【每日逻辑练习第二季【2-2】

lyrsilvia

E CDBB
1. 48'
P: one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer.
C:  modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers.
LEAST STRENGTHEN:
答案：E
(A) After the laptop computer was turned off, the plane regained course and its navigation instruments and dials returned to normal.-----------support. means the laptop is the reason
(B) When in use all electronic devices emit electromagnetic radiation, which is known to interfere with circuitry.-----------support, means the electronic devices are to be blamed
(C) No problems with navigational equipment or instrument dials have been reported on flights with no passenger-owned electronic devices on board.-----------support the electronic devices is the cause
(D) Significant electromagnetic radiation from portable electronic devices can travel up to eight meters, and some passenger seats on modern aircraft are located within four meters of the navigation systems.----------still means the electronic devices are the causes
(E) Planes were first equipped with low-power circuitry at about the same time portable electronic devices became popular.----------CORRECT. when the planes were equipped does not explain the electronic devices affect.

2. 17'
P: An unusually severe winter occurred in Europe after the continent was blanketed by a blue haze resulting from the eruption of the Laki Volcano in the European republic of Iceland in the summer of 1984
C: major eruptions cause the atmosphere to become cooler than it would be otherwise.
WEAKEN: some eruptions do not cause cooler; the cooler weather is not caused by eruptions
答案：C
(A) The cooling effect triggered by volcanic eruptions in 1985 was counteracted by an unusual warming of Pacific waters.--------------how the cooling was counteracted is not weaken the cooling weather that eruptions cause
(B) There is a strong statistical link between volcanic eruptions and the severity of the rainy season in India.--------------the correlation between eruption and rain is irrelevant. nothing about the cooling
(C) A few months after El Chichn's large eruption in April 1982, air temperatures throughout the region remained higher than expected, given the long-term weather trends.------------CORRECT.suggest another example about the hotter weather caused by eruption. thus undermine the cooling effect of the eruption
(D) The climatic effects of major volcanic eruptions can temporarily mask the general warming trend resulting from an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.------------how to mask the general trend is not the case, not the issue.
(E) Three months after an early springtime eruption in South America during the late 19th century, sea surface temperatures near the coast began to fall.-------------still support the cooling effect of eruption

3. 23'
P: Many microwave ovens, however, have built-in clocks and so use some electricity even when they are not in use.  The clocks each consume about 45 kilowatt-hours per year
C: households whose microwave oven has no built-in clock use 45 kilowatt-hours per year less, on average, than do comparable households whose microwave oven is otherwise similar but has a built-in clock.
ASSUMPTION: build-in clock is just the only difference between those family
答案：D
(A) Households that do not have a microwave oven use less energy per year, on average, than do households that have a microwave oven.---------------the comparison between households with microwave and households without microwave is irrelevant
(B) Microwave ovens with a built-in clock do not generally cost more to buy than microwave ovens without a built-in clock.------------cost is not discussed. we just focus on electricity usage.
(C) All households that have a microwave oven also have either a gas oven or a conventional electric oven.------------whether they have gas or conventional oven does not matter the more electricity used by built-in clock ovens
(D) Households whose microwave oven does not have a built-in clock are no more likely to have a separate electric clock plugged in than households whose microwave oven has one.--------------CORRECT. if have a separate electric clock, than the separate clock will use electricity. thus it will not be reliable to conclude the 45 kilowatt-hours less electricity.
(E) There are more households that have a microwave oven with a built-in clock than there are households that have a microwave oven without a built-in clock.--------------the different proportion about different oven does not matter

4. 20'
P: Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline's fares.
C: this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run
WEAKEN: this method can be profitable for some other reasons
答案：B
(A) In some countries it is not illegal for a company to drive away competitors by selling a product below cost.--------------whether legal or illegal, not the consideration
(B) Airline executives generally believe that a company that once underpriced its fares to drive away competitors is very likely to do so again if new competitors emerge.------------CORRECT. means the tendency of reduce price again threaten competitors come in the market.
(C) As part of promotions designed to attract new customers, airlines sometimes reduce their ticket prices to below an economically sustainable level.-----------------just state the reason for attract customer. but noting about the long-term profitable
(D) On deciding to stop serving particular routes, most airlines shift resources to other routes rather than reduce the size of their operations.-------------did weaken the conclusion, but shift to other routes and not reduce the operation do not provide enough evidence to support the long-term profitability of this specific method. And it is still possible for competitors get into the market again after the price is increased
(E) When airlines dramatically reduce their fares on a particular route, the total number of air passengers on that route increases greatly.----------states the advantage of this method. but nothing about the long-term profitability

