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56、**总统与辉格党

　　[版本1] by BASSI

　　是总统和辉格党关于banking的快速发展持不同态度的那个。

　　第一part是总统持什么态度

　　第二part是辉格党持什么态度

　　第三part是历史学家们评价这两个态度说他们都忽视了一些因素

　　题就是主旨一道，别的忘了

　　[版本2] by dianewei525 v34

　　2. 這篇很長 一屏半 不過我以前歷史課有學過所以不太怕 沒有美國歷史背景的同學可能要小心看! 或是看一下這兩個wiki link

　　http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)

　　http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson

　　好像cover得很全面 還有這篇其實廢話很多 第一和最後一段要多看中間可以不用多管

　　P1. there are two major standpoints on the issue of expansion of banks during 1830. one is raised by the Decomcrat head, Andrew Jackson that he considers the expansion of banks is undesirable (有題!) because it could cause the rich ones get richer and lead to a monopoly economic states. the other one is raised by the whig league, jackson's opposing party, they also opposed the expansion of banks, but its point of view is that the expansion of banks should be limited because many banks could be established by businesses that actually have insufficient funds.

　　P2 however, neighther of their statement completes the complete pictures. a case study was completed in providence, rhode island. it is proved that the cause of something (both AJ and Whig have mentioned, sorry 真的忘了) is actually due to the new immigrants to the region.

　　1. The standpoint of Whig League to economy and society? A. the economy and society should be maintained. B. the economy society can be exacerbated if bank expand. 我選A

　　2. the organization of the passage? I chose "identify an issues that two of the PoVs are evaluated, then the PoVs are later called into questions by newly provided evidence"

　　3. what would be both agreed by both AJ and Whig? economy and society expansion is undesirable

　　大家关于美国历史中bank system的繁荣。

　　在美国金融发展的历史中，没有什么比bank system的繁荣这个论题更具有讨论性了。在当时，J给出了他自己的担忧—这种system只能造福minority。W给出和J相反的担忧……

　　历史学家对这个issue也进行了很多研究。从历史的进程看，both J&W are right。但是他们都忽略了xxx，后面就是具体介绍xxx

　　第一题问的是J&W都同意的是什么，有主旨题……

　　[考古]

　　1.bank expanding is an controversial issue (similar to the issue writing), prisedent W said it will benefit the small people ,but fear its oppision __说什么现状会变。(有题，说WISH WHAT -取非，mantain sth ), 这一点连w的反对者也赞成，。。。。。

　　2。recent study 认为他们都是部分正确1，w如何如何，2。反对者如何如何(有题，w和反对者都agree what ,选银行扩张is all undesirable).

　　BUt,研究认为bank expanding 有小果——改变原来的elite structure,出现新的力量(atrength)(有题，问研究认为-选出现新的力量)

　　主题题-选讨论历史现象的两种方法，并指出他们的shortcoming "

　　2.银行：1830，银行EXPAND，有两类人不满。一种认为，银行只帮助了少数人;另一种认为，银行贷款给任何人，导致社会动荡。总之，都不满(有题)。社会学家分析一类人不满的原因，有两种观点。一个小岛的银行EXPAND，证明两类不满的人，都有道理。但是，EXPAND造就了ENTREPRENEUR，回报社会

　　3."1830年美国的银行系统扩张，W派的人反对，因为这样会减小贫富差距;另一派的人也反对，但理由和w刚好相反，是认为这样会加大贫富差距。

　　第二段说后来的研究表明，这两种观点有共同的地方云云(75行)

　　Q1: Jackson 同学and Whip 同学在哪些方面对银行扩张的看法是一致的?

　　Q2: 发生在P地的银行扩展的总体评价?"

