暂时停止更新~suri的gmat之旅，加油加油~~~~

Suri在奋斗

昨天没怎么学习-_-
欢迎讨论咯咯

哇哦，是有的段落我省略过去里面还有东西，谢谢baby姐姐，今天我上语法版块看呀，姐姐今天貌似木有回答语法问题，本想再跟着你一起讨论~~~！！嘿嘿

-- by 会员 Suri在奋斗 (2012/1/29 23:48:42)

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/1/30 1:06:15)

ok~~!!

Suri在奋斗

现在复习逻辑有种举步维艰的感觉，好想没有复习语法那么令人满意，看着og的题目不是很想做，现在去看bible，时间越发觉得紧···好紧···

Suri在奋斗

Chapter 6.weaken questions
1.weaken queations

(1) The stimulus will contain an argument. Because you are asked to weaken the author’s reasoning, and reasoning requires a conclusion, an argument will always be present. In order to maximize your chances of success, you must identify, isolate, and assess the premises and the conclusion of the argument. Only by understanding the structure of the argument can you gain the perspective necessary to attack the author’s position.
(2)Focus on the conclusion. Almost all correct Weaken answer choices impact the conclusion. The more you know about the specifics of the conclusion, the better armed you will be to differentiate between correct and incorrect answers.
(3)The information in the stimulus is suspect. There are often reasoning errors present, and you must read the argument very carefully.
(4)Weaken questions often yield strong prephases. Be sure to actively consider the range of possible answers before proceeding to the answer choices.
(5) The answer choices are accepted as given, even if they include “new” information. Unlike Must be True Questions, Weaken answer choices can bring into consideration information outside of or tangential to the stimulus. Just because a fact or idea is not mentioned in the stimulus is not grounds for dismissing an answer choice. Your primary task is to determine which answer choice best attacks the argument in the stimulus.

2.Weaken question stems typically contain the following two features
1)the stem uses the word"weaken "or a synonym
   weaken/attack/undermine/refute/argue against/call into question/cast doubt /challenge/damage/counter

2)the stem indicates you should accept the answer choices as true


3.How to weaken an argument
The key to weakening a gmat argument is to attack the conclusion.You don't need to find an answer that destroys the author's position.Instead,simply find an answer that hurts the argument.

(1)the premise
    In practice,almost all correct gmat weaken question answers leave the premise untouched.
    几乎所有weaken的题，正确答案都不是weaken premises,因为这样太显而易见，而是weaken conclusions。Weaken conclusions也不是一定要否定，而是有可能结论不够严密不够完善，从已知推出   结论有漏洞， 所以weaken一般从这些漏洞着手去质疑结论的validity.
(2)The conclusion
    The correct answer will undermine the conclusion by showing that the conclusion fails to account for some elements or possibility
(3)answers that weaken the argument's conclusion will attack assumptions made by the author
(4) The stimuli for weaken questions contain errors of assumption.Answers that weaken the argument’s conclusion will attack assumptions made by the author. Typically,    the author will fail to consider other possibilities or leave out a key piece of information
    In this case,the author assumes that these elements don't exit when he or she makes the conclusion,and if you see a gap or hole in the argument immediately consider that the correct answer might attack this hole.
(5As you consider possible answers,always look for the one that attacks the way the author arrived at the conclusion.Don't woory about the premise and instead focus on the effect the answer has on the conclusion

The second key to weakening argument is to personalize the argument

4.Common Weakening Scenarios
(1)Incomplete Information
The author fails to consider all of the possibilities, or relies upon evidence that is incomplete. This flaw can be attacked by bringing up new possibilities or information.

(2)Improper Comparison
The author attempts to compare two or more items that are essentially different.

(3)Qualified Conclusion
The author qualifies or limits the conclusion in such a way as to leave the argument open to attack.

5.Three Incorrect answer traps
(1)Opposite Answers
   In this case ,they strengthen the arguments as oposed to weakening it
   Opposite answers lures the test taker by presenting information that relates perfectly to the argument,but just in the wrong manner
(2)Shell Game answers
   In weaken questions ,the shell game is usually used to attack a conclusion that is similar to,but slightly different from,the one presented in the stinulus
   If they ask you about “School dropouts”, never choose the answer concerning “School graduates”. Likewise, if they ask you about “塑料怎么会让动物窒息”, never choose the answer concerning “动物吃了塑料会中毒” (Meet and recite words.)
(3)Out of the scope answes  
无关
6.

Weaken Questions

Family 3: Answer Choice → Stimulus

Family 3: Answer Choice → Stimulus

(1) Primary Objective

Carefully read the stimulus, find the argument, and pay attention to the conclusion.

