揽瓜阁训练营第215天（含CR，RC和DI题目）

小白斩鸡 · 发表于 2024-9-13 09:05:05

之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡

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1.CR

The Spring and Autumn (770–476 BCE) and Warring States (475–221 BCE) periods represent a transformative epoch in Chinese history, characterized by profound sociopolitical upheaval, intellectual efflorescence, and the eventual unification of China under the Qin dynasty. The fragmentation of the Zhou dynasty's feudal system precipitated an era wherein over 140 feudal states engaged in relentless warfare, diplomatic stratagems, and shifting alliances. This tumultuous milieu led to the consolidation of power among a few dominant states; by the onset of the Warring States period, only seven major states—Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, and Qin—remained, collectively known as the "Seven Warring States."

Demographically, the population during these periods fluctuated due to incessant conflicts, migrations, and economic transformations. Estimates suggest that the combined population of these states ranged from 20 to 30 million people, with the largest states boasting populations exceeding 5 million. The ceaseless warfare necessitated advancements in military technology and tactics, culminating in the development of iron weaponry, crossbows, and sophisticated infantry and cavalry formations. Notably, the state of Qin is recorded to have mobilized armies exceeding 600,000 troops during critical campaigns.

Economically, the era witnessed significant transformations. The introduction of iron ploughshares and enhanced agricultural techniques augmented productivity, enabling states to sustain larger populations and formidable armies. Standardization of coinage within states facilitated trade and commerce, while the construction of extensive canal and road networks enhanced inter-regional connectivity, bolstering economic integration and military logistics.

Intellectually, the period was marked by the "Hundred Schools of Thought," a remarkable proliferation of philosophical and intellectual discourse. Eminent thinkers such as Confucius, Laozi, Mozi, and Han Feizi promulgated doctrines that profoundly influenced Chinese society and governance. Confucianism advocated for moral rectitude and hierarchical social relationships, emphasizing benevolent leadership. In contrast, Legalism, espoused by scholars like Han Feizi, underscored the necessity of strict laws and centralized authority to achieve societal order.

The culmination of these developments was the unification of China under the Qin dynasty in 221 BCE. The state of Qin, leveraging its Legalist policies, militaristic prowess, and efficient administrative systems, succeeded in subjugating the other six states. Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor, implemented sweeping reforms, standardizing weights and measures, scripts, and even the axle lengths of carts to consolidate his rule and facilitate administration.

However, the Qin dynasty's emphasis on authoritarian control and suppression of dissent sowed the seeds of its own demise. The dynasty collapsed shortly after Qin Shi Huang's death, giving rise to the Han dynasty, which adopted a more moderate approach by integrating Confucian principles with centralized governance. This synthesis allowed for a more enduring imperial structure that balanced authority with ethical governance.

Question 1:
The primary purpose of the passage is to:
A. Analyze the military strategies that led to the Qin state's dominance during the Warring States period.
B. Discuss the sociopolitical and intellectual developments during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods and their culmination in the unification under the Qin dynasty.
C. Criticize the authoritarian policies of the Qin dynasty and their impact on subsequent Chinese history.
D. Compare and contrast Confucianism and Legalism in the context of the Hundred Schools of Thought.
E. Evaluate the economic transformations during the Spring and Autumn period and their effect on population growth.

Question 2:
According to the passage, which of the following was NOT a factor contributing to the Qin state's ability to unify China?
A. Implementation of Legalist policies emphasizing centralized authority.
B. Advancements in military technology and tactics.
C. Adoption of Confucian principles to moderate governance.
D. Efficient administrative systems.
E. Militaristic prowess.

Question 3:
It can be inferred from the passage that the decrease in the number of states from over 140 to seven was primarily due to:
A. Diplomatic treaties that peacefully merged smaller states.
B. Economic alliances that integrated multiple states into larger entities.
C. Continuous warfare and strategic alliances leading to the conquest of smaller states by larger ones.
D. Natural disasters that decimated the populations of certain regions.
E. Intervention by foreign powers outside the Zhou dynasty's influence.

