babypace暂别G

vacationer

以下是引用babypace在2005-9-4 12:18:00的发言：

这篇太奇怪了。我一题没对。能说说是怎么理解的吗？特别３７题。我选了Ｃ。

到今天反而这篇错很多，担心。。。

36题我好像是错的,讨论的帖子里大部分人都不选C

37题:

Some economists believe that rigorous

enforcement of existing equal pay

(10)      laws would substantially decrease

this wage inequity.

babypace

嗯，36是C。但是37很tricky啊。如果是A，说的是一些economist同意的观点，但是另一些不也同意C的观点吗，

                            other

(20)      economists argue that a comparable

worth standard, which would

mandate that women and men in

any jobs that require comparable

training and responsibility be paid

(25)      the same, should be applied

instead.

为什么C不对呢？

wwwhahchn

以下是引用babypace在2005-9-5 10:09:00的发言：

嗯，36是C。但是37很tricky啊。如果是A，说的是一些economist同意的观点，但是另一些不也同意C的观点吗，

                            other

(20)      economists argue that a comparable

worth standard, which would

mandate that women and men in

any jobs that require comparable

training and responsibility be paid

(25)      the same, should be applied

instead.

为什么C不对呢？

C错在题目问的是men and women who do the same jobs，而C的答案针对的是men and women who do different jobs

另外，36题选E

大家讨论

babypace

明白了。同意36E和37A。

问题是有点细微的词语要我注意，我却忽略了。文章不难，题目坏。谢谢chn。

babypace

1.        GWD-9-Q4-Q7 N-17-Q5-18 G-9-Q4-Q7高地农业经济

By the sixteenth century, the Incas

of South America ruled an empire that

extended along the Pacific coast and

Line     Andean highlands from what is now

(5)        Ecuador to central Chile. While most

of the Incas were self-sufficient

agriculturists, the inhabitants of the

highland basins above 9,000 feet were

constrained by the kinds of crops they

(10)      could cultivate. Whereas 95 percent

of the principal Andean food crops can

be cultivated below 3,000 feet, only

20 percent reproduce readily above

9,000 feet. Given this unequal

(15)      resource distribution, highland Incas

needed access to the products of

lower, warmer climatic zones in order

to enlarge the variety and quantity of

their foodstuffs. In most of the prein-

(20)      dustrial world, the problem of different

resource distribution was resolved by

long-distance trade networks over

which the end consumer exercised

little control. Although the peoples

(25)      of the Andean highlands participated

in such networks, they relied primarily

on the maintenance of autonomous

production forces in as many eco-

logical zones as possible. The

(30)      commodities produced in these

zones were extracted, processed,

and transported entirely by members

of a single group.

This strategy of direct access

(35)      to a maximum number of ecological

zones by a single group is called

vertical economy. Even today,

one can see Andean communities

maintaining use rights simultaneously

(40)      to pasturelands above 12,000 feet, to

potato fields in basins over 9,000 feet,

and to plots of warm-land crops in

regions below 6,000 feet. This

strategy has two principal variations.

(45)      The first is “compressed verticality,”

in which a single village resides in

a location that permits easy access

to closely located ecological zones.

Different crop zones or pasturelands

(50)      are located within a few days walk of

the parent community. Community

members may reside temporarily

in one of the lower zones to manage

the extraction of products unavailable

(55)      in the homeland. In the second variation,

called the “vertical archipelago,”

the village exploits resources in widely

dispersed locations, constituting a

series of independent production

(60)      “islands.” In certain pre-Columbian

Inca societies, groups were sent from

the home territory to establish permanent

satellite communities or colonies

in distant tropical forests or coastal

(65)      locations. There the colonists grew

crops and extracted products for their

own use and for transshipment back

to their high-altitude compatriots.

In contrast to the compressed

(70)      verticality system, in this system,

commodities rather than people

circulated through the archipelago.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-9-Q4 N-17-Q5 G-9-Q4:

According to the passage, which of the following is true about the preindustrial long distance trade networks mentioned in line 22 ?

1. They were not used extensively in most of the preindustrial world.



2. They were used to some extent by the people of the Andean highlands.



3. They were not an effective means of solving the problem of different resource distribution.



4. They necessitated the establishment of permanent satellite communities in widely dispersed locations.



5. They were useful only for the transportation of products from warm climatic zones.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-9-Q5 N-17-Q6 G-9-Q5:

According to the passage, the inhabitants of the Andean highlands resolved the problem of unequal resource distribution primarily in which of the following ways?

