你们学术点好不啦。。。
小安第二轮的总结
lMain idea
Each passage is a uni?ed whole—that is, the individual sentences and paragraphs support and develop one main idea or central point. Sometimes you will be told the central point in the passage itself[j1], and sometimes it will be necessary for you to determine the central point from the overall organization or development of the passage[j2]. You may be asked in this kind of question to
nrecognize a correct restatement, or paraphrasing, of the main idea of a passage
nidentify the author’s primary purpose or objective in writing the passage
nassign a title that summarizes, brie?y and pointedly, the main idea developed in the passage
主旨题思路：1.通读文章，
a)明白写该文章是为了干什么。
b)高屋建瓴，把握文章主干的pinpoint。
c)抓住作者的态度。
2.prephase 文章main idea
a)有的文章中会提到其主题，则正确答案为原文主题的改写。
b)有的文章没提到主题，
i.需要通过文章构架和展开来判断文章主题。
ii.综合各段首句提炼main idea
c)注意把握文章态度，主题中必须要反映该态度。
3.读选项选择答案
a)用prephase的主旨去match选项。
b)纵向比较选项，判断关键动词和文章类型是否一致。
c)排除选项。
i.文章没有提到的内容
ii.文章细节
iii.与作者态度不符
例题：
Ecoef?ciency (measures to minimize environmental impact through the reduction or elimination of waste from production processes) has become a goal for companies worldwide, with many realizing signi?cant (5) cost savings from such innovations. PeterSenge and GoranCarstedt see this development as laudablebutsuggest that simply adopting ecoef?ciency innovations could actually worsen environmental stresses in the future. Such innovations reduce (10) production wastebutdo not alter the number of products manufacturednorthe waste generated from their use and discard;indeed, most companies invest in ecoef?ciency improvements in order to increase pro?ts and growth. Moreover, there is no (15) guarantee that increased economic growth from ecoef?ciency will come in similarly ecoef?cient ways,since in today’s global markets, greater pro?ts may be turned into investment capital that could easily be reinvested in old-style eco-inef?cient industriesEven (20) a vastly moreecoef?cient industrial system could, were it to grow much larger, generate moretotalwaste and destroy morehabitatandspeciesthanwouldasmaller, lessecoef?cienteconomy. Senge and Carstedt argue that to preserve the global (25) environment and sustain economic growth, businesses mustdevelop a new systemic approach that reduces total material use and total accumulated waste. Focusing exclusively on ecoef?ciency, which offers a compelling business case according to (30) established thinking, may distract companies from pursuing radically different products and business models.
supporting：such… . Moreover… . Even…
CS：S&C arugre that… new systemic approach, Eco distract …
Step 2: Prephase main idea.
PeterSenge and GoranCarstedt see this development as laudablebutsuggest that simply adopting ecoef?ciency innovations could actually worsen environmental stresses in the future.
Senge and Carstedt argue that to preserve the global (25) environment and sustain economic growth, businesses mustdevelop a new systemic approach that reduces total material use and total accumulated waste. Focusing exclusively on ecoef?ciency, which offers a compelling business case according to (30) established thinking, may distract companies from pursuing radically different products and business models.
Pursuiting Eco would worsen environment.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) explain why [j3]a particular business strategy has been less successful than was once anticipated
(B) propose an alternative [j4]to a particular business strategy that has inadvertently caused ecological damage
(C) present a concern about the possible consequences of pursuing a particular business strategy
(D) make a case [j5]for applying a particular business strategy on a larger scale than is currently practiced
(E) suggest several possible outcomes[j6] of companies’failure to understand the economic impact of a particular business strategy
A recent studyhas provided clues to predator-prey dynamics in the late Pleistocene era. Researchers compared the number of tooth fractures in present-day carnivores with tooth (5) fractures in carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles
The breakage frequencies in the extinct species were strikingly higher than those in the present-day species.
In considering possible explanations for this ?nding, the researchers dismissed demographic bias
because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples.
They rejected preservational bias
because a total absence of breakage in two (15) extinct species demonstrated that the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits.
They ruled out local bias
because breakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to the La Brea data.
The explanation they consider (20) most plausible is behavioral differences between extinct and present-day carnivores-in particular, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due to more thorough consumption of carcasses by the extinct species.
Such thorough carcass consumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively high predator densities.
