Gwd 8 25-28

yahoow

GWD-8-Q25:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. advocate a more positive attitude toward technological change

B. discuss the implications for employees of the modernization of a telephone exchange

C. consider a successful challenge to the constructivist view of technological change

D. challenge the position of advocates of technological determinism

E. suggest that the social causes of technological change should be studied in real situations

我觉得这道题答案应选C。文章通篇都没有讲作者advocate什么东西，文章开头讲 Clark’s study is a solid contributionto a debate，然后讲Clark makes the point that...., Clark believes....,然后讲Braverman关于technology的观点，然后又是Clark refutes....通篇讲的基本上是Clerk的观点，虽然说作者对Clerk的观点持正面态度，但也没有advocate啊?文章中作者的评述只有两句话：（1）The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism:（2）Thus Clark helps answer the question:难道这两句话就足以说明作者是advocate的吗？真的搞糊涂了！！wangyu版主救我！！

wangyu73cn

我选A，我觉得作者采用夹叙夹议的方式。虽然作者态度散落于行文之中，但还是有迹可循的。

Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution (5) to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.
Clark makes the point that the char-(10) acteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization.
Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organ-(15) ization.
Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social (20) choices.
For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers.
Technological change is (25) construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery.
This position represents (30) the new mainstream called social constructivism.
The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are (35) supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society.
The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside (40) society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments.
Theoretically he (45) defines “technology” in terms of relationships between social and technical variables.
Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery (50) is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance.
At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone (55) exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semielectronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of (60) workers.
Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the (65) capabilities and nature of the technology itself.
Thus Clark helps answer the question: “When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?”

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-7-6 7:58:40编辑过]

sasha_Cao

25， c

文章讨论tech change的影响，technological determinism and social constructivism，即科技变化怎么影响，方式是直接的decisive,还是通过人来间接影响？

a，正面的态度，  文章不是在讨论科技变化到底是正面还是负面， 选这个的xdjm是不是理解成more positive attitude toward technological determinism?  我在选的时候就差点这样选，呵呵

27，a  

The author of the passage uses the expression “are supposed to” in lines 34-35 primarily in order to

大家再读一次题，对照 og 315，instruction 3, questions that ask for inferences based on information presented in a passage

我觉得是要推断作者的意图，想法

这和可以直接定位，同意改写细节题不同， 不是问文章在这里要做什么，define the generally accepted position of determinists regarding the implementation of technology— b

  The constructivists gain acceptance

by misrepresenting technological deter-

minism: technological determinists are

(35)      supposed to

冒号表示前后意思一样， a的inaccurate与misrepresenting 表达一样意思，个人不觉得选项太过绝对，表达了作者的意思为这种看法不对

ps, be supposed to do 是被期望做某事，即technological determinism 被 constructivist认为会有什么观点。。。不是tech determinism真的这样想

讨论而已

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-7-21 14:21:24编辑过]

moominzz

I support A for Q27 as well. B is wrong because the author tried to show what determinists were really about as he thought they were misrepresented by constructivists. Therefore, he was not defining the GENERALLY ACCEPTED position; instead, he's trying to provide a new definition.

wwwhahchn

27题B的implementation of technology什么意思？？我觉得不对

ayang1017

终于想明白了28题

25－28。Q25 to Q28:

Jon Clark’s study of the effect of

the modernization of a telephone

exchange on exchange maintenance

Line work and workers is a solid contribution

(5) to a debate that encompasses two

lively issues in the history and sociol

ogy of technology: technological

determinism and social constructivism.    Jc的关于研究电话交换在交换的维持工作与工作人员之间的现代化的影响是一个非常重要的贡献对于两个在历史上和技术的社会学上的问题的争论，科技决定论和社会构成主义。

Clark makes the point that the char-

(10) acteristics of a technology have a

decisive influence on job skills and

work organization. Put more strongly,

technology can be a primary determinant

of social and managerial organ-

(15) ization. Clark believes this possibility    C形成了这个观点一个技术的特征对于工作技能和工作组织有决定性的影响。说得更严重点，技术能够作为社会和管理组织的主要决定因素。

has been obscured by the recent sociological

fashion, exemplified by

Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes

the way machinery reflects social

(20) choices. For Braverman, the shape of   C相信这种可能已经被现今的社会学的流行时尚所模糊了，这点可由b的分析作为例证，分析说机械方式的强调反应了社会的选择。

a technological system is subordinate

to the manager’s desire to wrest control

of the labor process from the

workers. Technological change is  对于b来说，一个技术系统的形态是经理的要求的下属服务于对工人的劳动过程的控制。

(25) construed as the outcome of negotiations

among interested parties who

seek to incorporate their own interests

into the design and configuration of the

machinery. This position represents    技术改变被分析为那些想要将自身利益植入机械的构造和外形中的利益集团之间的谈判。

(30) the new mainstream called social constructivism.

