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Chapter 6 Modifiers
1.Modifiers-----a modifier describles or modifiers someone or something in the sentence
Be on the lookout for opening modifiers,which appear at the beginning of a sentence
Many modifying phrases in GMAT sentences are seperated by commas from the noun being modified
2.Adjectives and Adverbs----one word modifiers
(1)形容词和副词是常见的修饰语，形容词只能修饰名词和代词
副词可以修饰除了名词和代词的一切词，如动词，副词，形容词，短语，介词，句子
（2）Note that adjectives,not adverbs,follow lingking verbs .These adjectives do not modify the verb but rather identify a quality with the noun subject
（3）在语法题里经常出现两个修饰结构
adj+adj+n 两个形容词均修饰名词 James is Max's supposed Irish ancestor
adv+adj+n 副词修饰形容词，形容词修饰名词 Max's grandmother is his supposedly Itish ancestor
3.Noun Modifiers-----phrases or clauses that modify nouns or pronouns
noun modifiers act like long adjectives
(1) Type/first words
adjective
presposition
past participle
present participle
Relative pronoun
Another pronoun
(2)同位语 a noun used to modify another noun is called an appositive
同位语的形式
a.名词性同位语 名词解释名词
n，n
n，a/an+n(可以跟修饰语） 或者 a/an+n（可以跟修饰语） ,n
the+n,n
b.内容具体化同位语结构
抽象名词(theory/evidence/belief/principle)+that 从句，that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释，that从句是同位语部分
c概括性同位语
用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象
（3）position of noun modifiers
A noun and its modifiers should touch each other
If the modifier is next to a different noun, we have a Misplaced Modifier
If the noun we want to modify is not even in the sentence,we have a dangling modifier
prep08的解释
when we begin a sentence with a modifying word ,phrase or clause,we must make sure the next thing that comes along can,in fact,be modified by that modifier. when a modifier improperly modifies something,it is called a dangling modifier. this often happens with beginning participal phrase ,making dangling participles are all too common phenomenon.
(4)avoid long sequnences of modifiers that modify the same noun.Putting two long modifiers in a row before or after a noun can lead to awkward or incorrect phrasings
避免一系列的修饰语修饰一个名词，让两个很长的修饰语修饰一个名词不好
最常见的模式 修饰语，修饰语，主谓宾 （比错）
一种常见容易弄错的情形是 修饰语，主语+定语从句，谓宾 （这种是对的）
而另一种 修饰语，定语从句，主语，修饰语，谓语宾语 这种也对但少见
（5）watch out for possessive
modifiers can't nomarlly modify a noun in the possessive case
(6)关系代词引导名词修饰
Noun modifiers are ofen introduced by Relative pronouns such as the following
which that who whose whom where when
who和whom 修饰人，who修饰主语，whom修饰宾语，which修饰物
According to the gmat,clauses led by the pronoun that can't modify people
the pronoun whose can modify either people or things
which/whom sometimes follow prespostion
that 和whom can be dropped when the modified noun is the object of the modifying clause
the ponoun where can be used to modify a noun place,such as area ,site ,country.Where can't modify a metaphonicalplace,such as situation,case,agreement
when可以修饰一个名词时间或时间
(8)essentical/restrictive VS non-essential/unrestrictive modifiers
4.Verb modifiers-----these modifiers answer questions about hte verb such as "how","when","where","why"
5.which Vs the present participle ing
1.use which only to refer to the noun immediately preceding it----never to refer to an entire clause
2.ing做修饰语比which要灵活的多
可以做形容词，直接修饰名词
可以修饰主语和动词
可以修饰一个从句，表示结果
ing在主系表结构中，可以修饰其前面紧跟的名词
ing形式在主谓宾结构之后，可以表示与谓语动词同时发生，表伴随，此时逻辑主语就是主句主语
prep中关于modifier的小点
1.副词的修饰位置：even修饰比较级时，放在比较级之前。ever放在助动词之后。only、first放在被强调的成分之前，alone放在被强调的成分之后。
2.定语从句作定语与分词短语作定语的区别
(1)定语从句强调具体时间具体动作,以及动作的一次性;分词短语强调笼统不确定的时间,抽象/客观/重复性/多次性的行为à故定语从句变为分词时会少掉时态
(2)都可以接受时,分词短语优于定语从句(更简洁),定语从句要尽量转换为分词短语(但不能引起歧义)
(3)定语从句包含情态动词时不能转化为分词短语
(4)ing分词的完成时态不能充当名词的定语,必须转化为定语从句n.+ having doneX?n. that…
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