Perphase the Main idea：explain the new finding.
4.The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A)present several [j7]explanations for a well-known fact
(B)suggest alternative methods[j8] for resolving a debate
(C)argue in favor of[j9] a controversial theory
(D)question [j10]the methodology used in a study
(E)discuss the implications of a research ?nding
explain the new finding.
In terrestrial environments, gravity places special demands on the cardiovascular systems of animals.
Gravitational pressure can cause blood to pool in the lower regions of the body, making it (5) difficult to circulate blood to critical organs such as the brain.
Terrestrial snakes, in particular, exhibit adaptations that aid in circulating blood against the force of gravity.
The problem confronting terrestrial snakes is best (10) illustrated by what happens to sea snakes when removed from their supportive medium.
Because the vertical pressure gradients within the blood vessels are counteracted by similar pressure gradients in the surrounding water, the distribution of blood (15) throughout the body of sea snakes remains about the same regardless of their orientation in space, provided they remain in the ocean.
When removed from the water and tilted at various angles with the head up, however, blood pressure at their midpoint (20) drops significantly, and at brain level falls to zero.
That many terrestrial snakes in similar spatial orientations do not experience this kind of circulatory failure suggests that certain adaptations enable them to regulate blood pressure more effectively in those (25) orientations.
One suchadaptation is the closer proximity of the terrestrial snake's heart to its head, which helps to ensure circulation to the brain, regardless of the snake's orientation in space.
The heart of sea snakes(30) can be located near the middle of the body, a position that minimizes the work entailed in circulating blood to both extremities.
In arboreal snakes,however, which dwell in trees and often assume a vertical posture, the average distance (35) from the heart to the head can be as little as 15 percent of overall body length.
Such a location requiresthat blood circulated to the tail of the snake travel a greater distance back to the heart, a problem solved by another adaptation.
When (40) climbing, arboreal snakes often pause momentarily to wiggle their bodies,causing waves of muscle contraction that advance from the lower torso to the head.
By compressing the veins and forcing blood forward, these contractions (45) apparently improve the flow of venous blood returning to the heart.
24. Theprimary purposeof the third paragraph is to
(A) introduce a topic that is not discussed[j11] earlier in the passage
(B) describe a more ef?cient method[j12] of achieving an effect discussed in the previous paragraph
(C) draw a conclusion[j13] based on information elaborated in the previous paragraph
(D) discuss two speci?c examples of phenomena mentioned[j14] at the end of the previous paragraph
(E) introduce evidence that undermines [j15]a view reported earlier in the passage
That many terrestrial snakes in similar spatial orientations do not experience this kind of circulatory failure suggests that certain adaptations enable them to regulate blood pressure more effectively in those (25) orientations.
25. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with[j16] doing which of the following?
(A) Explaining adaptations that enable the terrestrial snake to cope with the effects of gravitational pressureon its circulatory system
In terrestrial environments, gravity places special demands on the cardiovascular systems of animals.
(B) Comparing [j17]the circulatory system of the sea snake with that of the terrestrial snake
(C) Explaining [j18]why the circulatory system of the terrestrial snake is different from that of the sea snake
(D) Pointing out features of the terrestrial snake’s[j19] cardiovascular system that make it superior to that of the sea snake
(E) Explaining [j20]how the sea snake is able to neutralize the effects of gravitational pressure on its circulatory system
During the 1960s and 1970s, the primary economic development strategy of local governments in the United States was to attract manufacturing industries.
Unfortunately, this(5) strategy was usually implemented at another community’s expense: many manufacturing facilities were lured away from their moorings elsewhere through tax incentives and slick promotional efforts.
Through the transfer of jobs and related revenues (10) that resulted from this practice,
one town’s triumph could become another town’s tragedy.
In the 1980s the strategy shifted fromthis zero-sum gameto one called “high-technology development,” in which local governments (15) competed to attract newly formed high-technology manufacturing ?rms.
Although this approach was preferable to victimizing other geographical areas by taking their jobs, it also had its shortcomings:
high-tech manufacturing ?rms employ only a (20) specially trained fraction of the manufacturing workforce,
and there simply are not enough high-tech ?rms to satisfy all geographic areas.
Recently, local governments have increasingly come to recognize the advantages of yet a third(25) strategy: the promotion of homegrown small businesses.
