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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡
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1.CR
In a company lottery for a vacation day, employees could either choose their own number or let a computer randomly assign a number. It was observed that the winning numbers were more often the ones chosen by the employees themselves than the computer-assigned ones.
Which of the following, if true, most weakens the conclusion that self-chosen numbers have a higher chance of winning?
A. Some numbers have historically been luckier and are often chosen by employees.
B. The majority of the lottery tickets were those with self-chosen numbers by the employees.
C. Employees who chose their own numbers did extensive research on lucky numbers before choosing.
D. The computer randomly assigns numbers with a lower probability of winning.
E. Employees who let the computer choose their number did so because they felt unlucky.
In a city plagued by traffic congestion, the government proposes to build a new public transportation route directly connecting the southwest to the southeast. This is because many of those who work in the southeast live in the southwest and currently have to travel via the central Sun Station, contributing to significant traffic delays. Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the government's decision to build this new route?
A. The cost of the new route will be fully covered by the government.
B. The new route will utilize existing railway lines in the southern part of the city.
C. The new route is expected to be profitable within a few years of operation.
D. The majority of commuters traveling to the southeast are currently using private transportation.
E. The convergence of traffic from the south and the north at the central Sun Station is causing significant delays.
BE
2.DI
The Nile River, a timeless source of life and inspiration, has long been revered as the cradle of Egyptian civilization. Spanning over 6,650 kilometers from its headwaters in the heart of Africa to its expansive delta on the Mediterranean Sea, the Nile is not only the world's longest river but also a testament to the ingenuity and resilience of the ancient Egyptians who harnessed its power to create one of the most enduring and influential societies in human history.
For millennia, the ancient Egyptians relied on the Nile's annual flooding to sustain their agriculture-based economy and support their growing population. The river's predictable cycle of inundation, which typically began in late June and peaked in September, deposited nutrient-rich silt on the floodplains, creating ideal conditions for growing crops such as wheat, barley, and flax. This reliable agricultural system, combined with the Nile's role as a transportation and communication network, allowed the Egyptians to develop a complex and stratified society characterized by powerful pharaohs, a sophisticated bureaucracy, and monumental architecture.
Recent interdisciplinary studies have provided new insights into the intricate relationship between the Nile's hydrological patterns and the rise and fall of ancient Egyptian dynasties. A team of researchers, led by geologist Dr. Emilie Gagnon from the University of Toronto, analyzed sediment cores extracted from the Nile Delta to reconstruct a detailed record of the river's flood levels over the past 8,000 years. By comparing this data with archaeological and textual evidence, the researchers discovered a compelling correlation between periods of high flood levels and the emergence of strong, centralized states.
The study found that the Old Kingdom (c. 2686-2181 BCE), known for its iconic pyramids and the flourishing of art and literature, coincided with a period of consistently high Nile floods. Similarly, the New Kingdom (c. 1550-1069 BCE), marked by the reign of powerful pharaohs such as Hatshepsut and Ramesses II, emerged during another extended period of abundant flooding. In contrast, the intermediate periods, such as the First Intermediate Period (c. 2181-2055 BCE) and the Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650-1550 BCE), were characterized by lower flood levels, political fragmentation, and the decline of central authority.
To explain this pattern, Dr. Gagnon and her colleagues propose a novel hypothesis that links the Nile's hydrological regime to the stability and power of the ancient Egyptian state. According to their model, periods of high flood levels led to increased agricultural productivity, allowing the state to accumulate surplus wealth and support a larger population. This, in turn, enabled the ruling elite to invest in monumental construction projects, maintain a standing army, and expand their territorial control through military campaigns and diplomatic alliances.
However, the researchers caution that the relationship between Nile flooding and political stability was likely more complex and multifaceted than their initial hypothesis suggests. They acknowledge that other factors, such as changes in trade routes, technological innovations, and foreign invasions, also played significant roles in shaping the course of ancient Egyptian history. For example, the Second Intermediate Period, which saw the decline of central authority and the occupation of northern Egypt by the Hyksos, a Semitic people from the Levant, may have been influenced by a combination of environmental stress and external political pressures.