Focus on the conclusion (The specifics of the conclusion), and use the arrow to draw the line of reasoning

Prephase the stimulus by finding the GAP: Actively involved in every question

Accept the answers as the way they are given, even if they include “new” information. Choose the answer that may force the author to make response towards your answer choice.

(2)Types of questions

Premise & Conclusion (No cause& effect reasoning)

Find the answer choice that directly weakens the conclusion. (The answer choice may not be principles but counterexamples.)

Premise→Conclusion (Cause and Effect Reasoning)

Use the arrow to diagram the line of reasoning. Use the prephased answer to find the exact correct answer.

（3）Typical ways to attack a Causal Conclusion

A) Find an alternate cause for the stated effect

B) Show that even when the cause occurs, the effect does not occur (Counterexamples)

C) Show that although the effect occurs, the cause did not occur (Counterexamples)

D) Show that the stated relationship is reversed

E) Show that a statistical problem exists with the data used to make the causal statement

(4)Final Notes

Carefully read the stimulus and answer choices. Pay attention to the specifics of the conclusion, and classify answer choices to Contenders and Losers

Prephase answer. If the stimulus contains cause and effect reasoning, use the arrow to draw it.

Try to figure out the underline principles in every example that exists as an answer choice. Do not generalize.

Be confident to yourself and pay attention to time limit.

A) Find an alternate cause for the stated effect

B) Show that even when the cause occurs, the effect does not occur (Counterexamples)

C) Show that although the effect occurs, the cause did not occur (Counterexamples)

D) Show that the stated relationship is reversed

E) Show that a statistical problem exists with the data used to make the causal statement

(4)Final Notes

Carefully read the stimulus and answer choices. Pay attention to the specifics of the conclusion, and classify answer choices to Contenders and Losers

Prephase answer. If the stimulus contains cause and effect reasoning, use the arrow to draw it.

Try to figure out the underline principles in every example that exists as an answer choice. Do not generalize.

Be confident to yourself and pay attention to time limit.

B) Show that even when the cause occurs, the effect does not occur (Counterexamples)

C) Show that although the effect occurs, the cause did not occur (Counterexamples)

D) Show that the stated relationship is reversed

E) Show that a statistical problem exists with the data used to make the causal statement

lawyer
WEAKEN
看原文：找出结论和推出该结论的前提。特别注意结论的特殊性和具体性。
找答案：用结论的具体性去区分有关无关，并结合TEST。对于特殊类，先预测出答案，用此预测去找答案
TEST：问自己，是否该答案使作者再考虑他的观点或迫使作者做出反应或原文该前提能证明该结论吗。

几种特殊类型：
(1)原文前提和结论关系不密切：正确选项直接WEAKEN结论
(2)因果型结论：即原文给出两件事，然后得出结论说是一件事（因）导致另一件事（果）。WEAKEN该结论的方法包括：A是其他原因或可能导致该结果（find a alternate cause for the stated effect) B.割 断因果：或有因无果或有果无因(show that even when the cause occurs,the effect doesn't occur  or    show that although the effect occurs,the cause doesn't occur)C。因果颠倒了(show that the stated relationship is reversed)。D显示因果关系的资料不准确(show that a stastistical problem exits with the data used to make the causal statement)
(3)条件型结论：结论带条件（即为充分必要）。WEAKEN的方法显示充分条件成立，必要条件可以不成立。或举反例，或提供有关信息。
(4)原文是类比：WEAKEN方式为两者本质不同
(5)调查：有效性受怀疑（被调查的没代表性等）

Suri在奋斗

Chapter 7 Cause and Effect Reasoning
1.What is causality?

2.How to Recognize Causality
  The following terms often introduce a cause and effect relationship
   caused by/because of/responcible for/reason for/leads to/induced by/promoted by/determined by/produced by/product of/played a role in/was a factor in/is an effect of

3.Causality in the conclusions  VS Casuality in the premise
 2. Causality in the Conclusion versus Causality in the Premises
Casual statements can be found in the premises or conclusion of an argument. If the causal statement is the conclusion, then the reasoning is flawed. If the causal statement is the premise, then the argument may be flawed, but not because of the causal statement.


This is an argument with a causal conclusion:
Premise: In North America, people drink a lot of milk
Premise: There is a high frequency of cancer in North America
Conclusion: Therefore, drinking milk causes cancer

If a causal claim is made in the premises, however, then no causal reasoning error exists in the argument. (Of course, the argument may be flawed in other ways.) As mentioned previously, the makers of the GMAT tend to allow premises to go unchallenged and it is considered acceptable for an author to begin his argument by stating a causal relationship and then continuing from there:

Premise: Drinking milk causes cancer
Premise: The residents of North America drink a lot of milk
Conclusion: Therefore, in North America there is a high frequency of cancer among the residents


4.Situations that can lead to errors of casuality
One event occurs before another
Two (or more) events occur at the same time
   There are many other possibilities for the argument: the two events could be caused by a third event
                                                                                             The events could be reversed
                                                                                              There may be situations where the two events don't occur together

5.The central assumptions of casual conclutions
  When a gmat speaker concludes that one occurance caused another,that speaker also assumes that the stated cause is the only possible cause of the effect and that consequently the stated cause will always produce the effect.


