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Psychiatrist: an analysis of psychological and health data collected on almost 100,000 individuals found that during an eight-year period, those who were especially cheerful and optimistic had 30 percent lower risk of heart disease than those who were pessimistic. This shows that many people could improve their healthy by deliberately cultivating an optimistic attitude.
The psychiatrist’s argument is most valuable to criticism on which of the following grounds?
A It fails to adequately address the possibility that several factors in addition to an optimistic or pessimistic attitude affect the risk of heart disease.
B It takes for granted that lowcering the risk of heart disease is the most effective way to improve overall health.
C It reaches a general conclusion about the population as a whole based on a sample that is not representative of that population in certain relevant respects.
D It assumes that what is true of a certain span of time is also true of a longer span of time.
E It concludes, without sufficient evidence, that a certain causal relationship accounts for the correlation between two factors.
Widespread use of a particular drug has stalled the spread of a parasite-caused disease known as blindness which is spread from one person to another by black flies, which feed on human blood But the parasite may be developing resistance to the twice-a-year drug, which does not kill the parasite, but merely hampers its reproduction. Researchers tested infected people after one of their treatments and found that in several, the parasite had been able to reproduce normally.
Which of the following, if true, argues most strongly against the view that the parasite is developing resistance to the drug?
A. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the drug's effects are waning in several areas where people have been treated for years.
B. The people in whom the parasites were found to have reproduced normally have never been able to absorb enough of the drug to hamper the parasite’s reproduction.
C. The researchers tested infected people from every area where river blindness is a danger.
D. Laboratory samples of the parasite are unable to reproduce when treated with the drug.
E. Even when a person has been treated with the drug, the parasite is able to survive inside that person for up to fifteen years.
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发表于 2021-8-30 08:50:40
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