5. 28'
P: using a new nontoxic plastic film instead of paint.  The film takes just as long to apply as paint does, but many other maintenance tasks can be carried out at the same time.
C: reduce maintenance time
SUPPORT:
答案：B
(A) Unlike paint, the film gives a milky tone to certain colors.-------------colors are not discussed in the question
(B) At the end of its useful life, the film can be removed much more quickly than paint can.----------CORRECT. clearly support the reduced maintenance time
(C) The film can be applied only by technicians who have received special training.---------how the film can be applied does not affect the maintenance time. there is nothing about the maintenance time
(D) The metal exteriors of airplanes have to be protected from high temperatures and caustic chemicals such as exhaust gases.---------how the metal exteriors have to be protected does not affect the maintenance time.
(E) Even at speeds considerably higher than the normal speed of a passenger jet, the film remains securely attached.-------------states the advantages of film, but nothing about the maintenance time.

艾筱豆

1’17’’
Premise: result plane veered off course
Reason: a passenger put on a laptop
Weaken or least strengthen : other tools or reasons caused the plane veered off   
                       Or the plane and the laptop do not affect each other
B
13 because the eruption  the weather become colder
Weaken:the two are not related
Or there is another reason to affect the weather
A
14 Build in clock oven   oven without build in clock
D
15plan aim to drive off competitor
B
16 film is nontoxic so the maintenance can be done at the same time
B

w.melhere

今天被SC虐了...想来逻辑挽回点颜面...结果...逻辑也做的好烂啊！！

1. 1'53  没有完全理解 'least strengthen'
2. 1‘50’ 错了....题目最后一句话没有理解，应该是：相对于其他可能，LV的排放是变冷的主要原因。题目想要削弱，即找他因。选择C。
3. 1‘14
4. 1’44 又错。觉得E还是很有诱惑，题目本身也确实有点绕。
题目说用降价的办法驱逐竞争者不能长久获利，而在后期赚回loss的时候也会给竞争者使用降价竞争的机会。想要削弱，应该直接针对降价的手段。B选项说，这个手段是可以再一次使用的，不断驱逐新进入的竞争者。而E则说在使用时可能因为吸引了很多消费者而获利。
相比较而言，B更为直接。题目中并没有要求提到获利的问题，E有点发散了。

yuehuasunday

2-2

1. Background: Modern navigation systems, which are found in most
of today’s commercial aircraft, are made with
low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to
interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in
older planes.


Premise: During landing, navigation systems
receive radio signals from the airport to guide the
plane to the runway.


Conclusion: Recently, one plane with
low-power circuitry veered off course during landing,
its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a
laptop computer. Clearly, modern aircraft navigation
systems are being put at risk by the electronic
devices that passengers carry on board, such as
cassette players and laptop computers.

(E) Correct

2.

Background: An unusually severe winter occurred in Europe

Premise: after the continent was blanketed by a blue haze resulting from the eruption of the Laki Volcano in the European republic of Iceland in the summer of 1984.

Conclusion: Thus, it is evident that major eruptions cause the atmosphere to become cooler than it would be otherwise.

© Correct

3.

Background: Most household appliances use electricity only when in use.  Many microwave ovens, however, have built-in clocks and so use some electricity even when they are not in use.

Premise: The clocks each consume about 45 kilowatt-hours per year.

Conclusion: Therefore, households whose microwave oven has no built-in clock use 45 kilowatt-hours per year less, on average, than do comparable households whose microwave oven is otherwise similar but has a built-in clock.

(D) Correct

4.

Background: Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they lose money

Premise: n order to drive competitors off those routes.  However, this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run.

Conclusion:  Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the
earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline's fares.

(B)

5.

Background: When an airplane is taken out of service for maintenance, it is often repainted as well, and during the repainting no other maintenance work can be done on the plane.

Premise:  In order to reduce maintenance time, airline officials are considering using a new nontoxic plastic film instead of paint.

Conclusion: The film takes just as long to apply as paint does, but many other maintenance tasks can be carried out at the same time.