Despite these caveats, the study of Nile flood patterns has important implications for our understanding of ancient Egyptian civilization and its legacy. By providing a long-term perspective on the environmental conditions that shaped the development of this remarkable society, the research conducted by Dr. Gagnon and her team offers valuable insights into the complex interplay between human agency and natural forces in the creation of enduring cultural traditions.
Moreover, the study highlights the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in the field of archaeology and the need for collaboration between scientists, historians, and other scholars to unravel the mysteries of the past. By combining cutting-edge scientific techniques, such as sediment core analysis and radiocarbon dating, with traditional archaeological methods and historical sources, researchers can construct a more comprehensive and nuanced picture of ancient societies and their environments.
The findings also have contemporary relevance, as they underscore the critical role of water resources in the stability and prosperity of human societies. In an era of rapid climate change and increasing water scarcity, understanding the long In an era of rapid climate change and increasing water scarcity, understanding the long-term dynamics of human-environment interactions is more important than ever. The lessons learned from the ancient Egyptians' experience with the Nile can inform modern efforts to develop sustainable water management strategies and adapt to the challenges posed by a changing climate.
Furthermore, the study of ancient Egyptian civilization and its relationship to the Nile has broader implications for our understanding of the role of environmental factors in the rise and fall of complex societies. By examining the ways in which the ancient Egyptians responded to and modified their environment, we can gain valuable insights into the resilience and adaptability of human cultures in the face of ecological challenges.
In conclusion, the recent research on the relationship between Nile flooding and ancient Egyptian dynasties highlights the enduring fascination and relevance of this remarkable civilization. By combining scientific analysis with historical and archaeological evidence, researchers are shedding new light on the complex interplay between environmental conditions and human agency in shaping the course of history. As we continue to explore the mysteries of ancient Egypt and its timeless river, we are reminded of the importance of understanding and learning from the past as we navigate the challenges of the present and future.
1. According to the passage, which of the following best describes the relationship between the Nile's annual flooding and ancient Egyptian agriculture?
A) The Nile's flooding was unpredictable and often led to crop failures.
B) The Nile's flooding deposited nutrient-rich silt on the floodplains, creating ideal conditions for growing crops.
C) The ancient Egyptians relied on irrigation techniques rather than the Nile's flooding for their agriculture.
D) The Nile's flooding had little impact on ancient Egyptian agriculture, which was primarily based on trade.
2. What is the main hypothesis proposed by Dr. Gagnon and her colleagues regarding the relationship between Nile flood levels and the stability of the ancient Egyptian state?
A) Periods of high flood levels led to increased agricultural productivity, allowing the state to accumulate wealth and support a larger population.
B) Periods of low flood levels were associated with the emergence of strong, centralized states.
C) The Nile's flood levels had no significant impact on the stability or power of the ancient Egyptian state.
D) The relationship between Nile flood levels and political stability was entirely determined by foreign invasions and changes in trade routes.
3. According to the passage, which of the following periods of ancient Egyptian history was characterized by lower flood levels and political fragmentation?
A) The Old Kingdom (c. 2686-2181 BCE)
B) The New Kingdom (c. 1550-1069 BCE)
C) The First Intermediate Period (c. 2181-2055 BCE)
D) The passage does not mention any periods characterized by lower flood levels and political fragmentation.
4. The passage suggests that the study of Nile flood patterns is significant for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
A) It provides a long-term perspective on the environmental conditions that shaped the development of ancient Egyptian civilization.
B) It offers conclusive evidence that the Nile was the sole determinant of political stability in ancient Egypt.
C) It highlights the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in the field of archaeology.
D) It has contemporary relevance for understanding the role of water resources in the stability and prosperity of human societies.
5. What does the passage imply about the relationship between environmental factors and the rise and fall of complex societies?
A) Environmental factors have no significant impact on the rise and fall of complex societies.
B) Environmental factors are the sole determinants of the rise and fall of complex societies.