Small indigenous businesses are created by a nearly ubiquitous resource, local entrepreneurs.
With roots in their communities, these individuals are less likely to be enticed away (30) by incentives offered by another community.
Indigenous industry and talent are kept at home, creating an environment that both provides jobsand fosters further entrepreneurship.
26.The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A)advocate more effective strategies for encouraging the development of high- technology enterprises in the United States
(B)contrast the incentives for economic development offered by local governments with those offered by the private sector
(C)acknowledge and counter adverse criticism of programs being used to stimulate local economic development
(D)de?ne and explore promotional efforts used by local governments to attract new industry
(E)review and evaluate strategies[j21] and programs that have been used to stimulate economic development
In 1988 services moved ahead of manufacturing as the main product of the United States economy.
Butwhat is meant by “services”?
Some economists de?ne a service as something (5) that is produced and consumed simultaneously,
for example, a haircut. The broader, classical de?nition is that a service is an intangible something that cannot be touched or stored.
Yetelectric utilities can store energy, and computer programmers (10) save information electronically. Thus, the classical de?nition is hard to sustain.
The United States government’s de?nition is more practical: services are the residual category that includes everything that is not agriculture or (15) industry.
Under this de?nition, services includes activities as diverse as engineering and driving a bus.
However, besides lacking a strong conceptual framework, this de?nitionfails to recognize the distinction between service industries and service(20) occupations.
It categorizes workers based on their company’s ?nal product rather than on the actual work the employees perform.
Thus, the many service workers employed by manufacturers- bookkeepers or janitors, for example-would(25) fall under the industrial rather than the services category.
Such ambiguities reveal the arbitrariness of this de?nition and suggest that, although practical for government purposes, it does not accurately re?ect the composition of the current (30) United States economy.
31.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
(A)discussing research data underlying several de?nitions
(B)arguing for the adoption of a particular de?nition
(C)exploring de?nitions of a concept
(D)comparing the advantages of several de?nitions
(E)clarifying some ambiguous de?nitions
compare作动词的选项永远不可能是主旨，因为文章都是议论文，compare只是议论文的手段，肯定不是目的，因此必错。
Current feminist theory, in validating women’s own stories of their experience, has encouraged scholars of women’s history to view the use of women’s oral narratives as the methodology, next to the use of (5) women's written autobiography, that brings historians closest to the "reality" of women's lives.
Such narratives, unlike most standard histories, representexperience from the perspective of women, af?rmthe importance of women’s contributions, and furnish (10) present-day women with historical continuity that is essential to their identity, individually and collectively.
Scholars of women’s history should, however, be as cautious about accepting oral narratives at face value as they already are about written memories.
Oral narratives are no more likely thanare written narratives to provide a disinterested commentary on events or people.
Moreover, the stories people tell to explain themselves are shaped bynarrative devices and storytelling conventions,as well as byother (20) cultural and historical factors, in ways that the storytellers may be unaware of.
The political rhetoric of a particular era, for example, may in?uence women’s interpretations of the signi?cance of their experience.
Thus a woman who views the Second (25) World War as pivotal in increasing the social acceptance of women’s paid work outside the home may reach that conclusion partly and unwittingly because of wartime rhetoric encouraging a positive view of women’s participation in such work.
36. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) contrasting the bene?ts of one methodology with the bene?ts of another
(B) describing the historical origins and inherent drawbacks of a particular methodology
(C) discussing the appeal of a particular methodology and some concerns about its use
(D) showing that some historians’ adoption of a particular methodology has led to criticism of recent historical scholarship
(E) analyzing the in?uence of current feminist views on women’s interpretations of their experience
对比下第一篇文章的主旨题，是不是长得很像，
(C) present a concernabout the possible consequences of pursuing a particular business strategy
(C) discussing the appeal of a particular methodology and some concerns about its use
[j1]文章提到主旨
[j2]通过文章结构来确定主旨
[j3]ND
[j4]细节
[j5]细节
[j6]ND
[j7]ND
[j8]ND
[j9]ND
[j10]ND
[j11]XF
[j12]XF
[j13]ND
[j14]bingo
[j15]ND
[j16]主旨题
[j17]细节
[j18]ND
[j19]细节
[j20]ND
[j21]bingo | 
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发表于 2012-5-15 12:19:44
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