暂时停止更新~suri的gmat之旅，加油加油~~~~

Suri在奋斗

建议从考前2周开始看。

前天刚刚考完，我的经验是：
1、考前两周开始看本月的机井；
2、每天把本月全部的机井看一遍（RC和CR，SC几乎不占什么时间）
3、考前一周把上个月的机井看一遍；
4、从考前一周，每天把本月、上月机井全部看一遍；
5、挑选那些文章主题结构介绍的比较清楚，并且答案明确的机井。只介绍只字片语的机井，还是不看为好，否则在考试中你总是要猜来猜去的。

考试的时候要注意：
1、RC：文章的前两句话看完，就应该知道是不是机井了。如果是，可以简单把文章的结构确定一下，用于定位答案。
  态度性的问题，在机井中基本都有介绍了。细节的问题，就像刚才讲的那样，迅速去定位；
  如果不是，就不要猜了，老老实实把文章看完；
  ——如果是机井的文章，基本上4分钟之内可以搞定。（因为总有一道题是新的）

2、CR：把题干看完之后，应该知道是否为机井。
  但千万要把选项看完，因为GMAC会把weaken改为support什么之类，要小心。

Suri在奋斗

刚刚看到的，感觉记下来，机经问题

Suri在奋斗

Chapter 7
1.In addition to subject-verb agreement,we must consider three other features of verbs that are tested on the GMAT:tense,mood and voice.
  verb tense indicates when the action of the verb takes place
  verb mood indicates what the writer believes about ,or wants to do with the action
  verb voice indicates who or what is doing the action
2. verb tense
 (1) simple tense
      The simple present tense is ofen used to express eternal states or frequent events
      The simple past tense 的时间标志有：originally,from 1978 to 1985 ,previously 等
   In general the GMAT prefers the simple tense unless the sentence clearly requires one of the more complex tense discussed below
(2)progressive tense
    The  progressive tense is to emphasize the ongoing nature of an action.We can use the progressive tense,which use the verb  to be and the present participle
    The present progressive indicates action happening right now ,whether the sentense contains words such as right now or not.
    Do not use the progressive for general definations .Instead ,use the simple present
     In gmat sentences,do not use the present progressive to indicate future actions.This usge is considered too colloquial.Instead ,use simple future
    Verbs that express general states do not normally take progressive forms.Such state verbs include know or signify
(3)keep verb tense consistent
   In any given sentences you should try to keep all verb tense consistent,unless the meaning clearly dictates otherwise
   In a more subtle example you can use the past progressive to describle a background event,while you use simple past to describle a more important event in the foreground 可以用过去进行时表示事件发生的背景再用一般过去时表示一个更重要的事情
  Right ：She was playing with her friends when the babysister arrived
改变下面的句子也是正确的，不过意思不同
  She played with her friends when the babysister arrived
In this case the action played took place after the babysister arrived .both actions are in the simple past and express equal levels of importance.
(4) present perfect:still in effect
   We use the present perfect tense for actions that started in the past but continue into the present or remain true in the presnt or sometimes the present perfect tense means that the action is definitely over but  its effect is relevant to the present moment.
    present perfect =have/has +past participle
    1)to summarise,the present perfect indicates either continued action or continued effect of a completed ation
    2)likewise ,present perfect should be used with within phrase ,such as within the pasr five minutes or within the last ten days,to continued action or continued effect
    3) you want to talk about a specific.completed time period,use the simple past,not the present perfect
    4)finally ,the idea of completed action can be used simply to  placepresent perfect action earlier than another action in Ving forms,infinitives or subordinate clause
       Right:She will play you when you aks her.
                the time of will play=the time of will ask,note that the future will is dropped in subordinate clauses
       Right:she will play you when you have taken out the gatbge
                the time of will play is later than the future time of have taken
   5)以下情况用现在完成时
    since,within/during/over/in +the past/last/recent+时间短语
    during/in/over the last year可以用现在完成时也可以用现在时，取决于当时发生的事情是否延续到现在是否还有影响
（4）past perfect:the earlier action
      If two actions in a sentence occurred at different times in the past,we ofen use the past perfect tense for the earlier action and simple past for the later action
 prep 08:过去完成时表达的是过去的过去，所以需要与一个过去的失态对比，也即如果句子里面没有特别明显表达过去的过去或者没有某个动词是过去时，那么必不会出现过去完成时
   Don't use past perfect simply for long ago without a later past moment
     past perfect=had+past participle
不用过去完成时的几种情况
   1）a sequence of verbs with the same subject doesn't require past perfect
      2)当先后关系很清楚时，不用过去完成时，如before 和after连接的从句，主句不使用完成时态
   3）and或but 连接的句子，因为并列两个动作，并没有强调哪一个
   You should use past perfect only to clarify or emphasize a sequence of the past events and the earlier event should somehow have a bearing on the context of the later event.

