【每日逻辑练习第二季【2-2】

UlysessHope

下午要去外地，所以中午先发上练习吧~待我考完回归
大家加油~
【精练】
3. Modern navigation systems, which are found in most
of today’s commercial aircraft, are made with
low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to
interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in
older planes. During landing, navigation systems
receive radio signals from the airport to guide the
plane to the runway. Recently, one plane with
low-power circuitry veered off course during landing,
its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a
laptop computer. Clearly, modern aircraft navigation
systems are being put at risk by the electronic
devices that passengers carry on board, such as
cassette players and laptop computers.
Which one of the following, if true, LEAST
strengthens the argument above?
(A) After the laptop computer was turned off, the
plane regained course and its navigation
instruments and dials returned to normal.
(B) When in use all electronic devices emit
electromagnetic radiation, which is known to
interfere with circuitry.
(C) No problems with navigational equipment or
instrument dials have been reported on
flights with no passenger-owned electronic
devices on board.
(D) Significant electromagnetic radiation from
portable electronic devices can travel up to
eight meters, and some passenger seats on
modern aircraft are located within four meters
of the navigation systems.
(E) Planes were first equipped with low-power
circuitry at about the same time portable
electronic devices became popular.
【逻辑链】
13.(25752-!-item-!-188;#058&002668)
An unusually severe winter occurred in Europe after the continent was blanketed by a blue haze resulting from the eruption of the Laki Volcano in the European republic of Iceland in the summer of 1984.  Thus, it is evident that major eruptions cause the atmosphere to become cooler than it would be otherwise.
Which of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
(A) The cooling effect triggered by volcanic eruptions in 1985 was counteracted by an unusual warming of Pacific waters.
(B) There is a strong statistical link between volcanic eruptions and the severity of the rainy season in India.
(C) A few months after El Chichn's large eruption in April 1982, air temperatures throughout the region remained higher than expected, given the long-term weather trends.
(D) The climatic effects of major volcanic eruptions can temporarily mask the general warming trend resulting from an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
(E) Three months after an early springtime eruption in South America during the late 19th century, sea surface temperatures near the coast began to fall.

14.(25938-!-item-!-188;#058&002908)
Most household appliances use electricity only when in use.  Many microwave ovens, however, have built-in clocks and so use some electricity even when they are not in use.  The clocks each consume about 45 kilowatt-hours per year.  Therefore, households whose microwave oven has no built-in clock use 45 kilowatt-hours per year less, on average, than do comparable households whose microwave oven is otherwise similar but has a built-in clock.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A) Households that do not have a microwave oven use less energy per year, on average, than do households that have a microwave oven.
(B) Microwave ovens with a built-in clock do not generally cost more to buy than microwave ovens without a built-in clock.
(C) All households that have a microwave oven also have either a gas oven or a conventional electric oven.
(D) Households whose microwave oven does not have a built-in clock are no more likely to have a separate electric clock plugged in than households whose microwave oven has one.
(E) There are more households that have a microwave oven with a built-in clock than there are households that have a microwave oven without a built-in clock.

15.(25986-!-item-!-188;#058&002914)
Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they lose money, in order to drive competitors off those routes.  However, this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run.  Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline's fares.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
(A) In some countries it is not illegal for a company to drive away competitors by selling a product below cost.
(B) Airline executives generally believe that a company that once underpriced its fares to drive away competitors is very likely to do so again if new competitors emerge.
(C) As part of promotions designed to attract new customers, airlines sometimes reduce their ticket prices to below an economically sustainable level.
(D) On deciding to stop serving particular routes, most airlines shift resources to other routes rather than reduce the size of their operations.
(E) When airlines dramatically reduce their fares on a particular route, the total number of air passengers on that route increases greatly.