(B)

苏错

11.23
[精练]
background：low-power circuitury of modern systems is more susceptible than the vacuum-tube in order planes.
permise:a plane veered off because a passenger turned on a computer.
conclusion； modern systems are being put at risk by the new devices

least strengthen= irrelevant or weakn(other possbile reasons for the veering off)

A.strengthen could possible lead to
B.strengthen data
C.irrelevant (相关 证明原因不在了，则结果也不会发生)
D.strengthen
E.correct no effect

[逻辑链]
1.eruption——a blue haze ——severe winter occurred  so, eruption--atmosphere become cooler
weaken 实事证明逻辑链中间断掉 C

2.microwave ovens use electricity when they are not in use.  45 kilowatt
so, has no clock < has a clock
assumption: 无其他影响因素导致结果不同
D

3.method not profitable. recoup the loss  -give the competitors a opportunity to undercut fares.
weaken this result cannot happen or lead to another worse result.
B

4.to reduce maintenance time  use a plastic film.
方法可行：B

tkl

　12
　59’
　Modern is easier  to be influenced than the old ones, proved by an accident as a result of using computer
　
　Background: Modern navigation systems, which are found in mostof today’s commercial aircraft, are made withlow-power circuitry, which is more susceptible tointerference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found inolder planes. During landing, navigation systemsreceive radio signals from the airport to guide theplane to the runway.
　
Premise:Recently, one plane withlow-power circuitry veered off course during landing,its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on alaptop computer.

Conclusion :Clearly, modern aircraft navigationsystems are being put at risk by the electronicdevices that passengers carry on board, such ascassette players and laptop computers.

Prephrase: veer off course when someone used a computer--electronic devices make the modern system risk

Least strengthen: （other factors that can lead to the veer off or unrelated)
A when the supposed cause was eliminate, the problem was solved
That means it is the very supposed cause that lead to the problem.--strengthen
B add information that make sure this suppose cause-effect corse happen (computer interfered navigate system )---strengthen
C remove other related factors that would interfere the course--strengthen
D add information ---strengthen
E_-----无关选项---correct

1345’
An compelling severe winter occurred as a result of volcano eruption ----eruption make the atmosphere cooler than it would be otherwise
Weaken ： un usually severe winter did not occurred once th continent was blanketed either.
Background：
Premise : An unusually severe winter occurred in Europe after the continent was blanketed by a blue haze resulting from the eruption of the Laki Volcano in the European republic of Iceland in the summer of 1984. Conclusion :Thus, it is evident that major eruptions cause the atmosphere to become cooler than it would be otherwise.2’
A --unrelated
B it talked about the relation between eruption and severity of rainy season ,while the core in this question is about the relation between eruption and the temperature -unrelated
C another example that eruption cause the higher temperature ---weaken--correct
D unrelated
E it talked about sea surface temperature while in this question we talk about the air temperature--unrelated

14
1’
The microwave with clock will use electricity 45 kilowatt-hours a year when even is not put into use . While microwave without clock use no electricity when not in use.-----the former will use 45 kilowatt-hours a year more on average than the latter
Background:Most household appliances use electricity only when in use. Many microwave ovens, however, have built-in clocks and so use some electricity even when they are not in use.
Premise： The clocks each consume about 45 kilowatt-hours per year.
Conclusion：Therefore, households whose microwave oven has no built-in clock use 45 kilowatt-hours per year less, on average, than do comparable households whose microwave oven is otherwise similar but has a built-in clock.

Prephrase: When not in use , microwave use no electricity , clock use 45 electricity--the microwave with clock will cost 45 more than those without clock on average

D 2’
A the question talk about the housewives who have a microwave with a clock and the housewives who have a microwave without a clock .and it did compare the housewives with a microwave and the housewives without a microwave-----unrelated
B the question compared the quantity of energy cost by the microwave rather the cost of microwave ---unrelated
C it did not talk about the kind of oven ---unrelated
D assumption ---correct
E weaken the conclusion .

15
1’27
Airline want to lower fares at a cost of losing money to eliminate competitors, but they will fail in the long run  , cause when this method succeeds at first ,competitor will enter again during the time they ask higher fares to recoup the earlier lost.
Weaken
Potential answer: the airline is a industry that can exit easily but difficult to enter.

background:Some airlines allegedly reduce fares on certain routes to a level at which they lose money, in order to drive competitors off those routes.
Premise: Once an airline successfully implements this method, any attempt to recoup the earlier losses by charging high fares on that route for an extended period would only provide competitors with a better opportunity to undercut the airline's fares.
Conclusion:However, this method of eliminating competition cannot be profitable in the long run.
B/

A the question talk about the result of reducing fares rather the legality of lowing the fares.-----unrelated
B remove the premise----correct
C the level of reducing fares is not discussed in this argument --unrelated
D whether other airlines would size of their operation is not discussed---unrelated
E this question talk about the relation between the fare reduction and the competitors rather the relation between the fare reduction and the quantity of passengers.


16
37’
The old plane can not be fixed while painting , the film that take painting’s place can make the maintenance available and the cost the same time with painting.so the film may help reduce maintenance time
Strengthen:
The film will not make it harder to fix


Background:When an airplane is taken out of service for maintenance, it is often repainted as well, and during the repainting no other maintenance work can be done on the plane.
Conclusion :In order to reduce maintenance time,
Premise: airline officials are considering using a new nontoxic plastic film instead of paint. The film takes just as long to apply as paint does, but many other maintenance tasks can be carried out at the same time.