(5) perfect tensenly when necessary
Don't use the perfect tense when the simple tense will do.
(6)Tense sequence
在转述他人的话时
With a past tense reporting verb,more present to past ,past to past perfect,and future to conditional
The usual sequence are either present+future or  past+conditional

3.The subjunctive Mood
Verb mood expresses what the writer believes about,or wants to do with,the action expressed by the verb
In English,most sentences express facts with the Indicative Mood or commands with the Imperative Mood.You can expect to see the subjunctive mood in two special situations
1)unlikely or unreal conditions (ususlly after if or a similar word)
2)proposals,desires,and requests formed with certain verbs and the word that

(1)the hypothetical subjunctive
   we use the hypothetical subjunctive form in a few circumstances to indicate unlikely or unreal conditions.Principally,this form occurs afer if ,or as though

If ···then constructions
if then 的结构并不仅仅适用于假设性虚拟语气，也同样适合于其他的时态语态
1）表示确定
   if present ,then present=whenever
2)表示不确定
   if present,then can or may
3)表示确定，用于将来时态
   if present/present perfect,then future
4)不确定——将来时态
   if hypothetical subjunctive ,then conditional
5)从未发生
   if past perfect,then conditional perfect
the helping verbs would and should should never in the if part of the sentence


(2)the command subjunctive
命令性的虚拟语气比假设性虚拟语气在gmat考试中重要
bossy verb+that +subject +command subjunctive

common verbs that take only the command subjunctive:  demand,dictate,mandate,propose,recommond,request,stipulate,suggest

              verbs that take only the infinitive: advise,allow.forbid,persuade,want
             
               verbs that take either the command subjunctive or the infinitive:ask,beg order,prefer,urge,require

the command subjunctive is possible with It is X,in which X is an adjective ,such as essential,that conveys urgency.It is not commonly tested on the Gmat

Avoid the use of the command subjunctive after whether



3.Active VS Passive voice
(1)Don't use other verbs besides be,such as get to form the passive
(2)Use By only for the actual doser of the action
    Use through or because of when you want to describe any instrument or means
由于gmat考试倾向于简洁有效，所以主动优于被动

carolyntse

同是大二学生，2.9考G~~一起加油！

Suri在奋斗

同是大二学生，2.9考G~~一起加油！

-- by 会员 carolyntse (2012/1/25 20:38:00)

加油！！

xeyyxzty

加油~
同大二~2月24考

Suri在奋斗

加油~
同大二~2月24考

-- by 会员 xeyyxzty (2012/1/25 20:41:29)