　　4.1830，银行EXPAND，有两类人不满。一种认为，银行只帮助了少数人;另一种认为，银行贷款给任何人，导致社会动荡。总之，都不满(有题)。社会学家分析一类人不满的原因，有两种观点。一个小岛的银行EXPAND，证明两类不满的人，都有道理。但是，EXPAND造就了ENTREPRENEUR，回报社会。

　　5.有关银行的Johnson理论和Whig理论.John派认为expand bank会损坏大多数人的利益，Whig派认为可以level income.。后来的结果发现他们都不全面，enterprise通过建立银行，一些elite脱颖而出。

　　6."jackoson总统对18世纪30年代的银行扩张很不爽，认为新开的银行只服务少数有钱人。Jackson总统的这番胡言乱语影响很大。但有另外一些人 w尽管对银行扩张也不爽，但其不爽的原因却是因为银行扩张使得一些流氓无产者可以随便得到资金资助(真一无聊)。后来有些人认为jackson总统的观点是源自于其平均主义的思想，而另一些人则认为其主张主要是政治需要。

　　有一吃饱了撑着没事干的哥们对18世纪30年代的新兴银行做了研究，得出结论认为jackson总统和w都是片面的。还举了一些evidence。最后这哥们得出结论认为银行的扩张为有抱负的年轻企业家提供了必要的发展资金，并推动了经济的发展。(这哥们多半是银行的托儿。)"

　　7."第二篇文章碰到的是前人没有说的很清楚的杰佛训总统跟whing两人对银行是否要开放的政策那篇

　　1.第一段说总统J觉得应该要开放让所有的人都有权力参加银行存款和投资　不可以只局限在部分的有钱有权力的elite

　　Whig 就反对说这样会打乱旧有的社会秩序会影响国家的财政　然后说了一些他的看法理由

　　后面说有两派学者　有人支持J有人支持Whig个有一些理由

　　第二段说现在的学者分析说其实两个人说的都各有道理　但是他们都miss掉了一些points譬如说......(忘了拍谢)

　　考题:

　　1. 细节题：Whing最会同意的观点是?　2. J and Whing观点哪里不一样?"

　　American bank system的背景资料 看着那篇JJ，特别晕，尤其是J和W这两个人的观点，因此去查了些资料，和大家分享一下。

　　根据考古和JJ的内容，J应该指的是美国总统杰克逊，W指的应该是一个政党Whig,即辉格党。

　　以下是从网上查到的关于他们对银行的一些观点和政策，大家也可以自己去搜索进一步的内容

　　Jackson是反对成立中央银行的。不知道这个是不是那篇阅读的内容。

　　The Second Bank of the United States was authorized for a twenty year period during James Madison's tenure in 1816. As President, Jackson worked to rescind the bank's federal charter. In Jackson's veto message (written by George Bancroft), the bank needed to be abolished because:

　　It concentrated the nation's financial strength in a single institution.

　　It exposed the government to control by foreign interests.

　　It served mainly to make the rich richer.

　　It exercised too much control over members of Congress.

　　It favored northeastern states over southern and western states.

　　Banks are controlled by a few select families.

　　Banks have a long history of instigating wars between nations, forcing them to borrow funding to pay for them.

　　然后由于J总统的这个观点，引起了bank war.

　　The Bank War is the name given to the controversy over the Second Bank of the United States and the attempts to destroy it by then-president Andrew Jackson. At that time, it was the only nationwide bank and, along with its president Nicholas Biddle, exerted tremendous influence over the nation's financial system. Jackson viewed the Second Bank of the United States as a monopoly since it was a private institution managed by a board of directors, and in 1832 he vetoed the renewal of its charter.

　　辉格党的成立就是为了反对J总统的一些政策。

　　Established in 1834, the Whig Party was a reaction to the authoritarian policies of Andrew Jackson. “King Andrew,” as his critics labeled him, had enraged his political opponents by his actions regarding the Bank of the United States, Native Americans, the Supreme Court and his use of presidential war powers. The term Whig was taken from English politics, the name of a faction that opposed royal tyranny.

　　Opponents who gravitated to the Whig Party included Jackson critics, states’ rights advocates, and supporters of the American System. In some respects the Whigs were the descendants of the old Federalist Party, supporting theHamiltonian preference for strong federal action in dealing with national problems.

　　Other components of the emerging coalition that became the Whig Party was the Anti-Masonic Party, the stated purpose of which was to combat the purported threat of Masonic power over political and judicial institutions. William H. Seward and Thurlow Weed of New York and Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania were among the Anti-Masons who migrated to the Whig Party. Another group was the Democratic Conservatives, who opposed their party's financial policies after 1836.

　　Henry Clay and Daniel Webster were the unquestioned luminaries of the Whig Party. Neither was able to overcome sectional jealousies and gain the coveted presidency.

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