B
A the order in this argument is reduce maintenance time, it has nothing to do with color----unrelated
B it compared the time of removing paint and film, indirectly add information that the time will be saved by using film----correct
C it set a higher bars using film----weaken
D metal exteriors are not discussed , it may intend to imply us that the plastic did not require the same condition , but since it did not express it out , it can count as a information  that can be considered---unrelated
E unrelated

cyndichiang

精炼：49‘’
premise:  one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course when a passenger turned on a laptop computer
conclusion: modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board
Q: LEAST strengthen
prephrase: 果推因at the same time ,this plane is undergoing other thing that may lead to the sudden change in direction
(A) After the laptop computer was turned off, the
plane regained course and its navigation
instruments and dials returned to normal.----strengthen; this statement identifies that when computer turns on ,the plane would veer off
(B) When in use all electronic devices emit
electromagnetic radiation, which is known to
interfere with circuitry.-----strengthen; this statement shows that the electronic devices do emit radiation
(C) No problems with navigational equipment or
instrument dials have been reported on
flights with no passenger-owned electronic
devices on board.-----strengthen; 无因无果
(D) Significant electromagnetic radiation from
portable electronic devices can travel up to
eight meters, and some passenger seats on
modern aircraft are located within four meters
of the navigation systems.-----this statement shows that eletromagnetic radiation does influence navigation system
(E) Planes were first equipped with low-power
circuitry at about the same time portable
electronic devices became popular.-----correct ; other factors happened at the same time thus weaken this factor's influence分析错了；portable electronic devices 不是另外一个东西吗？不过仔细看了，确实是无关的，因为没有说这种portable electronic devices was applied to this plane.


逻辑链
1.23‘’
premise: the eruption of the Laki Volcano caused the an unusually severe winter
conclusion: major eruptions cause the atmosphere to become cooler
Q:Weaken
prephrase: individual case cannot represent the general condition
may be the case in 1984 is a special one

2.39''
premise:built-in clocks will each consume 45 kilowatt/year when they are not in use
conclusion: on average,microwave oven with no built-in clock use 45 kilowatt/year less than do comparable microwave with built-in clock
Q: Assumption
prephrase: 没有gap,很可能是削弱取非
people will not more frequently use microwave oven with no built-in clock than with built-in

3. 47‘’
premise: airplane firm reduce the price in order to drive competitors off
premise:recouping the earlier losses by charging high fares would lead competitors to undercut the fares(side-effect)
conclusion: this method cannot be profitable in a long run
Q: weaken
prephrase:  证明方案可行competitors will not undercut the fare?
                side-effect is not existed since they will not charge high fares in a long term

4. 19''
premise: when a new nontoxic plastic film is applied when an airplane is taken out of service for maintenance, many other maintenance tasks can be carried out at the same time.
conclusion:it can help reduce maintenance time
Q: support
prephrase: other things about nontoxic plastic will not cost more time

gmatkenny

UlysessHope 发表于 2011-12-10 10:49
逻辑链答案：CDBB 精练解析：The conclusion of the argument is based on the causal assumption thatelec ...

                         不错！

jolenewjy

33’’
B: airplane need this device to guide airplane landing
P: recently, there is one accident where the plane is off course due to one passenger using laptop
C: navigation system is at higher risk due to the use of electronic devices.  
Predict: there are other reason why it accident, passenger will not be allowed to use the devices.
Choice:E
13.  16’’
P: eruption caused haze in the summer
C: eruption will make atmosphere colder than it would be.
Prediction: there is special environment changes happened along with or before that.
Choice: C
14. 22’’
P: microwave have built in clock still use electricity when not in use
C: microwave does not have built in clock use less power than ones that have built clock.
Prediction: the power both type of microwave use when in use is the same.
Choice: D
15. 28’’
B: airlines reduced ticket price to beat competitors to a level they loss money
P: Once airline try to recope money from other routes, competitor airlines could offer lower price.
C: airlines will not be profitably in the long run adopting this price reduction method.
Prediction: there will be loyal customer and other ways to recope money not soly on the ticket.
Choice: B
16. 26’’
B: when airplane is taken out of service, airplane need to be repaint and no other work can be done at the same time
P: The file stays as long as paint does and other task can be at the same time.
C: officials should use this film instead of paint.
Prediction: Other benefit of the film than paint.
Choice: B

zixuan1017

感谢分享！