【每日逻辑练习第二季】【2-14】

irenetopia

精炼

Columnist: A democratic society cannot exist unless
its citizens have established strong bonds of
mutual trust. Such bonds are formed and
strengthened only by participation in civic
organizations, political parties, and other
groups outside the family. It is obvious then
that widespread reliance on movies and
electronic media for entertainment has an
inherently corrosive effect on democracy.
Which one of the following is an assumption on
which the columnist’s argument depends?
Logic: bonds——democratic society
CO PP GOF——bonds
Media——corrosive effect on democratic
Assumption: CPG rely on Media
(A) Anyone who relies on movies and electronic
media for entertainment is unable to form a
strong bond of mutual trust with a citizen.——weaken
(B) Civic organizations cannot usefully advance
their goals by using electronic media.——weaken
(C) Newspapers and other forms of print media
strengthen, rather than weaken, democratic
institutions.——反了哎跟前提
(D) Relying on movies and electronic media for
entertainment generally makes people less
likely to participate in groups outside their
families.——bingo！
(E) People who rely on movies and electronic
media for entertainment are generally closer
to their families than are those who do not——irrelevant

逻辑链

61The more frequently employees take time to exercise during working hours each week, the fewer sick days they take.  Even employees who exercise only once a week during working hours take less sick time than those who do not exercise.  Therefore, if companies started fitness programs, the absentee rate in those companies would decrease significantly.
logic:more exercise more healthy
Start fitness programs to decrease sick employees
Weaken: does the fitness can make lazy employees to do exercise, if they do not do?
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

(A) Employees who exercise during working hours occasionally fall asleep for short periods of time after they exercise.——irrelevant
(B) Employees who are frequently absent are the least likely to cooperate with or to join a corporate fitness program.——bingo!
(C) Employees who exercise only once a week in their company's fitness program usually also exercise after work.——irrelevant
(D) Employees who exercise in their company's fitness program use their working time no more productively than those who do not exercise.——irrelevant
(E) Employees who exercise during working hours take slightly longer lunch breaks than employees who do not exercise.——irrelevant

62.    (33903-!-item-!-188;#058&007604)

Recently a court ruled that current law allows companies to reject a job applicant if working in the job would entail a 90 percent chance that the applicant would suffer a heart attack.  The presiding judge justified the ruling, saying that it protected both employees and employers.
The use of this court ruling as part of the law could not be effective in regulating employment practices if which of the following were true?
logic：reject an applicant that may suffer a heart attack
May protect employers and employees
Weaken:how can they calculate the risk?

(A) The best interests of employers often conflict with the interests of employees.——irrelevant
(B) No legally accepted methods exist for calculating the risk of a job applicant's having a heart attack as a result of being employed in any particular occupation.——bingo
(C) Some jobs might involve health risks other than the risk of heart attack.——irrelevant!
(D) Employees who have a 90 percent chance of suffering a heart attack may be unaware that their risk is so great.——irrelevant
(E) The number of people applying for jobs at a company might decline if the company, by screening applicants for risk of heart attack, seemed to suggest that the job entailed high risk of heart attack.——irrelevant
63.    (33951-!-item-!-188;#058&007609)

Guitar strings often go "dead"--become less responsive and bright in tone--after a few weeks of intense use.  A researcher whose son is a classical guitarist hypothesized that dirt and oil, rather than changes in the material properties of the string, were responsible.

Which of the following investigations is most likely to yield significant information that would help to evaluate the researcher's hypothesis?
logic:dirt and oil make the guitar dead rather than intense use
Evaluate: to contract the two material
(A) Determining if a metal alloy is used to make the strings used by classical guitarists——irrelevant
(B) Determining whether classical guitarists make their strings go dead faster than do folk guitarists——irrelevant
(C) Determining whether identical lengths of string, of the same gauge, go dead at different rates when strung on various brands of guitars——irrelevant
(D) Determining whether a dead string and a new string produce different qualities of sound——irrelevant
(E) Determining whether smearing various substances on new guitar strings causes them to go dead——bingo! Comparing material

64.    (33999-!-item-!-188;#058&007610)

To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of country Z banned imports of the types of products those industries were starting to make.  As a direct result, the cost of those products to the buyers, several export-dependent industries in Z, went up, sharply limiting the ability of those industries to compete effectively in their export markets.

