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3. Columnist: Almost anyone can be an expert, for there are no official guidelines determining what an expert must know. Anybody who manages to convince some people of his or her qualifications in an area—whatever those may be—is an expert.
The columnist’s conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed? D
(A) Almost anyone can convince some people of his or her qualifications in some area.
(B) Some experts convince everyone of their qualifications in almost every area.
(C) Convincing certain people that one is qualified in an area requires that one actually be qualified in that area.
(D) Every expert has convinced some people of his or her qualifications in some area.
(E) Some people manage to convince almost everyone of their qualifications in one or more areas.
【逻辑链】
No guidance, any one can persuade others in his/her area-> Conclusion: any one can be an expert,
Assumption: Persuade others in an area is the qualification of an expert
53.(33471-!-item-!-188;#058&007576)
Unlike the wholesale price of raw wool, the wholesale price of raw cotton has fallen considerably in the last year. Thus, although the retail price of cotton clothing at retail clothing stores has not yet fallen, it will inevitably fall.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above? A
(A) The cost of processing raw cotton for cloth has increased during the last year.
(B) The wholesale price of raw wool is typically higher than that of the same volume of raw cotton. Not relevant
(C) The operating costs of the average retail clothing store have remained constant during the last year.
(D) Changes in retail prices always lag behind changes in wholesale prices.+
(E) The cost of harvesting raw cotton has increased in the last year. Not relevant
Conclusion the retail price of cotton cloth will fall, because the whole sale price of raw cotton fall last year.
54.(33519-!-item-!-188;#058&007577)
The pharmaceutical industry argues that because new drugs will not be developed unless heavy development costs can be recouped in later sales, the current 20 years of protection provided by patents should be extended in the case of newly developed drugs. However, in other industries new-product development continues despite high development costs, a fact that indicates that the extension is unnecessary.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the pharmaceutical industry's argument against the challenge made above?
(A) No industries other than the pharmaceutical industry have asked for an extension of the 20-year limit on patent protection. Not relevant
(B) Clinical trials of new drugs, which occur after the patent is granted and before the new drug can be marketed, often now take as long as 10 years to complete. Negative
(C) There are several industries in which the ratio of research and development costs to revenues is higher than it is in the pharmaceutical industry.+
(D) An existing patent for a drug does not legally prevent pharmaceutical companies from bringing to market alternative drugs, provided they are sufficiently dissimilar to the patented drug.
(E) Much recent industrial innovation has occurred in products--example, in the computer and electronics industries--which patent protection is often very ineffective. Not relevant
Conclusion: 20 years patent protection do not need to be extended
Opinion: the new drugs will development only the costs covered in the later sales. The patent protection needs to be extended.
Premise: new product development still goes on, even though the costs is high.
55.(33567-!-item-!-188;#058&007582)
The cotton farms of Country Q became so productive that the market could not absorb all that they produced. Consequently, cotton prices fell. The government tried to boost cotton prices by offering farmers who took 25 percent of their cotton acreage out of production direct support payments up to a specified maximum per farm.
The government's program, if successful, will not be a net burden on the budget. Which of the following, if true, is the best basis for an explanation of how this could be so? A
(A) Depressed cotton prices meant operating losses for cotton farms, and the government lost revenue from taxes on farm profits.
(B) Cotton production in several countries other than Q declined slightly the year that the support-payment program went into effect in Q. Not relevant
(C) The first year that the support-payment program was in effect, cotton acreage in Q was 5% below its level in the base year for the program. Not relevant
(D) The specified maximum per farm meant that for very large cotton farms the support payments were less per acre for those acres that were withdrawn from production than they were for smaller farms.
(E) Farmers who wished to qualify for support payments could not use the cotton acreage that was withdrawn from production to grow any other crop.
25% of the cotton acreage cut to avoid the cotton price fell.
If not a net burden for Gov. to find the base related to Gov, budget
56.(33615-!-item-!-188;#058&007586)
Robot satellites relay important communications and identify weather patterns. Because the satellites can be repaired only in orbit, astronauts are needed to repair them. Without repairs, the satellites would eventually malfunction. Therefore, space flights carrying astronauts must continue.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above? E
(A) Satellites falling from orbit because of malfunctions burn up in the atmosphere.+
(B) Although satellites are indispensable in the identification of weather patterns, weather forecasters also make some use of computer projections to identify weather patterns. Some how/ ?
(C) The government, responding to public pressure, has decided to cut the budget for space flights and put more money into social welfare programs. . Not relevant
(D) Repair of satellites requires heavy equipment, which adds to the amount of fuel needed to lift a spaceship carrying astronauts into orbit. Not relevant
(E) Technical obsolescence of robot satellites makes repairing them more costly and less practical than sending new, improved satellites into orbit.
Conclusion: the flights carry the astronauts need to continue.
Facts: satellites is important for communication and weather and need repair
Premised without the astronauts repair, the satellites will be malfunctional
To find the weaken: without the astronauts, the satellites can be repaired remotely or the life length is enough.