Question 4:
The author mentions the "Hundred Schools of Thought" primarily to:
A. Illustrate the diversity of philosophical ideas that emerged during the period.
B. Highlight the dominance of Confucianism over other schools.
C. Explain the intellectual stagnation prior to the Qin dynasty's unification.
D. Criticize the philosophical disputes that hindered political stability.
E. Describe the educational institutions established by the Qin dynasty.

Question 5:
Which of the following statements can be inferred about the economic developments during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods?
A. The use of standardized coinage across all states eliminated trade barriers entirely.
B. Agricultural productivity remained stagnant due to the focus on military expansion.
C. Infrastructure improvements like canals and roads facilitated both economic and military objectives.
D. The majority of the population shifted from agricultural work to military service.
E. Economic transformations were insignificant compared to intellectual developments.

Question 6:
The passage suggests that the Qin dynasty's downfall was primarily due to:
A. External invasions by nomadic tribes.
B. Overexpansion and inability to manage distant territories.
C. The death of Qin Shi Huang leading to a power vacuum.
D. Harsh authoritarian policies that led to internal dissent.
E. Economic collapse due to excessive military expenditures.

Question 7:
Which of the following best describes the relationship between Confucianism and Legalism as presented in the passage?
A. Confucianism and Legalism were complementary philosophies that jointly guided the Qin state's governance.
B. Confucianism was a response to the failures of Legalism during the Warring States period.
C. Legalism advocated for moral rectitude similar to Confucianism but with a focus on strict laws.
D. Confucianism emphasized hierarchical relationships, whereas Legalism focused on centralized authority through strict laws.
E. Both philosophies were rejected by the Qin dynasty in favor of militarism.

Question 8:
The mention of "standardizing weights and measures, script, and even axle lengths of carts" serves to illustrate:
A. The Qin dynasty's efforts to promote cultural diversity.
B. The logistical challenges faced during the unification process.
C. The administrative reforms aimed at consolidating control over the newly unified territories.
D. The technological advancements that originated in the Qin state.
E. The economic motivations behind the Qin dynasty's expansionist policies.

BCCACDDC

Each year the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the world's largest independent conservation organization, updates its Red Data Book which lists worldwide plant and animal species known to be endangered, vulnerable or rare. Out of approximately 950 species of bats in the world, the 1988 Red Data Book lists only 33 bat species in these categories—less than 4% of the total. This proportionately small number should lead anyone with even a remote awareness of the worldwide extinction crisis to be suspicious. Why then, does the red list stray so far from an accurate picture of the real problem?

First, consider that the IUCN red list has a substantial geographic bias toward North American species. There are 39 species of bats in North America (exclusive of Mexico), comprising about 5% of the worldwide bat diversity. However, five of the 33 species on the list are North American—thus a fauna comprising only 5% of the total accounts for 15% of the number considered threatened or endangered. Far from reflecting reality, the red list reflects our ignorance regarding the status of most species.

We simply have more knowledge about the status of bats in North America than we do for most other parts of the world. In fact, our ignorance is so extreme that we are not even certain how accurate the IUCN list is for many North American species. We simply do not have the data to determine whether they are stable, increasing or decreasing, and at what rates. Given this lack of information and the fact that most bats investigated are declining, the IUCN red list gives an inaccurate and minimal assessment of the current crisis.

A different approach conservation biologist recently have suggested that constructing red lists has been a major tactical error. The mere existence of such lists can lead to the assumption that if a species is not listed, it is not in jeopardy. A great many species that are not on any threatened or endangered list should be, but we do not know enough about them. A major problem is that to be included, the extent and rate of decline must be documented, but since in many cases, past populations have not been studied, this data is often not available. To correct this problem, it has been suggested that rather than putting together red lists, we should construct "green lists." Green lists would index species known to be secure. Species that are not green-listed would include those whose status is undetermined; given the grand scale of wildlife habitat loss throughout the world, we should consider all species not on a green list to be threatened and act accordingly. Thus, the burden of proof would be shifted to those who maintain that all is well with a species.