C) Examining the ways in which societies respond to and modify their environment can provide insights into their resilience and adaptability.
D) The rise and fall of complex societies is entirely determined by human agency and has no relation to environmental factors.
6. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the Second Intermediate Period is true?
A) It was a time of consistently high Nile floods and political stability.
B) It saw the decline of central authority and the occupation of northern Egypt by the Hyksos.
C) It was characterized by the flourishing of art and literature.
D) The passage does not provide any information about the artistic or literary achievements of the Second Intermediate Period.
7. The author of the passage would most likely agree with which of the following statements?
A) The study of ancient civilizations has little relevance to modern society.
B) Interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for unraveling the mysteries of the past.
C) The ancient Egyptians' experience with the Nile has no bearing on modern water management strategies.
D) Scientific techniques have no place in the field of archaeology.
8. What is the primary purpose of the passage?
A) To argue that the Nile was the sole determinant of ancient Egyptian civilization
B) To explore the complex relationship between Nile flood patterns and the rise and fall of ancient Egyptian dynasties
C) To prove that the ancient Egyptians had no impact on their environment
D) To dismiss the importance of studying ancient civilizations in the modern era
9. According to the passage, what is the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level of the text?
A) 14.8
B) 15.8
C) 16.8
D) 17.8
10. The passage suggests that understanding the long-term dynamics of human-environment interactions is crucial for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
A) Developing sustainable water management strategies
B) Adapting to the challenges posed by climate change
C) Predicting the exact timing and duration of future droughts
D) Gaining insights into the resilience and adaptability of human cultures
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. C
10. C
3.RC
Susan Reverby's seminal work, Ordered to Care, stands as the most comprehensive historical examination of the nursing profession in America. Building upon the groundwork laid by Barbara Melosh's "The Physician's Hand" (1982), Reverby's book deftly interweaves the threads of women's history, labor history, and medical history to illustrate the pivotal role of nursing in the broader tapestry of social history. Moreover, Reverby employs the history of nursing in America as a lens through which to examine the more expansive questions surrounding the role of caregiving in our society—questions that have captured the attention of feminist scholars across a spectrum of disciplines.
Central to Reverby's thesis is the notion that nursing has long been perceived as a quintessentially feminine occupation, a perception that has profoundly shaped both the nature of the tasks performed by nurses and the status of the profession as a whole. With meticulous detail, Reverby traces the evolution of the dominant ideology in nursing, demonstrating that it emerged not from a commitment to women's rights, but rather from eighteenth and nineteenth-century conceptions of feminine character and obligation.
Prior to 1870, nursing was primarily confined to two spheres: the domestic realm, where women tended to the needs of their loved ones as an extension of their familial duties, and the hospital setting, where large, custodial institutions served the indigent and dependent. While the caliber of care provided in these two contexts varied drastically—hospital nurses occupied the lowest rung of the paid labor hierarchy and were sometimes convalescing patients themselves—both shared the underlying assumption that women were inherently suited to the task of nursing.
Even in the wake of the scientific and medical breakthroughs and the social and economic upheavals that accelerated the professionalization of nursing after 1870, the ideology underpinning the field remained largely unchanged. To be sure, pioneers in nursing education embraced the rhetoric and assumptions of professionalization, asserting that being a woman was a necessary but insufficient condition for becoming a nurse. However, their vision—the creation of elite training schools to impart the technical and supportive aspects of healthcare no longer addressed by increasingly specialized physicians—failed to liberate nursing from its subordinate position within the emerging healthcare hierarchy.
It was not for lack of effort on the part of nursing leaders. They championed a rigorous, female-controlled educational standard that emphasized character development and strict hierarchical discipline. They framed nursing as a respectable solution to the conundrum faced by middle-class families regarding the education of their daughters. They welcomed the support of hospital administrators and physicians who recognized that the drive to elevate and standardize nursing education aligned with their own agendas for medical reform.
