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3. Columnist: Almost anyone can be an expert, for
there are no official guidelines determining
what an expert must know. Anybody who
manages to convince some people of his or her
qualifications in an area—whatever those may
be—is an expert.
Like last question, this question has a conclusion at the beginning of the argument. Why can almost anyone be an expert, even though anybody who manages to convince some people of his or her qualifications in an area-whatever those may be-is an expert? So the right answer should fill the hole.
The columnist’s conclusion follows logically if
which one of the following is assumed?
(A) Almost anyone can convince some people of
his or her qualifications in some area.
Yes, in this case, the answer choice strengthens the argument by showing that almost anyone can convince some people of his or her qualifications in some area, complying with the premise provided in the argument. BA
(B) Some experts convince everyone of their
qualifications in almost every area.
“Some experts” cannot be the assumption.
(C) Convincing certain people that one is qualified
in an area requires that one actually be
qualified in that area.
Actually, it is weakens the argument by requiring that someone should actually be qualified in some area.
(D) Every expert has convinced some people of his
or her qualifications in some area.
It may be true, but how about almost anyone can be an expert?
(E) Some people manage to convince almost
everyone of their qualifications in one or
more areas.
“Some people” cannot be the assumption.
It only strengthens the conclusion that some people are experts.
53.(33471-!-item-!-188;#058&007576)
Unlike the wholesale price of raw wool, the wholesale price of raw cotton has fallen considerably in the last year. Thus, although the retail price of cotton clothing at retail clothing stores has not yet fallen, it will inevitably fall.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
(A) The cost of processing raw cotton for cloth has increased during the last year.
This answer choice weakens the argument by showing that the effect is opposite as expected. BA
(B) The wholesale price of raw wool is typically higher than that of the same volume of raw cotton.
The comparison is irrelevant.
(C) The operating costs of the average retail clothing store have remained constant during the last year.
But the price may still fall.
(D) Changes in retail prices always lag behind changes in wholesale prices.
This answer choice strengthens the argument by showing that the lag between wholesale prices and retail prices.
(E) The cost of harvesting raw cotton has increased in the last year.
The argument has shown that the wholesale price of raw cotton has fallen considerably in the last year, so the cost of harvesting raw cotton is outside the scope of the argument.
54.(33519-!-item-!-188;#058&007577)
The pharmaceutical industry argues that because new drugs will not be developed unless heavy development costs can be recouped in later sales, the current 20 years of protection provided by patents should be extended in the case of newly developed drugs. However, in other industries new-product development continues despite high development costs, a fact that indicates that the extension is unnecessary.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the pharmaceutical industry's argument against the challenge made above?
I miss the meaning of the question. The challenge refers to “However, in other industries…”
(A) No industries other than the pharmaceutical industry have asked for an extension of the 20-year limit on patent protection.
Because of the speciality of pharmaceutical industry, the extension may be necessary.
(B) Clinical trials of new drugs, which occur after the patent is granted and before the new drug can be marketed, often now take as long as 10 years to complete.
It strengthens the extension, rather than the argument.
Yes, it does strengthen the pharmaceutical industry’s argument about extension.
(C) There are several industries in which the ratio of research and development costs to revenues is higher than it is in the pharmaceutical industry.
But we do not know whether these industries agree with the extension of patent protection.
(D) An existing patent for a drug does not legally prevent pharmaceutical companies from bringing to market alternative drugs, provided they are sufficiently dissimilar to the patented drug.
It seems to be a contender, but a more thorough analysis reveals that this answer choice only points out that an existing patent has not such a weakness.
(E) Much recent industrial innovation has occurred in products--example, in the computer and electronics industries--which patent protection is often very ineffective.
Yes, this answer choice strengthens the argument by showing that the innovation can be contained in industries which patent protection is often very ineffective.
Actually, this weakens the adoption of extension.
55.(33567-!-item-!-188;#058&007582)
The cotton farms of Country Q became so productive that the market could not absorb all that they produced. Consequently, cotton prices fell. The government tried to boost cotton prices by offering farmers who took 25 percent of their cotton acreage out of production direct support payments up to a specified maximum per farm.
The government's program, if successful, will not be a net burden on the budget. Which of the following, if true, is the best basis for an explanation of how this could be so?
(A) Depressed cotton prices meant operating losses for cotton farms, and the government lost revenue from taxes on farm profits.
Yes, in this case, the answer choice strengthens the government’s program by showing that without the plan, the government may lose much revenue taxes on farm profits. BA
(B) Cotton production in several countries other than Q declined slightly the year that the support-payment program went into effect in Q.
If their cotton production increased, the plan could not succeed.
(C) The first year that the support-payment program was in effect, cotton acreage in Q was 5% below its level in the base year for the program.
The change in the cotton acreage cannot strengthen the program.
(D) The specified maximum per farm meant that for very large cotton farms the support payments were less per acre for those acres that were withdrawn from production than they were for smaller farms.
The meaning of the specified maximum per farm cannot strengthen the plan.
(E) Farmers who wished to qualify for support payments could not use the cotton acreage that was withdrawn from production to grow any other crop.
This answer choice, in fact, may decrease the farmers’ revenue, thus weakening the argument.
56.(33615-!-item-!-188;#058&007586)
Robot satellites relay important communications and identify weather patterns. Because the satellites can be repaired only in orbit, astronauts are needed to repair them. Without repairs, the satellites would eventually malfunction. Therefore, space flights carrying astronauts must continue.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above?
(A) Satellites falling from orbit because of malfunctions burn up in the atmosphere.
So it stresses the importance that satellites should be repaired timely.
(B) Although satellites are indispensable in the identification of weather patterns, weather forecasters also make some use of computer projections to identify weather patterns.
The fact that weather forecasters also make some use of computer projections is irrelevant.
(C) The government, responding to public pressure, has decided to cut the budget for space flights and put more money into social welfare programs.
Welfare programs are outside the scope of the argument.
(D) Repair of satellites requires heavy equipment, which adds to the amount of fuel needed to lift a spaceship carrying astronauts into orbit.
Even though this may be true, the conclusion can still be valid.
(E) Technical obsolescence of robot satellites makes repairing them more costly and less practical than sending new, improved satellites into orbit.
Yes, in this case, it points out another factor which can stop carrying astronauts to repair old satellites, thus weakening the argument. BA
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发表于 2012-7-13 08:05:22