16.(26678-!-item-!-188;#058&003277)
When an airplane is taken out of service for maintenance, it is often repainted as well, and during the repainting no other maintenance work can be done on the plane.  In order to reduce maintenance time, airline officials are considering using a new nontoxic plastic film instead of paint.  The film takes just as long to apply as paint does, but many other maintenance tasks can be carried out at the same time.
Which of the following, if true, is further evidence that using the film will help the airline officials achieve their goal?
(A) Unlike paint, the film gives a milky tone to certain colors.
(B) At the end of its useful life, the film can be removed much more quickly than paint can.
(C) The film can be applied only by technicians who have received special training.
(D) The metal exteriors of airplanes have to be protected from high temperatures and caustic chemicals such as exhaust gases.
(E) Even at speeds considerably higher than the normal speed of a passenger jet, the film remains securely attached.

UlysessHope

逻辑链答案：CDBB
精练解析：
The conclusion of the argument is based on the causal assumption that
electronic devices cause a disturbance in low-power circuitry, creating an
obvious danger:
ED = electronic devices
I = interference with low-power circuitry
C                   E
ED    →         I
The question stem is a StrengthenX (remember, Least works like Except in
question stems) and thus the four incorrect answers will each strengthen the
argument. As you attack the answer choices, look for the five causal
strengthening answer types discussed earlier.
Answer choice (A): This answer choice strengthens the argument by showing
that when the cause is absent, the effect does not occur (Type C). Once the
laptop was turned off, the cause disappeared, and according to the author’s
beliefs, the effect should then disappear as well.
Answer choice (B): This answer strengthens the argument by showing that the
data used to make the conclusion is accurate (Type E). By stating that all
electronic devices emit radiation, the answer choice closes a hole in the
argument.
Answer choice (C): This answer choice strengthens the argument by showing
that when the cause is absent, the effect does not occur (Type C).
Answer choice (D): This answer strengthens the argument by showing that the
data used to make the conclusion is accurate (Type E). By showing that
radiation can travel far enough to reach the cockpit, the cause is confirmed as
possible.
Answer choice (E): This is the correct answer. The fact that the circuitry and
electronic devices became popular at the same time does not offer any
supporting evidence to the contention that the electronic devices cause the
interference with the low power circuitry. This answer has no effect on the
argument and is therefore correct.

fox0923

我来占位~~
祝hope考试成功！！

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
精练-------------------42s--------------------least support
B: The modern navigation system is used for the airplane.
P: The low power circuitry dials dimming when a passenger turns on his laptop on the airplane.
C: Therefore, the navigation system are put on the risk if the passengers carry electric equipment on the airplane.
Prephrase: The screening system always checks the electricity brought by the passengers before boarding.


Analysis:
(A) After the laptop computer was turned off, the
plane regained course and its navigation
instruments and dials returned to normal.------------------------support
(B) When in use all electronic devices emit
electromagnetic radiation, which is known to
interfere with circuitry.-----------------------------------------------support relation of reason-effect
(C) No problems with navigational equipment or
instrument dials have been reported on
flights with no passenger-owned electronic
devices on board.-----------------------------------------------------conclusion: electronic devices推 navigation system's failure; 这里是no electronic devices推no navigation system's failure.---〉support
(D) Significant electromagnetic radiation from
portable electronic devices can travel up to
eight meters, and some passenger seats on
modern aircraft are located within four meters
of the navigation systems.-------------------------------------------4 meters< 8 meters, so the navigation system will be affected by the radiation
(E) Planes were first equipped with low-power
circuitry at about the same time portable
electronic devices became popular.--------------------------------planes became popular??? certainly it's irrelevant!

