两种蚂蚁（强推参考两篇英文，丰富词汇量）

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基本翻完了所有跟蚂蚁相关的考古，发现跟原始狗主相似的没有，怀疑是变种题，大家看看这篇考古吧，就算不同也基本有个概念，尤其是英文部分，了解一下蚂蚁相关的词汇
很奇怪的是这个考古的问题跟楼主的问题是一样的，主旨，不同，以及高亮最后一句问作用。。。
还有最后一个英文原文讲的是蚂蚁下蛋，提到了一个蚁后，多个蚁后什么的，找不到考古大家就读读这两篇丰富一下知识和词汇吧！！！
祝大家都能700+
楼主今天第一次模考数学才41分
楼主悲伤的去学数学了
如果那个亲这几天见到这篇了，麻烦提供更多的线索，楼主谢谢大家了
原始狗：

V1 suejane27

说蚂蚁分两种mono的和poly的。mono的只有一个蚁后，都围着她转，然后有意识划分自己的领土，也就是所谓的mound。poly的就不只有一个蚁后了，个个mound之间也是自由通行，immigrate就多。虽然mono的生产好多egg，但是poly的蚁后多，egg也多。最后说poly好像只是mono的一个殖民出来的结果，但是实际上发现他们是gene上就不一样啊。

问了最后这句的作用；

主旨题；

还有问跟mono比poly得最大不同是什么。

考古

***蚂蚁迁徙

P1：蚂蚁有两个阶段S phase（停在一个地方）和nomadic phase(搬迁到别处)。有解释说这和food supply有关，作者说还和reproduce cycle有关。
P2：在S阶段，最后一周蚁后会下很多卵，3星期后小蚂蚁会变成大蚂蚁，提到了larvae，pupae什么的。与此同时，N阶段也开始了，这些逐渐长大的ants会成为immature workers。每次搬家的时候蚂蚁会搬食物，larvae和pupae。最后一句话说如果这些pupae被拿掉，那么蚂蚁又回到S阶段。
Q1：关于N阶段，什么是正确的？  我选Some of them are pupae.
Q2：最后一句话作用？  我选证明了蚂蚁搬迁不仅和food supply有关，还和reproduce cycle有关。

[版本 5] by gaochao1015720

一篇蜜蜂的，好像是生长阶段不光跟神马有关还跟reproduction cycle有关，讲有两个阶段,S和D之类的，D阶段有幼虫，神马的，假如移除幼虫，它将一直停留在S阶段
1.问最后一句就是移除幼虫，他讲停留在S阶段的作用
选证明这个阶段还跟reproduction有关
2.问文章主旨，我选的是补充一个关于自然想象的解释

[版本 6] by jasonford

开篇提了蚂蚁有两个阶段，一个是静止的，一个是运动的，during which the ants move at the end of the day之类的。然后提出一种传统解释说为什么会运动，然后又有一种新的观点提出对这个问题的解释，就是这其实是ants的reproductive cycle有关系
第二段开始详细解释为啥是一生孩子这些蚂蚁就想着搬家，说蚁后生出卵之后，等到最开始生的那些卵开始付出小蚂蚁（还是immature的时候），这帮蚂蚁就开始带着食物啊，没孵出来的卵啊那些乱七八糟的家伙事儿上路了。最后一句（考点）说如果路上这些immature的菜鸟蚂蚁死到数量不足的时候，这些蚂蚁就歇了，不搬家了。
考题有一道是说哪一项关于蚂蚁上路的时候（at the beginning of the 运动 phrase）的状态描述是准确的？选了some of those 卵还在larvae的阶段就上路了，不确定
还有一道说最后一句话的作用是什么？有点忘了，好像是说进一步证明第二种解释这种意思的选项
还有一题说文章的作用是什么（主旨题）？选了supplementing an explanation to a scientificphenomenon.