6.How to attack a causal conclusion
Find an alternate cause for the stated effect
 Because the author believes that there is only one cause, identifying another cause weakens the conclusion.

Show that even when the cause occurs, the effect does not occur
 This type of answer often appears in the form of counterexample. Because the author believes that the cause always produces the effect, any scenario where the cause occurs and the effect does not weakens the conclusion.

Show that although the effect occurs, the cause did not occur
 This type of answer often appears in the form of counterexample. Because the author believes that the effect is always produced by the same cause, any scenario where the effect occurs and the cause does not weakens the argument.

Show that the stated relationship is reversed
 Because the author believes that the cause and effect relationship is correctly stated, showing that the relationship is backwards undermines the conclusion.

Show that a statistical problem exists with the data used to make the causal statement.

补充: Conditional Reasoning
(Conditional Reasoning在LSAT Logical Reasoning中提及，但没有在GMAT Critical Reasoning中被提及)
Conditional Reasoning Review
A sufficient condition can be defined as an event or circumstance whose occurrence indicates that a necessary condition must also occur.
A necessary condition can be defined as an event or circumstance whose occurrence is required in order for a sufficient condition to occur.

To introduce a sufficient condition:  To introduce a necessary condition:
If                             Then
When                           Only
Whenever                        Only if
Every                            Must
All                            Required
Any                           Unless
People who                      Except
In order to                        Until
Without


Weakening Conditional Reasoning
As proven by the discussion of the previous problem, there is a simple rule for weakening a conditional conclusion:
To weaken a conditional conclusion, attack the necessary condition by showing that the necessary condition does not need to occur in order for the sufficient condition to occur.
This can be achieved by presenting a counterexample or by presenting information that shows that the sufficient condition can occur without the necessary condition.
This leads to another Classic Combination:
When you have conditional reasoning in the stimulus and a Weaken question, immediately look for an answer that attacks the necessary condition.
引申:
Lawyer的条件型结论：结论带条件（即为充分必要）。WEAKEN的方法显示充分条件成立，必要条件可以不成立。或举反例，或提供有关信息。
解释：
就是要为充分条件找到成立的另一理由，即使没有必要条件，充分条件也可以成立。但是不要倒置了。很多迷惑项是weaken充分条件。题目要weaken的是B?A，如果我们weaken了A?B ，那完全不起作用。



不是很懂这个充分必要，看的饶死了

Suri在奋斗

lawyer的高度总结其实挺好的，看完bible，去看看lawyer的总结印象更深刻

miss绿光

是的~但是lawyer过于简单与生涩，要是一上来的话还是会有障碍的~我总是觉得逻辑就是阅读问题~看懂了很难再错了~
继续加油把亲！

Suri在奋斗

是的~但是lawyer过于简单与生涩，要是一上来的话还是会有障碍的~我总是觉得逻辑就是阅读问题~看懂了很难再错了~
继续加油把亲！

-- by 会员 miss绿光 (2012/1/30 20:27:18)

下周就是rc啦，时间越紧也越觉得紧张啦，加油加油~~！！

Suri在奋斗

哎，看群里面热火朝天讨论数学阅读jj，两项都没有开始的人压力真的很大很大

miss绿光

哎，看群里面热火朝天讨论数学阅读jj，两项都没有开始的人压力真的很大很大

-- by 会员 Suri在奋斗 (2012/1/31 0:19:48)

大二的孩纸数学JJ晚些看没有关系，而且晚些有讨论稿和无重复版本的整理，我喜欢看那些~原始的太乱~
阅读JJ反正提前一周多些看就够，太早了版本少，太晚了真心多！可以先看那些有确认考古和原文的，这些的版本多少就不影响理解了~都应该是比较充分的了~

Suri在奋斗

哎，看群里面热火朝天讨论数学阅读jj，两项都没有开始的人压力真的很大很大

-- by 会员 Suri在奋斗 (2012/1/31 0:19:48)

大二的孩纸数学JJ晚些看没有关系，而且晚些有讨论稿和无重复版本的整理，我喜欢看那些~原始的太乱~
阅读JJ反正提前一周多些看就够，太早了版本少，太晚了真心多！可以先看那些有确认考古和原文的，这些的版本多少就不影响理解了~都应该是比较充分的了~

-- by 会员 miss绿光 (2012/1/31 0:27:03)

谢谢绿光姐姐鸟~~哎，心里还是怕，都一起加油加油~！！！