qiuhua01234567

zhan

xeyyxzty

1.Clearly, Which one of the following, if true, LEAST strengthens the argument above?B:Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of today’s commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes. During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the
plane to the runway. P:Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer.
C:modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers.
is there a link between the laptop and the dials
(A) After the laptop computer was turned off, the plane regained course and its navigation instruments and dials returned to normal.
--support
(B) When in use all electronic devices emit electromagnetic radiation, which is known to interfere with circuitry.
--support
(C) No problems with navigational equipment or instrument dials have been reported on flights with no passenger-owned electronic devices on board.
--support
(D) Significant electromagnetic radiation from portable electronic devices can travel up to eight meters, and some passenger seats on modern aircraft are located within four meters of the navigation systems.
--support
(E) Planes were first equipped with low-power circuitry at about the same time portable electronic devices became popular.
--irrelevant--right
2.P:An unusually severe winter occurred in Europe after the continent was blanketed by a blue haze resulting from the eruption of the Laki Volcano in the European republic of Iceland in the summer of 1984.  
C: it is evident that major eruptions cause the atmosphere to become cooler than it would be otherwise.
(A) The cooling effect triggered by volcanic eruptions in 1985 was counteracted by an unusual warming of Pacific waters.
--irrelevant
(B) There is a strong statistical link between volcanic eruptions and the severity of the rainy season in India.
--irrelevant
(C) A few months after El Chichn's large eruption in April 1982, air temperatures throughout the region remained higher than expected, given the long-term weather trends.
--right
(D) The climatic effects of major volcanic eruptions can temporarily mask the general warming trend resulting from an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
--irrelevant
(E) Three months after an early springtime eruption in South America during the late 19th century, sea surface temperatures near the coast began to fall.
--irrelevant
3.
B:Most household appliances use electricity only when in use.  Many microwave ovens, however, have built-in clocks and so use some electricity even when they are not in use.  
P:The clocks each consume about 45 kilowatt-hours per year.  
C:households whose microwave oven has no built-in clock use 45 kilowatt-hours per year less, on average, than do comparable households whose microwave oven is otherwise similar but has a built-in clock.
the average time using microwave oven is the same
(A) Households that do not have a microwave oven use less energy per year, on average, than do households that have a microwave oven.
--irrelevant
(B) Microwave ovens with a built-in clock do not generally cost more to buy than microwave ovens without a built-in clock.
--irrelevant
(C) All households that have a microwave oven also have either a gas oven or a conventional electric oven.
--irrelevant
(D) Households whose microwave oven does not have a built-in clock are no more likely to have a separate electric clock plugged in than households whose microwave oven has one.
--right
(E) There are more households that have a microwave oven with a built-in clock than there are households that have a microwave oven without a built-in clock.
--irrelevant
4. B:Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they lose money, in order to drive competitors off those routes.
P: Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline's fares.
C:this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run.
???
(A) In some countries it is not illegal for a company to drive away competitors by selling a product below cost.
--irrelevant
(B) Airline executives generally believe that a company that once underpriced its fares to drive away competitors is very likely to do so again if new competitors emerge.
--irrelevant--right
(C) As part of promotions designed to attract new customers, airlines sometimes reduce their ticket prices to below an economically sustainable level.
--irrelevant
(D) On deciding to stop serving particular routes, most airlines shift resources to other routes rather than reduce the size of their operations.
--right
(E) When airlines dramatically reduce their fares on a particular route, the total number of air passengers on that route increases greatly.
--lose more
不理解~~~
5. B:When an airplane is taken out of service for maintenance, it is often repainted as well, and during the repainting no other maintenance work can be done on the plane.
P:airline officials are considering using a new nontoxic plastic film instead of paint.  The film takes just as long to apply as paint does, but many other maintenance tasks can be carried out at the same time.
C:reduce maintenance time
and the plastic can be used as long as the paint or longer
(A) Unlike paint, the film gives a milky tone to certain colors.
--irrelevant
(B) At the end of its useful life, the film can be removed much more quickly than paint can.
--right
(C) The film can be applied only by technicians who have received special training.
--weaken
(D) The metal exteriors of airplanes have to be protected from high temperatures and caustic chemicals such as exhaust gases.
--irrelevant
(E) Even at speeds considerably higher than the normal speed of a passenger jet, the film remains securely attached.
--irrelevant

wangyiwen1005

3. Modern navigation systems, which are found in most
of today’s commercial aircraft, are made with
low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to
interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in
older planes. During landing, navigation systems
receive radio signals from the airport to guide the
plane to the runway. Recently, one plane with
low-power circuitry veered off course during landing,
its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a
laptop computer. Clearly, modern aircraft navigation
systems are being put at risk by the electronic
devices that passengers carry on board, such as
cassette players and laptop computers.
Which one of the following, if true, LEAST
strengthens the argument above?