However, as Reverby contends, the objectives of these three groups were fundamentally at odds. Hospital administrators quickly recognized that an in-house training school could provide an inexhaustible supply of inexpensive and pliable labor. Physicians viewed nursing education as a means of streamlining hospital care, but they resisted any efforts to enhance nurses' autonomy or scientific expertise, insisting that nurses should remain stereotypically submissive, nurturing, and self-sacrificing. As the demands of hospitals increasingly dictated decision-making in a growing number of training schools, nursing leaders gradually lost control over educational quality, admission criteria, and the deployment of student labor on the wards.
In her analysis of these conflicts, Reverby demonstrates a keen understanding of the intricate interplay between gender and class. As the American labor market became increasingly segregated along gender lines, the female-dominated profession of nursing began to attract both middle-class and working-class women. However, nurses from different class backgrounds were channeled into disparate and unequal opportunities within the field, resulting in divergent goals and visions among the leadership and the rank and file.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
A) Nursing has always been considered a feminine occupation, which has influenced the tasks nurses perform and the status of the profession.
B) Scientific and medical advances after 1870 led to the complete professionalization of nursing.
C) Nursing leaders successfully liberated the profession from its subordinate status within the healthcare hierarchy.
D) Hospital administrators and physicians fully supported the efforts of nursing leaders to elevate and standardize nursing education.
E) The American labor market became increasingly segregated along gender lines, attracting only middle-class women to the nursing
2. According to the passage, what was the primary reason for the emergence of the dominant ideology in nursing?
A) A commitment to women's rights
B) The influence of feminist scholars across disciplines
C) Eighteenth and nineteenth-century conceptions of feminine character and obligation
D) The scientific and medical breakthroughs of the late 19th century
E) The increasing specialization of physicians
3. Before 1870, nursing took place in which two settings?
A) Hospitals and elite training schools
B) Domestic homes and large, custodial institutions serving the indigent and dependent
C) Middle-class homes and working-class homes
D) Hospitals and specialized medical facilities
E) Elite training schools and domestic homes
4. According to the passage, what did nursing leaders advocate for in their efforts to professionalize nursing?
A) Increased autonomy for nurses and enhanced scientific expertise
B) A rigorous, female-controlled educational standard emphasizing character development and strict hierarchical discipline
C) The complete separation of nursing from the medical profession
D) The elimination of the stereotype of nurses as submissive, nurturing, and self-sacrificing
E) Equal opportunities for nurses from different class backgrounds
5. What was the primary reason for the divergent goals and visions among nursing leaders and rank-and-file nurses?
A) The increasing specialization of physicians
B) The scientific and medical breakthroughs of the late 19th century
C) The efforts of nursing leaders to professionalize nursing
D) The influence of feminist scholars across disciplines
E) The channeling of nurses from different class backgrounds into disparate and unequal opportunities within the field
6. According to the passage, why did hospital administrators support the creation of in-house training schools for nurses?
A) To provide an inexhaustible supply of inexpensive and pliable labor
B) To enhance nurses' autonomy and scientific expertise
C) To align with the efforts of nursing leaders to elevate and standardize nursing education
D) To create equal opportunities for nurses from different class backgrounds
E) To challenge the stereotype of nurses as submissive, nurturing, and self-sacrificing
7. What role did physicians play in shaping the professionalization of nursing?
A) They fully supported the efforts of nursing leaders to elevate and standardize nursing education.
B) They viewed nursing education as a means of streamlining hospital care but resisted efforts to enhance nurses' autonomy or scientific expertise.
C) They advocated for equal opportunities for nurses from different class backgrounds.
D) They championed a rigorous, female-controlled educational standard for nursing.
E) They actively sought to liberate nursing from its subordinate position within the healthcare hierarchy.
8. Which of the following best describes the author's tone in the passage?
A) Critical and dismissive of the efforts of nursing leaders
B) Unbiased and neutral regarding the history of nursing
C) Celebratory of the complete professionalization of nursing
D) Analytical and nuanced in examining the complex factors shaping the evolution of nursing
E) Pessimistic about the future of nursing as a profession
1. A
2. C
3. B
4. B
5. E
6. A
7. B
8. D
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发表于 2024-5-3 11:30:42
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