event set a tragic precedent for anti-Semitic violence in Europe, which would persist for centuries and culminate in the horrors of the Holocaust.
The Crusades also had a profound impact on the political and religious landscape of Europe. The repeated failures of the Crusades, despite the enormous cost in lives and resources, led to a growing disillusionment among Europeans with the leadership of the Latin Church. The Papacy, which had initially championed the Crusades as a means of asserting its authority and uniting Christendom, found its prestige and influence diminished as the wars dragged on without lasting success.
Moreover, the Crusades exacerbated the tensions and rivalries between the European monarchs and the Church. Many kings and nobles used the Crusades as an opportunity to assert their own power and pursue their political ambitions, often at the expense of the religious objectives of the wars. The Fourth Crusade, for example, was diverted from its original goal of recapturing Jerusalem and instead ended up sacking the Christian city of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. This event deepened the schism between the Latin and Orthodox branches of Christianity and contributed to the eventual fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Turks.
The Crusades also had a lasting impact on the Muslim world. The wars were seen as a direct threat to Islam and its holy sites, and they sparked a powerful response from Muslim leaders and scholars. The Muslim world, previously divided by political and sectarian differences, found a common cause in defending against the Crusader invasions. The Crusades thus contributed to the consolidation of Muslim power and identity, particularly under the leadership of great rulers like Saladin, who successfully recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187.
However, the Crusades also left a legacy of bitterness and mistrust between the Christian and Muslim worlds. The wars were characterized by religious fanaticism, intolerance, and atrocities on both sides, and they helped to entrench a view of the other as a fundamental enemy. This legacy of hostility would have far-reaching consequences, shaping the relations between the West and the Islamic world for centuries to come.
In conclusion, the Crusades were a transformative event in the history of Europe and the Middle East. They had a profound impact on the military, intellectual, religious, and political development of both regions, and their consequences continue to be felt to this day. While the Crusades did lead to some positive developments, such as the transfer of knowledge and technology between civilizations, they were also marked by incredible violence, intolerance, and brutality. The legacy of the Crusades is thus a complex and contested one, reflecting the best and worst of human nature and the enduring power of religious and cultural conflict to shape the course of history.
Questions:
1. According to the passage, which of the following was a major challenge faced by European knights during the early stages of the Crusades?
A. The lack of adequate supplies and provisions due to the long distance traveled
B. The difficulty in adapting to the unfamiliar terrain, climate, and enemy tactics of the Middle East
C. The superior military technology and weaponry employed by the Muslim armies
D. The frequent outbreaks of disease and illness among the Crusader forces in the foreign land
E. The desertion and low morale of soldiers due to the lengthy and costly nature of the campaigns
2. The passage suggests that the Crusaders' decision to incorporate infantry and archers into their armies was primarily a result of:
A. The need to conserve resources and manpower during the long and exhausting campaigns
B. The realization that the traditional heavy cavalry tactics were ineffective in the urban warfare of the Middle East
C. The direct orders and mandates from the Latin Church to adopt new military strategies
D. The arrival of reinforcements from Europe who brought with them new tactical knowledge and expertise
E. The desire to emulate the successful military strategies and tactics employed by their Muslim adversaries
3. The passage indicates that the Crusaders' adoption of advanced siege weapons and fortification techniques from the Muslims led to:
A. The rapid and successful capture of heavily fortified cities like Jerusalem and Acre
B. The development of new and innovative defensive strategies by the Muslim armies to counter the Crusader threat
C. The complete abandonment of traditional heavy cavalry tactics in favor of infantry and archer-based warfare
D. The establishment of permanent European settlements and colonies in the conquered territories of the Middle East
E. The initiation of peace negotiations and treaties between the Crusader states and the Muslim rulers
4. The Rhineland massacres of 1096, as described in the passage, are presented as an example of:
A. The military prowess and success of the Crusader armies during the early stages of the First Crusade
B. The intense religious fervor and zeal that motivated Europeans to participate in the Crusades
C. The brutal and indiscriminate violence perpetrated by the Crusaders against the Jewish communities of Europe
D. The strategic alliances and partnerships formed between the Crusaders and local Jewish leaders in the Rhineland
E. The economic opportunities and benefits that the Crusades brought to the Jewish communities of Europe
5. The passage suggests that the repeated failures and setbacks of the Crusades had which of the following consequences for the Latin Church?
A. A strengthening of the Papacy's authority and influence as the spiritual leader of the Crusades
B. A growing disillusionment and loss of faith among Europeans in the leadership and competence of the Church
C. A renewed commitment and dedication from European monarchs and nobles to the cause of the Crusades
D. A fundamental shift in the Church's stance on the use of violence and force in the pursuit of religious objectives
E. A reconciliation and improvement of relations between the Latin Church and the Orthodox Church
6. According to the passage, the Muslim world's response to the Crusades was characterized by:
A. A fragmentation and weakening of Muslim political and military power in the face of the Crusader invasions
B. A unification and consolidation of Muslim identity and purpose in defending against the Crusaders
C. A widespread adoption and emulation of Crusader military tactics and technologies
D. A fundamental shift in Muslim religious beliefs and practices as a result of contact with Christianity
E. A complete withdrawal and isolation of Muslim societies from interaction with the Christian world
7. The Fourth Crusade, as mentioned in the passage, is significant because it:
A. Successfully recaptured Jerusalem from Muslim control and restored Christian rule in the Holy Land
B. Marked a turning point in the relations between the Crusaders and the Byzantine Empire
C. Established a lasting peace and understanding between the Christian and Muslim worlds
D. Demonstrated the superiority of Crusader military tactics and technology over those of the Muslims
E. Led to the downfall and collapse of the Latin Church's authority and influence in Europe
8. The passage suggests that the legacy of the Crusades for relations between the West and the Islamic world has been one of:
A. Mutual understanding, respect, and cooperation based on the shared experiences of the Crusades
B. Ongoing hostility, mistrust, and conflict rooted in the religious and cultural differences highlighted by the wars
C. Gradual reconciliation and dialogue as both sides have come to acknowledge the futility of religious warfare
D. Complete isolation and disengagement as both sides have sought to minimize contact and interaction
E. Economic interdependence and partnership as a result of the trade routes and commercial ties established during the Crusades
9. The author's perspective on the Crusades, as conveyed in the passage, can best be described as:
A. Strongly supportive of the Crusades as a noble and justified cause in defense of Christianity
B. Highly critical of the Crusades as a misguided and destructive enterprise that caused great harm
C. Neutral and objective, presenting both the positive and negative aspects of the Crusades without taking a clear stance
D. Ambivalent and uncertain, acknowledging the complex and multifaceted nature of the Crusades and their legacy
E. Romanticized and idealized, portraying the Crusades as a heroic and glorious chapter in European history
10. Which of the following best captures the main argument or thesis of the passage?
A. The Crusades were a necessary and justified response to Muslim aggression and the threat to Christianity
B. The Crusades were a tragic and misguided series of wars that caused immense suffering and damage
C. The Crusades were a transformative event that had far-reaching and complex consequences for Europe and the Middle East
D. The Crusades were primarily a military and political endeavor, with little genuine religious motivation or significance
E. The Crusades were a clash of civilizations that ultimately led to the triumph of Western values and culture over Islam
答案:
1. B
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. C
10. C
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发表于 2024-8-2 08:53:42
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