熊熊很有毅力，能一直坚持，加油！！

Suri在奋斗

我看到比较就赶脚恶心啦，先暂时放这么点，以后再看到好的加上去
Chapter 8 Comparisons
1.comparisons
  Comparisons are a form of parallelism that deserves special attention .As the name indicates,comparisons compare two parts of the sentence.
首先找到标志词语，其次找到句子对比的两部分，最后确保进行比较的两部分是平行的
最重要的标志词语有 like,unlike,as ,then
2.like VS AS
(1)like is a preposition.This means that like must be followed by pronouns ,nouns or noun phrase.Never put a clause or a prepositional phrase after like
(2)Note that like can be followed by gerunds动名词（Ving forms useed as nouns)
As can be either a preposition (appearing with a noun) or a conjunction（appearing with a clause)
3.Keeping comparisons parallel
(1)comparisons must be logically parallel
(2)conparisons must be structurally parrallel
4.Omitted Words
As we have already seen,you can ofen omit words in the second part of a comparison.
Prossessive nouns provide one opportunity
My car is bigger than the Smith's(car)
只要不会有歧义，可以省略第二部分的单词，动词或整个从句
I walk faster than Brian(walks)
I walk as fast now as( I walked)when I was younger
In general,you should put in the omittedwords or appropriate Helping Verbs(such as be ,do and have)only if you need to remove ambiguty
eg：Vishal eats more carrots than dounts
5.比较级和最高级



prep关于比较的小点，一个个记下来
1.as或than引导比较从句中的省略原则----form 白勇语法

1)比较从句谓语与主句谓语相同，可用do，did，does代替。

2)比较从句连系动词be与主句连系动词be相同，可以省略be，也可以不省略。

3)主语谓语动词短语使用“助动词（如have，has，had，will）或情态动词（can，could，may，should）+verb”形式时，比较从句往往省略verb，保留助动词或情态动词。

4)比较从句的主语和谓语与主句的主语和谓语相同时，可以全部省去，常常保留做状语的介词短语或状语从句。

5)比较从句的主语与主句主语相同，可以省略。

2.比较-主语比较
1）对主谓宾全的句型主语比较：A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）。时态要据后定。There be 句型等同于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型。
主语若相同，可省，但助动词不能省。如：

2)对只有主谓（如果主语有定语成分，必须要that/those来指代），没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：

I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别 I eat apple faster than you do 如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按GMAC的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。

3)主系表结构的比较与主谓结构相同。如果时态不一致，则需补出助词，如：

The economy of Florida is more diversified than it was ten years ago

3.对主谓宾全的句型
主语比较：  A do sth  than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）
介宾比较 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2对等名词）
宾语比较 A do C1 than C2.(C1C2为对等名词）
状语比较A do sth than usual/everbefore/people expected(直接加状语）
ETS就这几下子，原则就是清楚地指示什么跟什么比。
按照这个原理，对下一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：
I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别
I eat apple faster than you do
如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按ETS的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。






4.摘自于cd
比较结构中的代词选择及为谓语动词补出
几个星期前在语法版发了几个关于比较结构的问题，up了几次都没有人回。这几天总结了一些notes, 决定贴出来，大家一起切磋。若有错误，还望指正!

第一种比较： 同一主语之间（自己与自己）比较

OG 198

198. Although Napoleon’s army entered Russia
with far more supplies than they had in their previous campaigns, it had provisions for only twenty-four days.
(A) they had in their previous campaigns

(B) their previous campaigns had had

(C) they had for any previous campaign

(D) in their previous campaigns （E）

(E) for any previous campaign



同一army 的两件事情比较，than以后的部分可以省略主语及谓语

AC的谓语动词had补错, 应该是had had.



92.    Never before had taxpayers confronted so many changes at once as they had in the Tax Reform Act of 1986.






(A) so many changes at once as they had in






(B) at once as many changes as






(C) at once as many changes that there were with






(D) as many changes at once as they confronted in（D）





(E) so many changes at once that confronted them in



同样一群taxpayers前后发生的事情比较，却在than后补出了主语及谓语. D的confronted补的完全正确, A中的had就是错的。另外，D中代词用了they, 而不是that/those， 因为是自己与自己比。that/those指代同类事物，而不是同一样事物。



结论：同一主语之间（自己与自己）比较，可以省略主语（因为是自己比自己）及谓语，并且只有当主句也用助动词,且比较从句的助动词与主句一致时,才可省略动词只保留助动词. 这里特别要考虑时态问题，如过去完成时与过去时比较，若补出谓语动词，助动词或动词的选择要根据时态来定。若是不省略主语，代词一般用they/it.