3. Columnist: Almost anyone can be an expert, for there are no official guidelines determining what an expert must know. Anybody who manages to convince some people of his or her qualifications in an area—whatever those may be—is an expert.
The columnist’s conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed? D
(A) Almost anyone can convince some people of his or her qualifications in some area.
(B) Some experts convince everyone of their qualifications in almost every area.
(C) Convincing certain people that one is qualified in an area requires that one actually be qualified in that area.
(D) Every expert has convinced some people of his or her qualifications in some area.
(E) Some people manage to convince almost everyone of their qualifications in one or more areas.
【逻辑链】
No guidance, any one can persuade others in his/her area-> Conclusion: any one can be an expert,
Assumption: Persuade others in an area is the qualification of an expert
53.(33471-!-item-!-188;#058&007576)
Unlike the wholesale price of raw wool, the wholesale price of raw cotton has fallen considerably in the last year. Thus, although the retail price of cotton clothing at retail clothing stores has not yet fallen, it will inevitably fall.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above? A
(A) The cost of processing raw cotton for cloth has increased during the last year.
(B) The wholesale price of raw wool is typically higher than that of the same volume of raw cotton. Not relevant
(C) The operating costs of the average retail clothing store have remained constant during the last year.
(D) Changes in retail prices always lag behind changes in wholesale prices.+
(E) The cost of harvesting raw cotton has increased in the last year. Not relevant
Conclusion the retail price of cotton cloth will fall, because the whole sale price of raw cotton fall last year.
54.(33519-!-item-!-188;#058&007577)
The pharmaceutical industry argues that because new drugs will not be developed unless heavy development costs can be recouped in later sales, the current 20 years of protection provided by patents should be extended in the case of newly developed drugs. However, in other industries new-product development continues despite high development costs, a fact that indicates that the extension is unnecessary.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the pharmaceutical industry's argument against the challenge made above?
(A) No industries other than the pharmaceutical industry have asked for an extension of the 20-year limit on patent protection. Not relevant
(B) Clinical trials of new drugs, which occur after the patent is granted and before the new drug can be marketed, often now take as long as 10 years to complete. Negative
(C) There are several industries in which the ratio of research and development costs to revenues is higher than it is in the pharmaceutical industry.+
(D) An existing patent for a drug does not legally prevent pharmaceutical companies from bringing to market alternative drugs, provided they are sufficiently dissimilar to the patented drug.
(E) Much recent industrial innovation has occurred in products--example, in the computer and electronics industries--which patent protection is often very ineffective. Not relevant
Conclusion: 20 years patent protection do not need to be extended
Opinion: the new drugs will development only the costs covered in the later sales. The patent protection needs to be extended.
Premise: new product development still goes on, even though the costs is high.
55.(33567-!-item-!-188;#058&007582)
The cotton farms of Country Q became so productive that the market could not absorb all that they produced. Consequently, cotton prices fell. The government tried to boost cotton prices by offering farmers who took 25 percent of their cotton acreage out of production direct support payments up to a specified maximum per farm.
The government's program, if successful, will not be a net burden on the budget. Which of the following, if true, is the best basis for an explanation of how this could be so? A
(A) Depressed cotton prices meant operating losses for cotton farms, and the government lost revenue from taxes on farm profits.
(B) Cotton production in several countries other than Q declined slightly the year that the support-payment program went into effect in Q. Not relevant
(C) The first year that the support-payment program was in effect, cotton acreage in Q was 5% below its level in the base year for the program. Not relevant
(D) The specified maximum per farm meant that for very large cotton farms the support payments were less per acre for those acres that were withdrawn from production than they were for smaller farms.
(E) Farmers who wished to qualify for support payments could not use the cotton acreage that was withdrawn from production to grow any other crop.
25% of the cotton acreage cut to avoid the cotton price fell.
If not a net burden for Gov. to find the base related to Gov, budget
56.(33615-!-item-!-188;#058&007586)
Robot satellites relay important communications and identify weather patterns. Because the satellites can be repaired only in orbit, astronauts are needed to repair them. Without repairs, the satellites would eventually malfunction. Therefore, space flights carrying astronauts must continue.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above? E
(A) Satellites falling from orbit because of malfunctions burn up in the atmosphere.+
(B) Although satellites are indispensable in the identification of weather patterns, weather forecasters also make some use of computer projections to identify weather patterns. Some how/ ?
(C) The government, responding to public pressure, has decided to cut the budget for space flights and put more money into social welfare programs. . Not relevant
(D) Repair of satellites requires heavy equipment, which adds to the amount of fuel needed to lift a spaceship carrying astronauts into orbit. Not relevant
(E) Technical obsolescence of robot satellites makes repairing them more costly and less practical than sending new, improved satellites into orbit.
Conclusion: the flights carry the astronauts need to continue.
Facts: satellites is important for communication and weather and need repair
Premised without the astronaut's repair, the satellites will be malfunctional
To find the weaken: without the astronauts, the satellites can be repaired remotely or the life length is enough.
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发表于 2013-10-3 02:09:06