[版本7]by lihe102047960Math51Verbal34，710

题目我记得考到了全文主旨（我选的似乎是对一个现象进行补充说明）问了最后一段高亮部分的作用，就是说把那个什么拿开之后就会让蚂蚁停留在S阶段。我选的是为了作者的假设，蚂蚁收CYCLE的影响是正确的。

[版本8]by xbftx720，M50，V37

最后一篇碰到的是《蚂蚁迁徙》，jj相对全的一个。考了主旨题，还有最后一句的作用，最后一句说的是拿走了larva，蚂蚁的reproductivecircle停止了。答案我选的是E：give evidence to。。。。这题寂静里面的两段文章仔细看看。有帮助。（幸亏最后碰到这篇，我那个时候已经pace慢了！）

[版本9]by jeffxuQ51，V39，740。

4，蚂蚁的两个phase
有题问末尾句(就是把那些worker拿走，蚂蚁就呆在S phase)高亮的目的。giveevidence to support the conclusion that nomatic period is linked toreproductive cycle.跟JJ答案一致。
有题问main idea。我刚看到JJ上有说是对某理论的补充。这篇是我最后一篇，飞快的看了一眼，没有看到early observation，所以答案跟JJ不一样，可能是我错了。

[考古] by stevenchen1982

第十七篇螞蟻生活習性scratte (V42) 7/1
第一段：某螞蟻有個特殊的生活習性：某段時間被稱為satary （反正就是static的意思）phase，螞蟻們都蟄伏在家；然後會集體乾坤大挪移，稱為nomadic phase。傳統的觀點認為，螞蟻們這樣做是因為食物吃光了，民以食為天，所以要搬家，forage。但是新的證據表明，螞蟻們搬家還有個原因，就是biological cycle。
第二段：具體闡述螞蟻在satary和nomadic兩個階段的過程和表現。一般是蟻后產卵，然後在靜止階段的最後一天，小螞蟻開始孵化，然後一部分長成了青年螞蟻，開始搬家，要搬很多東西，蟲卵啊，半大小子啊，等等，這就是nomadic階段。科學家發現，如果把這些最早的青年螞蟻抓走，nomadic階段就會遲遲不出現。
題目還可以，但是好像細節考得比較多。

考古感謝nowwsy！7/1
【版本2】03/11 VERBAL碰上兩道機經閱讀，一個螞蟻那個。
第一段說螞蟻分兩種習性，不冬眠的時候怎樣怎樣，冬眠的時候怎樣怎樣。
第二段解釋說螞蟻這種習性可能是跟它生在什麼時候有關係，蟻后生很多小螞蟻幼蟲，有的在不冬眠的時候發展成大螞蟻，就變成了類似工兵螞蟻，可能是，有的在冬眠的時候發育，就變成什麼什麼螞蟻。文章不長，但是生詞很多，看著暈。題目有一道推斷題，問第二段說如果工兵螞蟻不在不冬眠的時候發育會變成什麼樣。

1.問primary purpose。 JJ作者的答案：注意，第一段有提到一個earlier observation, 作者對這個是做了補充，而非反駁或什麼的.所以選項選有supplement 的那一項
2.文章最後一句話高光，問目的。JJ作者：是講ant 完成nomaticphrase後會到達steery, 選項裡有一項是evidence to support theconclusion that nomatic period is linked to reproductive cycle. JJ中沒有提到的關鍵字：nomatic period is linked with reproductive cycle.這是作者在第一段末尾說的
3.是nomatic phase 和stetery 期間ant行為的比較，主要在第二段定位。我做時有點暈。有pupae,好像是這詞，我也不知道是什麼意思

有益補充：google 出來的有點像  裡面還有說SP和NP兩個階段  大家可以搜一下
Nomadic behavior of the army ant Neivamyrmex nigrescens was studied in adesert-grassland habitat. Six colonies were followed through eight nomadicphases (94 nomadic days) while direction and distance of emigrations, growth oflarvae, number of adults and larvae per colony were determined.

In all colonies, the nomadic phase began when newly enclosed adults and smalllarvae were present, and ended when the larvae were fully grown. Averageemigration distance was positively related to number of larvae in the colony.These findings support Schneirla's theory that brood stimulation is a proximatecause of the nomadic phase.
Failures to emigrate were equally likely at all points in the nomadic phase,and there was no systematic increase in emigration distance as the phaseprogressed. These findings do not support Schneirla's version ofbrood-stimulative theory.