以下的两个句子than后面虽然都补了had, 但意思完全不一样。

X had had....than X had... 后面一个had是过去完成时，而非过去时。

Xhad...than X had...         后面一个had是过去时, 而非过去完成时。



第二种比较：不同主语之间（X与Y）比较

Innits of the Bering Sea were in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.

（A） in isolation from contact with Eurpoeans longer than
（B） isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than
（C）in isolation from contact with Eurpoeans longer than were
（D） isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than were （D）
（E） in isolation and without contact with Eurpoeans longer than


D中were绝对要补，否则产生歧义！

isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than from。。。补出from

isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than were。。。补出were

两种补出方式（prep. or 动词）产生的意思完全不一样，所以要补出were消除歧义。

结论：不同主语之间的比较可以省略谓语动词，但前提是没有歧义。我看到网上有些说法，认为实意动词不能省略，但系表结构就可以。这种说法很片面，所以我特地举了一个系表结构而不省略的例子。引用一位前辈的话：“。。。ETS如此的reluctant to purport 什么硬性的公理。如何将一个句子表达得准确，简洁，不产生歧义是ETS对句子改错的最高要求。有一些通常的做法，但是决不能生搬硬套。”



同样一群taxpayers前后发生的事情比较，却在than后补出了主语及谓语. D的confronted补的完全正确, A中的had就是错的。另外，D中代词用了they, 而不是that/those， 因为是自己与自己比。that/those指代同类事物，而不是同一样事物。



结论：同一主语之间（自己与自己）比较，可以省略主语（因为是自己比自己）及谓语，并且只有当主句也用助动词,且比较从句的助动词与主句一致时,才可省略动词只保留助动词. 这里特别要考虑时态问题，如过去完成时与过去时比较，若补出谓语动词，助动词或动词的选择要根据时态来定。若是不省略主语，代词一般用they/it.

以下的两个句子than后面虽然都补了had, 但意思完全不一样。

X had had....than X had... 后面一个had是过去完成时，而非过去时。

Xhad...than X had...         后面一个had是过去时, 而非过去完成时。



第二种比较：不同主语之间（X与Y）比较

Innits of the Bering Sea were in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.

（A） in isolation from contact with Eurpoeans longer than
（B） isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than
（C）in isolation from contact with Eurpoeans longer than were
（D） isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than were （D）
（E） in isolation and without contact with Eurpoeans longer than


D中were绝对要补，否则产生歧义！

isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than from。。。补出from

isolated from contact with Eurpoeans longer than were。。。补出were

两种补出方式（prep. or 动词）产生的意思完全不一样，所以要补出were消除歧义。

结论：不同主语之间的比较可以省略谓语动词，但前提是没有歧义。我看到网上有些说法，认为实意动词不能省略，但系表结构就可以。这种说法很片面，所以我特地举了一个系表结构而不省略的例子。引用一位前辈的话：“。。。ETS如此的reluctant to purport 什么硬性的公理。如何将一个句子表达得准确，简洁，不产生歧义是ETS对句子改错的最高要求。有一些通常的做法，但是决不能生搬硬套。”



第三种比较：不同宾语之间（X的a与Y的b）比较
OG 118

The question of whether to divest themselves of stock in companies that do business in South Africa is particularly troublesome for the nation's 116 private Black colleges because their economic bases are often more fragile than most predominantly White colleges.