Which of the following can be most properly inferred from the passage about the products whose importation was banned?
logic:protect fledgling industries——ban imports
Depend on imports industries’ cost up
(A) Those products had been cheaper to import than they were to make within country Z's fledgling industries.——bingo!
(B) Those products were the ones that country Z was hoping to export in its turn, once the fledgling industries matured.——irrelevant
(C) Those products used to be imported from just those countries to which country Z's exports went.——irrelevant
(D) Those products had become more and more expensive to import, which resulted in a foreign trade deficit just before the ban.——new information
(E) Those products used to be imported in very small quantities, but they were essential to country Z's economy.——new information

cyndichiang

精炼 2‘18’‘
premise: A democratic society cannot exist unless its citizens have established strong bonds of mutual trust
premise: such bond is participation in civic organizations, political parties, and other groups outside the family
conclusion:widespread reliance on movies and electronic media for entertainment has an inherently corrosive effect on democracy.
Q:Assumption
prephrase: democracy--->strong bonds (necessary condition)===>media-->corrode  democracy
media lead people unlikely to have strong bonds
(A) Anyone who relies on movies and electronic
media for entertainment is unable to form a
strong bond of mutual trust with a citizen.-----unable表示不能，则全部否定了democracy而结论只是说有危害作用
(B) Civic organizations cannot usefully advance
their goals by using electronic media.-----"advance goals" is irrelevant
(C) Newspapers and other forms of print media
strengthen, rather than weaken, democratic
institutions.-----直接反驳结论，错
(D) Relying on movies and electronic media for
entertainment generally makes people less
likely to participate in groups outside their
families.-----correct; 补gap，同时说道双方，并且less likely表示的程度正确
(E) People who rely on movies and electronic
media for entertainment are generally closer
to their families than are those who do not-----实际上达不到结论

逻辑链：
1. 22’‘
premise：take more time to exercise---->fewer sick days
conclusion: started fitness programs--->the absentee rate decrease significantly
Q:weaken
prephrase: people who are more likely to be absent are unwilling to join fitness programs

2. 34''
premise:law allows companies to reject a job applicant if working in the job would entail a 90 percent chance that the applicant would suffer a heart attack
conclusion: it helps both employers and employees
Q: weaken
prephrase: if companies cannot know whether the applicants would suffer a heart attack?

3.23''
premise: guitar strings become less responsive and bright in tone
conclusion:  dirt and oil, rather than changes in the material properties of the string are responsible for
Q:Evaluate(next experiment)
prephrase: whether dirt and oil account for? adding dirt and oil to new strings, then listening the tone

4. 56''
premise:Z banned imports of the types of products those industries were starting to make
conclusion:the cost of those products in Z went up sharply and limit its competition in export market
Q: must be true
prephrase: cost: making in Z > import


            

邹小米

感谢分享！               

spencerchan

30/01/16
57’’
P: democratic society needs strong bonds of mutual trust
C: movies and electronic media have negative impacts on democracy
Assumption: movies and electronic will prevent citizens from civic organisations
A: not sure
B: Irrelevant
C: Opposite
D: CORRECT
E: Obscure

26’’
P: do exercise helps people keep fit
C: Absentee rate will decrease if company started fitness programs
Weaken: do exercise has some negative impacts on absentee rate
A: Irrelevant
B: CORRECT
C: Irrelevant
D: Irrelevant
E: Irrelevant

37’’
P: companies could reject a job applicant if over 90% will suffer heart attack
C: The law can protect employees and employers both
Weaken: Employers will failed to follow the law???
A: Irrelevant
B: CORRECT
C: Irrelevant
D: Irrelevant
E: Irrelevant

38’’
C: oil and dirt make guitar string go dead
other reasons?/ different conditions?
A: Irrelevant
B: Irrelevant
C: Irrelevant?

D: CORRECT?
E: Irrelevant

27’’
P: import limited
C: local industries cannot compete with foreign companies
Conclusion: other export companies’s cost increase because of importance limitation
A: CORRECT
B: Irrelevant
C: Irrelevant
D: Irrelevant
E: Irrelevant

Lincy123

民主社会需要人民建立统一的信任的强连接。只有参加家庭外的活动才能加强连接。
社交娱乐媒体和电影的传播对民主有强腐蚀作用。
Assumption：电影电子媒体 = 不参加家庭外的公民政治活动
A）        取非。任何依赖电影的人都能建立强连接
B）        取非。公民组织可以通过电子媒体统一目标
C）        取非。印刷媒体不加强民主机构
D）        取非。电影和电子媒体让公民更愿意参加外部活动。Correct
E）        电影和电子媒体让人们和他们的家人更亲近。无关

P：公司开始健身项目
C：旷工率下降
Weaken：健身和旷工无关
B）correct常常旷工的人是最不可能参加健身运动的

Bg：法律规定如果求职者有90%的概率产生心脏病，那公司就可以拒绝求职者。
Weaken
B）correct 没办法计算求职者因为工作而患病的概率

P：灰尘和油，而非材质
C：吉他弦dead
e）        correct 往新弦上抹不同物质是否会dead

p：禁止原材料进口
c：产品价格上升，限制了出口竞争力
a）        correct 进口的产品比自己国内的产品便宜