The constructivists gain acceptance

by misrepresenting technological determinism:

technological determinists are

(35) supposed to believe, for example, that

machinery imposes appropriate forms

of order on society. The alternative to  这个观点代表了新的称作社会构成主义的的主流思想。这个构成主义者通过误传的技术决定论而得到了认可，举例这个误传的技术决定论为技术决定论者被假设为相信机械施加适当的命令形式给社会。

constructivism, in other words, is to

view technology as existing outside

(40) society, capable of directly influencing

skills and work organization.

Clark refutes the extremes of the

constructivists by both theoretical and

empirical arguments. Theoretically he  对于构成注意可供选择的，换句化说，是将技术看作是存在于社会之外的，能够直接影响技术和工作组织。通过理论和经验的辩论，C拒绝构成主义这种极端化。

(45) defines “technology” in terms of relationships

between social and technical

variables. Attempts to reduce the

meaning of technology to cold, hard

metal are bound to fail, for machinery

(50) is just scrap unless it is organized

functionally and supported by appropriate

systems of operation and main

tenance. At the empirical level Clark理论上来说，他将技术通过社会和技术的可变性而进行定义。尝试去减少技术的意义具体至金属，是一定失败的。对于机械来说如果它不被有机的组织起来并且由适当的系统进行运行并保持那么仅仅是碎片。

shows how a change at the telephone

(55) exchange from maintenance-intensive

electromechanical switches to semielectronic

switching systems altered

work tasks, skills, training opportunities,

administration, and organization of

(60) workers. Some changes Clark attributes  在经验的层面上来说，c表明电话的变化将一个机电密集式的电机转化为半电子式的系统改变了工作的任务技术和培训机会管理以及工作组织。

to the particular way management

and labor unions negotiated the introduction

of the technology, whereas

others are seen as arising from the

(65) capabilities and nature of the technology

itself. Thus Clark helps answer

the question: “When is social choice

decisive and when are the concrete

characteristics of technology more

important?”一些变化c将之归因为管理与劳动协会协商引进技术的特别方式，而其他的一些原因则被看作是由资技术的能力和本质的上升所导致。因而c帮助解答了这样的问题，什么时候社会选择起决定作用，和什么时候技术的本质特征更为重要？

Q28:

Which of the following statements about the modernization of the telephone exchange is

supported by information in the passage?

A. The new technology reduced the role of managers in labor negotiations.

B. The modernization was implemented without the consent of the employees

directly affected by it.

C. The modernization had an impact that went significantly beyond maintenance

routines.

D. Some of the maintenance workers felt victimized by the new technology.

E. The modernization gave credence to the view of advocates of social

constructivism.

Answer:c

答案c的意思是现代化有一个影响远远超出了定期维护（我觉得这里指机械），那么它的意思就是说，机械的意义远远超出了机器本身存在的意义，也就是已经将其意义提升到了抽象的层面，在文章中有定位也就是文章中高亮部分，对应的很完美，也就是电话用来说明的理论～～

个人意见

z520m

25选A或C？我本来选A,可是文章没有表明Clark的观点是pasitive,并且文章用大部分篇幅写chanllenge con的观点。可是文章的目的应该是支持C的观点。不知道选什么，倾向于A

haizhongjin

对于25题，觉得advocate好象用的不合适，而且文章主要是用Clark的观点来反驳constructivist的观点，所以本人倾向于选C

剩下三道题我都错了，25题本以为对了结果还是有争议，郁闷了

kathy8446

研究了大半个下午这篇。。。28题突然有点明白～

C.The modernization had an impact that went significantly beyond maintenance routines.

maintenance routines是技术层面的东西，就是对应文章的change from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semielectronic switching systems。

然后因为它同时altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities,administration, and organization of workers. 也就是影响了job skills and work organization（这同时也对应了9－12行关于TD的论述 Clark makes the point that the char-(10) acteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization.）。

所以说这个变化有超于技术层面的东西，因为还对social 有影响。

自己觉得这样好理解了，有不对的请指教

kathy8446

再问下，25题到底怎么说。。。A/C？？