(A) than

(B) than those of

(C) than is so of

(D) compared to (B)

(E) compared to those of



B中的those指代bases.  than后谓语动词are省略，因为没有歧义。

结论：在不同宾语之间比较，一般都会用到代词，且代词极少（我不敢制定公理，所以不说“绝对”）出现they/it, 因为虽然是同类，但不是同一样东西(X的a与Y的b)。谓语动词的省略根据是否产生歧义而定。

Suri在奋斗

chapter 10
1.odds and end
on a general level,remember G M C:grammer ,meaning and concision
on a specific level,make sure to check each sentence
(1)subject-verb agreement (2)Parallelism (3)Pronouns (4)modifiers(5)Verb tense ,mood and voice(6)comparations(7)idioms
consider the following odds and ends ------additional grammer topics that may help you identify the correct sentence
(1) connecting words
(2）connecting punctuation
(3)quantity
2.run-on sentence一个正确的句子应该至少有一个主语（a main clause is a group of words that can stand on its own as a complete sentence.It contains both a subject and a verb,and it does not begin with a suborfinating conjunction such as because or if)
逗号是不能单独去连接两个句子的，否则就会变成run-on sentence,只要加上连词就可以解决问题
3.用and出现的错误，当你发现有and时，思考它是不是
（1）a list(apples,grapes and pears)
 (2)连接两个句子
the gmac will ocassionally create a mixed-up sentence by lingking a main clause to a fragment with  "and"after a comma
wrong:  The term "Eureka "meaning "I have found it"in ancient Greek and famously uterred by Archimedes,and since then,scientists have exclamed the same word upon     making important discoveries.
Right:The term "Eureka "meaning "I have found it"in ancient Greek ,was famously uterred by Archimedes,and since then,scientists have exclamed the same word upon     making important discoveries

4.subdinators are another kinfd of connecting word.主从连词，连接主句和从句，run-on sentences也可以用主从连词解决，主从连词把一个句子变成从句来显示主句和从句的关系，保证句子和谐
5一个句子只有一个连词，在连接两个句子时需要注意句子 的逻辑意思要合理清楚
since so 不能同时连用，although，yet不能同时用

6  coordinating conjunctions 并列连词   and nor but or yet so far    but不能连接三个并列成分，只能连接两个
   subordinators 从属连词 although becasuse before after since when if unless that though while
7.要注意主句后面的句子是一个真正的句子
标点符号
8.逗号是最常用的符号，不要用逗号+and去隔开有同一个主语的两个动词
wrong:   Jack walked to school,and later ate his lunch.
 Ringt:     Jackl walked to school and later ate his lunch.
 Right:     Jack walked to school, and he later ate his lunch
9.分号连接两个想关的完整句子，两个叙述必须是独立的句子 prep: 两个不同层次却有联系的句子用semicolon连接是最合适的
 Wrong:Jack and Lisa are inseperable;doing everything together
   Right:  Jack and Lisa are inseperable ;they do everything together
当发现两个句子有一个是从属于令一个的，要马上改正
  Wrong:The dam has created dead zones;Fish have disappeared
     Right:  The dam has created dead zones,where fish have disappeared
10.连接副词并不是真正的连词，这时候要用分号去连接句子（however,therefore ,in addition)
  wrong:Jack and Lisa are inseperable ,therefore,we never see them apart.
  Right:  Jack and Lisa are inseperable:therefore,we never see them apart.
11.分号可以去开本身就带逗号的部分
12.冒号用于对前一个句子的进一步解释或发展。冒号前的句子必须是完整的句子，冒号后的部分可以不独立成为一个句子。冒号前需要解释的部分与冒号后的部分要尽量地接近
What comes before the colon musr be able to stand alone as a sentence.
What comes after the colon does not have to be alble toi stand alone
Whatever meeds explanation should be placed as close to the colon as possible

14.量词
Rule 1   可数名词与不可数名词的区别
Rule 2  两件事物与三件或更多的事物之间的区别
Rule 3   the number 与a number of 或the numbers of
           （1）the number of 是单数
      （2） a number of 是复数
      （3）the numbers of必错
      （4）用numbers的时候要用greater than,不能用more than
Rule 4   increase，decrease和greater，less的区别

Suri在奋斗

今天中午出去散了个步晒了个阳光就····不想干活了····惭愧