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to:
   A. Criticize the IUCN Red Data Book for its geographic biases in listing endangered species.
   B. Discuss the inadequacies of the current method of listing endangered species and propose an alternative approach.
   C. Highlight the declining populations of bat species worldwide due to lack of conservation efforts.
   D. Explain why North American bat species are overrepresented in the IUCN Red Data Book.
   E. Argue that all bat species should be considered endangered due to habitat loss.

2.According to the passage, one of the main reasons the IUCN Red List is inaccurate is because:
A. It deliberately excludes species from certain geographic regions.
B. It only includes species whose decline has been thoroughly documented.
C. It overestimates the number of species that are endangered.
D. It focuses primarily on bat species rather than other animals.
E. It does not account for species that are increasing in population.

3. The author mentions that "Our ignorance is so extreme that we are not even certain how accurate the IUCN list is for many North American species" primarily to:
   A. Emphasize the lack of reliable data even in well-studied regions.
   B. Suggest that North American bat species are not actually endangered.
   C. Criticize the IUCN's methodology in assessing species status.
   D. Highlight that North American species should not be on the Red List.
   E. Argue that research efforts should focus exclusively on North America.

4.The passage implies that constructing "green lists" would differ from constructing "red lists" in that green lists would:
A. Require less rigorous documentation of species population trends.
B. Focus on species that are not in need of immediate conservation efforts.
C. Include species whose status is unknown due to lack of data.
D. Prioritize species based on their economic importance to humans.
E. Shift conservation efforts to species that are already secure.

5. Based on the information in the passage, which of the following best describes an unintended consequence of relying on red lists?
   A. Conservation resources are spread too thinly among too many species.
   B. Species not listed are assumed to be safe, leading to neglect in conservation.
   C. The public becomes desensitized to the plight of endangered species.
   D. Governments may overregulate industries impacting listed species.
   E. Overemphasis on data collection diverts funds from direct conservation.

6.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements?
A. The IUCN should remove all North American bat species from its Red Data Book.
B. Accurate data on species populations is unnecessary for effective conservation.
C. The burden of proof should be on proving a species is not threatened.
D. Conservation efforts should be halted until more data is available.
E. Species with unknown status should not be a focus of conservation.

7. The passage suggests that a major limitation in the current approach to listing endangered species is that:
   A. It relies on outdated methods of data collection.
   B. It fails to consider the impact of climate change.
   C. It does not include species that are economically insignificant.
   D. It requires data that is often unavailable due to lack of prior studies.
   E. It is influenced by political pressures from certain regions.
8. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
   A. A controversial issue is presented, followed by arguments supporting both sides.
   B. A problem is described, and a proposed solution is explained and advocated.
   C. A theory is introduced, then evidence is provided to refute it.
   D. Several unrelated issues are discussed, leading to an ambiguous conclusion.
   E. A historical account is given, followed by predictions for the future.
9. The passage implies that if the "green list" approach were adopted, conservation efforts would:
   A. Be limited to species that are already secure.
   B. Focus on species with documented population increases.
   C. Consider all species not on the green list as potentially threatened.
   D. Ignore species that are rare but not declining.
   E. Require less funding due to a narrowed focus.
10. The author mentions the "grand scale of wildlife habitat loss throughout the world" in order to:
    A. Justify why species not on green lists should be considered threatened.
    B. Argue that habitat loss is the primary cause of species endangerment.
    C. Advocate for increased funding for habitat restoration projects.
    D. Highlight regions where habitat loss is most severe.
    E. Suggest that wildlife habitat loss has been exaggerated.