1. Following self-sufficient agricultural practices



2. Increasing commodity production from the ecological zones in the highland basins



3. Increasing their reliance on long-distance trade networks



4. Establishing satellite communities throughout the Andean highlands



5. Establishing production forces in ecological zones beyond their parent communities

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-9-Q6 N-17-Q7 G-9-Q6:

The passage suggests that as a way of addressing the problem of different resource distribution in the preindustrial world, the practice of vertical economy differed from the use of long-distance trade networks in that vertical economy allowed

1. commodities to reach the end consumer faster



2. a wide variety of agricultural goods to reach the end consumer



3. a single group to maintain control over the production process



4. greater access to commodities from lower, warmer climatic zones



5. greater use of self-sufficient agricultural techniques

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-9-Q7 N-17-Q8 G-9-Q7:

The passage suggests that for an Andean highland village attempting to resolve the problem of unequal resource distribution, the strategy known as compressed verticality would probably be inappropriate for which of the following situations?

1. The village’s location is such that it is difficult for the village to participate in long-distance trade networks.



2. The village does not have the resources to establish permanent satellite communities in production zones beyond the home community.



3. The warm-land crop regions nearest to the village are all below 6,000 feet.



4. The location of the village does not provide ready access to an adequate variety of ecological zones.



5. The nearest crop production zones are located below the village, while the nearest pasturelands are located above the village.

这篇又是很乱的。大家选的是什么？最后如何定论的？

我同意B，E， 第6题为什么不选B？ 第7我选D。

babypace

1.        GWD-9-Q9-Q11 G-9-Q9-Q11:公司与环境保护

Among the myths taken as

fact by the environmental mana-

gers of most corporations is the

Line     belief that environmental regula-

(5)        tions affect all competitors in

a given industry uniformly. In

reality, regulatory costs—and

therefore compliance—fall

unevenly, economically disad-

(10)      vantaging some companies and

benefiting others. For example,

a plant situated near a number

of larger noncompliant competitors

is less likely to attract the

(15)      attention of local regulators than

is an isolated plant, and less

attention means lower costs.

Additionally, large plants can

spread compliance costs such

(20)      as waste treatment across a

larger revenue base; on the other

hand, some smaller plants may

not even be subject to certain

provisions such as permit or

(25)      reporting requirements by virtue

of their size. Finally, older production

technologies often

continue to generate toxic wastes

that were not regulated when the

(30 )     technology was first adopted.

New regulations have imposed

extensive compliance costs on

companies still using older

industrial coal-fired burners that

(35)      generate high sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide outputs, for

example, whereas new facilities

generally avoid processes that

would create such waste pro-

(40)      ducts. By realizing that they

have discretion and that not all

industries are affected equally

by environmental regulation,

environmental managers can

(45)      help their companies to achieve

a competitive edge by anticipating

regulatory pressure and

exploring all possibilities for

addressing how changing regula-

(50)      tions will affect their companies

specifically.

GWD-9-Q10 G-9-Q10:

According to the passage, which of the following statements about sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs is true?

1. Older production technologies cannot be adapted so as to reduce production of these outputs as waste products.



2. Under the most recent environmental regulations, industrial plants are no longer permitted to produce these outputs.



3. Although these outputs are environmentally hazardous, some plants still generate them as waste products despite the high compliance costs they impose.



4. Many older plants have developed innovative technological processes that reduce the amounts of these outputs generated as waste products.



5. Since the production processes that generate these outputs are less costly than alternative processes, these less expensive processes are sometimes adopted despite their acknowledged environmental hazards.