60s
BG: 新老定位系统对比
P: 新的省能源但会在降落时收到音波信号，有一次信号弱了因为飞机上有人打开了本本
C: 新定位系统因使用电子产品存在隐患

(A) After the laptop computer was turned off, the
plane regained course and its navigation
instruments and dials returned to normal.--直接support
(B) When in use all electronic devices emit
electromagnetic radiation, which is known to
interfere with circuitry.--support
(C) No problems with navigational equipment or
instrument dials have been reported on
flights with no passenger-owned electronic
devices on board.--弱support
(D) Significant electromagnetic radiation from
portable electronic devices can travel up to
eight meters, and some passenger seats on
modern aircraft are located within four meters
of the navigation systems.--support
(E) Planes were first equipped with low-power
circuitry at about the same time portable
electronic devices became popular.--基本无关，所以正确？猜的答案。。。

fox0923

3. Modern navigation systems, which are found in most
of today’s commercial aircraft, are made with
low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to
interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in
older planes. During landing, navigation systems
receive radio signals from the airport to guide the
plane to the runway. Recently, one plane with
low-power circuitry veered off course during landing,
its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a
laptop computer. Clearly, modern aircraft navigation
systems are being put at risk by the electronic
devices that passengers carry on board, such as
cassette players and laptop computers.
Which one of the following, if true, LEAST
strengthens the argument above?

60s
BG: 新老定位系统对比
P: 新的省能源但会在降落时收到音波信号，有一次信号弱了因为飞机上有人打开了本本
C: 新定位系统因使用电子产品存在隐患

(A) After the laptop computer was turned off, the
plane regained course and its navigation
instruments and dials returned to normal.--直接support
(B) When in use all electronic devices emit
electromagnetic radiation, which is known to
interfere with circuitry.--support
(C) No problems with navigational equipment or
instrument dials have been reported on
flights with no passenger-owned electronic
devices on board.--弱support
(D) Significant electromagnetic radiation from
portable electronic devices can travel up to
eight meters, and some passenger seats on
modern aircraft are located within four meters
of the navigation systems.--support
(E) Planes were first equipped with low-power
circuitry at about the same time portable
electronic devices became popular.--基本无关，所以正确？猜的答案。。。

-- by 会员 wangyiwen1005 (2011/12/10 21:39:44)

恩，我觉得是这样的，这个选项属于irrelevant，而其他四个或多或少都有support的成分。

balapupu

1.[40s]
P: modern system LP circuitry is more susceptible than the one in old system? recent days, one plan its signal is missing when one of its passenger use the laptop
C: the modern system has high risk than the old one because the use of the electronic devices.
Least support:
A:
(A) After the laptop computer was turned off, the
plane regained course and its navigation
instruments and dials returned to normal.-->support, no cause, no result.
(B) When in use all electronic devices emit
electromagnetic radiation, which is known to
interfere with circuitry.-->support, prove the evidence is reliable.
(C) No problems with navigational equipment or
instrument dials have been reported on
flights with no passenger-owned electronic
devices on board.-->support, no cause, no result
(D) Significant electromagnetic radiation from
portable electronic devices can travel up to
eight meters, and some passenger seats on
modern aircraft are located within four meters
of the navigation systems.-->support, prove the evidence is sufficient.
(E) Planes were first equipped with low-power
circuitry at about the same time portable
electronic devices became popular.-->weaken

balapupu

我觉得是不是E还会有点weaken的成分，因为electron device 是在modern 用的时候才开始广泛使用的，所以说old 用的时候，electron device 用的少，所以没有veer off， 如果用的话也会veer off 的~所以说新的不一定比旧的更容易造成危险。

fox0923

我觉得是不是E还会有点weaken的成分，因为electron device 是在modern 用的时候才开始广泛使用的，所以说old 用的时候，electron device 用的少，所以没有veer off， 如果用的话也会veer off 的~所以说新的不一定比旧的更容易造成危险。

-- by 会员 balapupu (2011/12/11 11:28:06)

没觉出来有weaken的成份阿，后面的bala说的意思我没明白，怎么还联系到old上面去了。
从选项来看， low-power circuitry at about the same time portable electronic devices became popular应该也就是说这两个发生的时间是一样的，是在electronic device get popular的时候。顶多就是表示一个时间的关系，没有什么weaken的含义阿~
木有明白bala的解释~