BBABBCDBCA

A recent study has shown that individuals who regularly consume coffee experience a significant reduction in the levels of a certain biomarker, X, associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. In contrast, individuals who consume green tea, despite its caffeine content, do not experience a similar reduction in X. Both coffee and green tea contain caffeine, leading researchers to conclude that caffeine alone is not responsible for the reduction in X observed among coffee drinkers.
Which of the following assumptions is most necessary for the researchers' conclusion to be valid?
A. The reduction in biomarker X among coffee drinkers is not due to a placebo effect that could be triggered by the act of drinking coffee itself.
B. There are no other known or unknown compounds in green tea that have the potential to inhibit the reduction of biomarker X.
C. The amount of caffeine present in green tea is comparable to the amount present in coffee when consumed in equivalent quantities.
D. Individuals who consume both coffee and green tea do not exhibit a reduction in biomarker X that is greater than those who consume only coffee.
E. The study controlled for other lifestyle factors, such as diet and exercise, that could influence the levels of biomarker X in both coffee and green tea consumers.

The government of a country, known for its palm oil production, has recently introduced a subsidy program aimed at encouraging manufacturers to convert surplus palm oil into biofuel. This initiative was launched in response to an oversupply of palm oil in the global market, which has led to a significant decline in prices. The conversion process is costly, but the government subsidies are expected to cover a portion of these expenses. Proponents argue that the long-term benefits of creating a new revenue stream from biofuel will outweigh the initial costs of conversion. However, some industry experts have raised concerns that the increasing demand for biofuel might drive up the price of palm oil, thereby reducing the cost advantage of using palm oil as a raw material for biofuel production.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the industry experts' concerns?
A. The global demand for palm oil is expected to continue declining due to increased awareness of its environmental impact, leading to a consistent oversupply of palm oil in the market.
B. The conversion process of palm oil into biofuel is more energy-efficient and cost-effective than the production of biofuel from other raw materials, such as soybeans or corn.
C. The government has committed to extending the subsidy program for an additional five years, regardless of fluctuations in palm oil prices.
D. A significant portion of the palm oil used for biofuel production is derived from waste or non-edible byproducts that are not suitable for other commercial uses.
E. The biofuel produced from palm oil has been met with skepticism from international markets due to concerns over the sustainability of palm oil cultivation, resulting in limited export opportunities.

BA

Cutelinyi · 发表于 2024-9-13 23:59:58

Stella-Zhongli · 发表于 2024-9-17 18:07:05

杨翠花 · 发表于 2024-10-1 09:47:44

CR，我的选项：BD，答案：BA
1. P：研究发现喝咖啡显著减少X物质，X物质减少可以降低心血管病。但是茶也有咖啡因，喝茶并没有类似的减少X物质的效果
C：咖啡因并不是导致X减少的单一因素
Assumption，取非削弱，削弱后的立场：咖啡因就是导致X减少的单一因素
逻辑链条：排除其他因素
我选B取非：绿茶里有其他化合物抑制X物质的减少【进而咖啡因其效果被抵消了。直接说出有其他因素导致】

2. P：产石油的国家近期出台补贴方案，鼓励生产石油的企业转而生产生物油，因为石油供给太多价格低
C：一些工业专家认为对生物油的需求增加会拉高palm oil的价格，进而使得palm oil作为原材料价格低的优势没有了
削弱题，立场：对生物油的需求增加并不会拉高palm oil的价格
逻辑链条：没有直接的因果关系，或是它因使得这个因果不成立
答案A：全球对于palm oil的需求预期会持续下降，因为日益认识到对环境的影响，使得市场上palm oil的供应仍然较多【供应多的情况下并不会导致palm oil涨价】
选项D：用来生产生物油的palm oil大部分是用废油或者副产品【我的思路：觉得这些废油不会影响palm oil正常产品的价格】

揽瓜阁训练营第215天（含CR，RC和DI题目）

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揽瓜阁训练营 第215天（含CR，RC和DI题目）

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揽瓜阁训练营第215天（含CR，RC和DI题目）