Number of adults per colony was positively related to the directionality of thenomadic phase; however, both the direction and distance of emigrations variedunpredictably from one nomadic day to the next, in marked contrast topredictions from optimal foraging theory.

Schneirla's theory is useful in predicting phase differences in colonybehavior, but it does not account for characteristics such as frequency,direction, or distance of emigrations within the nomadic phase. These aspectsof nomadic behavior are more closely related to characteristics of the habitatsuch as prey density and availability of nest sites. Army ant nomadism in thishabitat may depart from the optimum because of high prey density, small colonysize, or lack of nesting sites.

有益補充2：螞蟻那篇，有解釋 statary phase, 湊合著用！（感謝黃GG）
Eciton army ants have a bi-phasic lifestyle where they alternate between anomadic phase and a stationary stage. In the stationary or statary phase('statary' is an old English word meaning "to stand in place"), whichlasts about three weeks, the ants remain in the same location every night. Theymake a nest out of their own bodies, protecting the queen and her eggs in themiddle. This temporary home is known as a bivouac. In the nomadic phase theants move their entire colony to a new location nearly every night for twoweeks.
When the ants first enter the statary phase, the queen's body swells massivelyand she lays as many as 250,000 eggs in less than a week. While the eggsmature, the ants swarm with less frequency and intensity. When the eggs hatch,the excitement caused by the increased activity of the larvae causes the colonyto enter the nomadic phase. The colony swarms much more intensely and nearlyevery day, and the ants move to a new location every night. After two weeks, aroundthe time when the larvae begin to pupate, the colony again enters the stataryphase, and the cycle begins anew (Schneirla, 1971).

ANT COLONIES:第一段 说有一种ant过一段时间就会迁徙,一般认为是因为他们要寻找食物,但作者认为是因为繁殖 第二段 说明作者认为繁殖的原因,他说ant 繁殖有两个阶段一个阶段是L开头的,说因为ant幼虫还没有孵化,所以停留,第二个阶段是P开头的,说因为ant幼虫已孵化可以继续工作所以前进(好像有一IMPLY题问第二阶段ant的情况是??)
V5 by q303739744  3/17/2011   710
第三篇是蚂蚁种群那篇感觉名词也比较多，但是JJ比较给力。主题题很tricky 第一段说原来有一种理论是说蚂蚁的不定期搬家是于什么有关（LZ忘了，不好意思，不过不重要）说有一种新理论说蚂蚁搬家是与生殖习性有关对原理论进行了补充，大家一定要注意是补充（原文中是说also...）所以主题题选择对原有理论的一种补充。然后介绍了蚂蚁的生殖习性有两个phase 一个是stationary（类似的一个sta开头的单词，LZ忘了，暂时理解成静止状态吧）还有一个阶段是nomadic阶段。第二段主要讲了这个理论的具体内容。说在stationary阶段主要是larva的成长阶段，到了nomadic阶段larva都长成成虫了，开始出去forge（JJ上那个美国、伊拉克比喻非常形象）最后一句大概意思就是如果把大部分都是幼虫的阶段的群落怎么样，他们还是会保持stationary阶段（高亮：问这句话什么意思  LZ选的他们仍然不会出去forge）
Q1:主题题
Q2：问以下那个关于蚂蚁群落是正确的？
RA: 在nomadic 阶段的种群仍然有一些larva（因为原文中说 thebeginning of nomadic 仍然没有开始forge，因为还有一些larva）
Q3:就是那个高亮题

Wehave always assumed that ants are peaceful and sociable creatures but researchinto wood ants reveals the sort of antisocial aspects that we associate withancient Rome. Although these colonies have no queen, there are constant battlesfor leadership. When one female ant, termed the "gammergate" byresearchers Matthew Cobb and Christian Peeters, achieves supremacy, she isfertilised and starts laying eggs. Other female ants continually challenge forher position, and the gammergate spends most of her day aggressively attackingthese contenders. If the gammergate is deposed, one of these ants will take onher role, but will be deposed if she returns. Their only hope of ruling is towait until the gammergate dies, or can no longer keep up her high level of aggression.They will then have a few short weeks to reign before being deposed by ayounger, fitter ant.