还有这篇。这题我还是看不明白。自己选了B，后来看看不对，compliance costs和not permitted to produce还不一样。转而看A，C。发现都不太对劲。文章中没有直接证明C的地方。文章里面只是说到一些旧科技产出大量h,n废物是在这个废物被regulate之前。我们不知道在regulate 以后，这些工厂是否会继续produce大量h,n。从证据上来讲，A倒是可以反推一下出来。 但是我又觉得B也是一样的。在美国环境法律里面，有绝对禁止的东西吗？我看基本都是通过罚钱等手段来警告的吧，如果是这样的话，政府加大compliance costs就可以理解为h, n are not permitted to produce的。

我定不下来了，A 还是B。

番茄笑了

以下是引用babypace在2005-9-5 12:32:00的发言：

1.        GWD-9-Q4-Q7 N-17-Q5-18 G-9-Q4-Q7高地农业经济

By the sixteenth century, the Incas

of South America ruled an empire that

extended along the Pacific coast and

Line     Andean highlands from what is now

(5)        Ecuador to central Chile. While most

of the Incas were self-sufficient

agriculturists, the inhabitants of the

highland basins above 9,000 feet were

constrained by the kinds of crops they

(10)      could cultivate. Whereas 95 percent

of the principal Andean food crops can

be cultivated below 3,000 feet, only

20 percent reproduce readily above

9,000 feet. Given this unequal

(15)      resource distribution, highland Incas

needed access to the products of

lower, warmer climatic zones in order

to enlarge the variety and quantity of

their foodstuffs. In most of the prein-

(20)      dustrial world, the problem of different

resource distribution was resolved by

long-distance trade networks over

which the end consumer exercised

little control. Although the peoples

(25)      of the Andean highlands participated

in such networks, they relied primarily

on the maintenance of autonomous

production forces in as many eco-

logical zones as possible. The

(30)      commodities produced in these

zones were extracted, processed,

and transported entirely by members

of a single group.

This strategy of direct access

(35)      to a maximum number of ecological

zones by a single group is called

vertical economy. Even today,

one can see Andean communities

maintaining use rights simultaneously

(40)      to pasturelands above 12,000 feet, to

potato fields in basins over 9,000 feet,

and to plots of warm-land crops in

regions below 6,000 feet. This

strategy has two principal variations.

(45)      The first is “compressed verticality,”

in which a single village resides in

a location that permits easy access

to closely located ecological zones.

Different crop zones or pasturelands

(50)      are located within a few days walk of

the parent community. Community

members may reside temporarily

in one of the lower zones to manage

the extraction of products unavailable

(55)      in the homeland. In the second variation,

called the “vertical archipelago,”

the village exploits resources in widely

dispersed locations, constituting a

series of independent production

(60)      “islands.” In certain pre-Columbian

Inca societies, groups were sent from

the home territory to establish permanent

satellite communities or colonies

in distant tropical forests or coastal

(65)      locations. There the colonists grew

crops and extracted products for their

own use and for transshipment back

to their high-altitude compatriots.

In contrast to the compressed

(70)      verticality system, in this system,

commodities rather than people

circulated through the archipelago.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-9-Q4 N-17-Q5 G-9-Q4:

According to the passage, which of the following is true about the preindustrial long distance trade networks mentioned in line 22 ?

1. They were not used extensively in most of the preindustrial world.
   



2. They were used to some extent by the people of the Andean highlands.
   



3. They were not an effective means of solving the problem of different resource distribution.
   



4. They necessitated the establishment of permanent satellite communities in widely dispersed locations.
   



5. They were useful only for the transportation of products from warm climatic zones.
   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-9-Q5 N-17-Q6 G-9-Q5:

According to the passage, the inhabitants of the Andean highlands resolved the problem of unequal resource distribution primarily in which of the following ways?

1. Following self-sufficient agricultural practices
   



2. Increasing commodity production from the ecological zones in the highland basins
   



3. Increasing their reliance on long-distance trade networks
   



4. Establishing satellite communities throughout the Andean highlands
   



5. Establishing production forces in ecological zones beyond their parent communities
   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-9-Q6 N-17-Q7 G-9-Q6:

The passage suggests that as a way of addressing the problem of different resource distribution in the preindustrial world, the practice of vertical economy differed from the use of long-distance trade networks in that vertical economy allowed

1. commodities to reach the end consumer faster
   



2. a wide variety of agricultural goods to reach the end consumer
   



3. a single group to maintain control over the production process
   



4. greater access to commodities from lower, warmer climatic zones
   



5. greater use of self-sufficient agricultural techniques
   

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-9-Q7 N-17-Q8 G-9-Q7:

The passage suggests that for an Andean highland village attempting to resolve the problem of unequal resource distribution, the strategy known as compressed verticality would probably be inappropriate for which of the following situations?