[size=1em]Inthe Diacamma, a group of 20 or so species of queenless ant, all living in Indiaand South East Asia, the gammergate maintains control of the colony by bitingoff the "gemmae", which are vestigial wing buds, of the other femaleants. This renders the ant not only submissive but also sterile. The gammergatemust "call" to male ants to mate by rubbing her back legs on herabdomen, releasing a pheromone, so ants without gemmae can't call for a mate,and therefore can't mate.

[size=1em]Incases where the gammergate dies, civil war breaks out with all female antstrying to gain leadership. Since they have all been sterilised, they cannot befertilised and can only lay eggs which produce female ants. The first femaleborn intact becomes the potential gammergate - termed the "dauphine"by Peeters - and some instinct prompts her to start biting off the gemmae ofworkers hatching after her. As an ant matures, it produces hydrocarbons linkedto its ovaries and signalling that this ant is in charge. For two weeks or so,the dauphine violently coerces her rivals until her smell matures. Shegradually becomes skilled at the removal of the gemmae of the other females.

[size=1em]Inone type of Diacamma from the Nilgiri hills, the gammergate does not remove hersisters' gemmae and so is faced with a constant power struggle. Swappingcocoons between colonies shows that ants from a colony that practises mutilationhatching in a Nilgiri colony will be immediately mutilated, even though theNilgiri rarely carry out mutilation.

[size=1em]

Theessential message that the author is trying to convey in this passage is

Smells play an important part in antcommunication.

The behaviour of the dominant ant in a colonydiffers widely from one colony to the next.

Female ants must be fertilised if they are tolay eggs which hatch into males.

The dominant female ant in certain antcommunities faces a constant struggle to maintain her leadership.

The control of an ant colony can only bemaintained by an ant with intact wing buds.   

[size=1em]

Whichof the following is the most important factor in deciding which female antbecomes dominant after the death of an existing gammergate in a Diacammacolony?

A high level of aggression

Producing hydrocarbon signals

Hatching before other contenders

Maturing within two weeks of hatching

Laying eggs which hatch into male ants

[size=1em]

An antborn from a female ant whose gemmae had been bitten off may be all of thefollowing EXCEPT

male

a potential gammergate

capable of producing hydrocarbons

capable of summoning male ants

submissive to the current gammergate of thecolony

[size=1em]

We mayinfer from the passage that the role of the hydrocarbons in wood ant coloniesis to

attract a mate

render other female ants more submissive

cause any eggs laid by the female emitting thehydrocarbons to hatch into male ants

cause the ant emitting the hydrocarbons togrow vestigial wing buds

defend the ant emitting the hydrocarbons fromattack by the other females  

[size=1em]

Theexperiment described in the last paragraph allows us to infer which of thefollowing?

When female Diacamma ants hatch, they may emita chemical signal affecting the behaviour of the other ants.

Male ants in colonies of Diacamma ants do notgenerally mutilate recently hatched females.

The cocoon transplanted into the Nilgiricolony produces an ant which later becomes the new gammergate.

The newly hatched female cannot dominate theother females because she does not yet produce hydrocarbons.

The signals between female ants are almostalways chemical in nature.  

[size=1em]

Whichof the following, if true, would most support the conclusion suggested by theexperiment described in the last paragraph?

There is one species of Diacamma ant apartfrom the Nilgiri, which never practises mutilation under any circumstances.

Diacamma ants also mutilate members of theirown colonies which are sick or deformed.

A cocoon from a Nilgiri colony transplantedinto a colony which normally practises mutilation produces a female which isnot subjected to mutilation.

Nilgiri ants are prepared to mutilate membersof other species of ant whose nests they invade.

The gammergate in Nilgiri colonies generallylast longer before being deposed than the gammergate of other Diacamma species.

echoqian1217

沙发，顶！！！！！！！！！！谢谢楼主！！！！！！！！！！

lorena8023

谢谢楼楼~~！加油加油~~

shinyyyyy

谢谢楼主！楼主加油！~