1. The village’s location is such that it is difficult for the village to participate in long-distance trade networks.
   



2. The village does not have the resources to establish permanent satellite communities in production zones beyond the home community.
   



3. The warm-land crop regions nearest to the village are all below 6,000 feet.
   



4. The location of the village does not provide ready access to an adequate variety of ecological zones.
   



5. The nearest crop production zones are located below the village, while the nearest pasturelands are located above the village.

这篇又是很乱的。大家选的是什么？最后如何定论的？

我同意B，E， 第6题为什么不选B？ 第7我选D。

我的答案是B,E,C,D

我给你讲讲为什么我第6题选D吧！

GWD-9-Q6 N-17-Q7 G-9-Q6:

The passage suggests that as a way of addressing the problem of different resource distribution in the preindustrial world, the practice of vertical economy differed from the use of long-distance trade networks in that vertical economy allowed

1. commodities to reach the end consumer faster 文中没有提到，无关
   



2. a wide variety of agricultural goods to reach the end consumer 无关，同A
   



3. a single group to maintain control over the production process 正确，文中L30-34的改写
   



4. greater access to commodities from lower, warmer climatic zones 文中没有这种比较
   



5. greater use of self-sufficient agricultural techniques 文中没有这种比较

babypace

以下是引用番茄笑了在2005-9-6 1:22:00的发言：

我的答案是B,E,C,D

我给你讲讲为什么我第6题选D吧！

GWD-9-Q6 N-17-Q7 G-9-Q6:

The passage suggests that as a way of addressing the problem of different resource distribution in the preindustrial world, the practice of vertical economy differed from the use of long-distance trade networks in that vertical economy allowed

1. commodities to reach the end consumer faster 文中没有提到，无关
   



2. a wide variety of agricultural goods to reach the end consumer 无关，同A
   



3. a single group to maintain control over the production process 正确，文中L30-34的改写
   



4. greater access to commodities from lower, warmer climatic zones 文中没有这种比较
   



5. greater use of self-sufficient agricultural techniques 文中没有这种比较

谢谢番茄。我这题同意Ｃ的。文章里面的确说道了a single group．但是我还要反驳一下Ｄ，等下到tania的帖子里去反驳。她选了Ｄ。

GWD-9-Q4 N-17-Q5 G-9-Q4:

According to the passage, which of the following is true about the preindustrial long distance trade networks mentioned in line 22 ?

1. They were not used extensively in most of the preindustrial world.
   
2. They were used to some extent by the people of the Andean highlands.
   
3. They were not an effective means of solving the problem of different resource distribution.
   
4. They necessitated the establishment of permanent satellite communities in widely dispersed locations.
   
5. They were useful only for the transportation of products from warm climatic zones.
   
   

   这题为什么不是Ｃ呢？因为long -distance trade networks 不有效，所以highland Incas才自己依靠autonomous production forces的。Ｂ在文章里面也有说道：althoug hthe peoples of the Andean highlands participated in such networks, they relied primarily on .....说明他们的确少程度上依赖long-distance trade networks的。所以我觉得很难在Ｂ，Ｃ里面选择。

番茄笑了

以下是引用babypace在2005-9-5 12:52:00的发言：

1.        GWD-9-Q9-Q11 G-9-Q9-Q11:公司与环境保护

Among the myths taken as

fact by the environmental mana-

gers of most corporations is the

Line     belief that environmental regula-

(5)        tions affect all competitors in

a given industry uniformly. In

reality, regulatory costs—and

therefore compliance—fall

unevenly, economically disad-

(10)      vantaging some companies and

benefiting others. For example,

a plant situated near a number

of larger noncompliant competitors

is less likely to attract the

(15)      attention of local regulators than

is an isolated plant, and less

attention means lower costs.

Additionally, large plants can

spread compliance costs such

(20)      as waste treatment across a

larger revenue base; on the other

hand, some smaller plants may

not even be subject to certain

provisions such as permit or

(25)      reporting requirements by virtue

of their size. Finally, older production

technologies often

continue to generate toxic wastes

that were not regulated when the

(30 )     technology was first adopted.

New regulations have imposed

extensive compliance costs on

companies still using older

industrial coal-fired burners that

(35)      generate high sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide outputs, for

example, whereas new facilities

generally avoid processes that

would create such waste pro-

(40)      ducts. By realizing that they

have discretion and that not all

industries are affected equally

by environmental regulation,

environmental managers can

(45)      help their companies to achieve

a competitive edge by anticipating

regulatory pressure and

exploring all possibilities for

addressing how changing regula-

(50)      tions will affect their companies

specifically.

GWD-9-Q10 G-9-Q10:

According to the passage, which of the following statements about sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide outputs is true?

1. Older production technologies cannot be adapted so as to reduce production of these outputs as waste products. 取非一下，如果他们能够改进的话，那么他们就不需要给high compliance cost, 就不存在not all industries are affected equally.所以A正确。
   



2. Under the most recent environmental regulations, industrial plants are no longer permitted to produce these outputs. 文中没有说no longer permitted.只是说higher compliance costs.
   



3. Although these outputs are environmentally hazardous, some plants still generate them as waste products despite the high compliance costs they impose. 从原文的口气中可以体会到older production tech不是不管high complaince costs坚持要生产这种对环境有坏的物体，而是没有办法。这一段话的主旨是managers can help their companies to achieve a competitive edge by anticipating regulatory pressure ....我觉得这里的意思就是那些older production tech就是没有预见到这种regulation的改变，以至于要给high compliance cost。他们也不想的。
   



4. Many older plants have developed innovative technological processes that reduce the amounts of these outputs generated as waste products. 没有提innovative tech
   



5. Since the production processes that generate these outputs are less costly than alternative processes, these less expensive processes are sometimes adopted despite their acknowledged environmental hazards. 没有这样的比较

还有这篇。这题我还是看不明白。自己选了B，后来看看不对，compliance costs和not permitted to produce还不一样。转而看A，C。发现都不太对劲。文章中没有直接证明C的地方。文章里面只是说到一些旧科技产出大量h,n废物是在这个废物被regulate之前。我们不知道在regulate 以后，这些工厂是否会继续produce大量h,n。从证据上来讲，A倒是可以反推一下出来。 但是我又觉得B也是一样的。在美国环境法律里面，有绝对禁止的东西吗？我看基本都是通过罚钱等手段来警告的吧，如果是这样的话，政府加大compliance costs就可以理解为h, n are not permitted to produce的。

我定不下来了，A 还是B。

这一题我选的是A。

番茄笑了

以下是引用babypace在2005-9-6 1:36:00的发言：

谢谢番茄。我这题同意Ｃ的。文章里面的确说道了a single group．但是我还要反驳一下Ｄ，等下到tania的帖子里去反驳。她选了Ｄ。

GWD-9-Q4 N-17-Q5 G-9-Q4:

According to the passage, which of the following is true about the preindustrial long distance trade networks mentioned in line 22 ?

1. They were not used extensively in most of the preindustrial world.
   
2. They were used to some extent by the people of the Andean highlands.
   
3. They were not an effective means of solving the problem of different resource distribution.
   
4. They necessitated the establishment of permanent satellite communities in widely dispersed locations.
   
5. They were useful only for the transportation of products from warm climatic zones.
   
   

   这题为什么不是Ｃ呢？因为long -distance trade networks 不有效，所以highland Incas才自己依靠autonomous production forces的。Ｂ在文章里面也有说道：althoug hthe peoples of the Andean highlands participated in such networks, they relied primarily on .....说明他们的确少程度上依赖long-distance trade networks的。所以我觉得很难在Ｂ，Ｃ里面选择。

这一题你要联系上下文看，在L19-22，从most这个词可以看出来，大部分国家使用long distance trade networks来解决问题的。那么说明它并不是不effective，只是不适合Andean highlands罢了。另外，像这种题目，文中没有明显的态度句子或者词语表示long-distance trade network is not effective，那我们就不能说它not effective.选择的时候一定要小心。

B为什么对呢！B其实是一个很典型的正确答案的形势，婉转的语气。你看下面L24-26,说明Andean highlands还是参与了，使用了这种network,只不过不是主要依靠它。那么B中的They were used to some extent by the people of the Andean highlands 的这个some extent不是语气刚好？

In most of the prein-

(20)      dustrial world, the problem of different

resource distribution was resolved by

long-distance trade networks over

which the end consumer exercised

little control. Although the peoples

(25)      of the Andean highlands participated

in such networks, they relied primarily

on the maintenance of autonomous

production forces in as many eco-

logical zones as possible.