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1.
Advertisement: At most jewelry stores, the person
assessing the diamond is the person selling it so
you can see why an assessor might say that a
diamond is of higher quality than it really is.
But because all diamonds sold at Gem World
are certified in writing, you’re assured of a fair
price when purchasing a diamond from Gem
World.
There is a contradiction in the argument, a contradiction that at most jewelry stores, the person assessing the diamond is the person selling it so that the price may be unfair, while Gem World declares that the prices of its diamonds are fair. How to explain it? If the price in Gem World is not assessed or selling by the same person, then it would be much reasonable to understand the declaration of Gem World.
The reasoning in the advertisement would be most
strengthened if which one of the following were true?
(A) Many jewelry stores other than Gem World also
provide written certification of the quality of
their diamonds.
Actually, this answer choice cannot strengthen the argument, since the prices of diamonds in Gem World may be the same unfair as those of other jewelry stores that provide written certification of the quality of their diamonds.
(B) The certifications of diamonds at Gem World
are written by people with years of
experience in appraising gems.
This answer choice does not make sure that these assessing people are not the people who sell diamonds. Perhaps, these persons are hired by Gem World, thus making the argument much less valid.
(C) The diamonds sold at Gem World are generally
of higher quality than those sold at other
jewelry stores.
The quality of diamonds has no effect on the argument.
(D) The diamond market is so volatile that prices of
the most expensive diamonds can change by
hundreds of dollars from one day to the next.
In fact, this answer choice may weaken the argument, since the volatile prices of the diamonds. Besides, the prices of the most expensive diamonds narrow down the scope of the topic, thus making the argument much less valid.
(E) The written certifications of diamonds at Gem
World are provided by an independent
company of gem specialists.
In this case, we can find that these certifications of diamonds are provided by an independent company of gem specialists, different from the information provided in the first sentence. BA
As mentioned above, this answer addresses the separation of the certification writer from the seller and thereby strengthens the reasoning.
5. (24305-!-item-!-188;#058&001204)
Microscopic plants called algae grow inside the top layer of sea ice in the Antarctic if enough sunlight reaches that layer of ice and enough seawater, which contains nutrients, reaches that layer after splashing onto the surface. Even though moderate snow cover reduces the sunlight that filters into the top layer, sea ice with moderate snow cover typically contains even more algae in the top layer than does sea ice with less snow cover.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the apparent discrepancy?
(A) As the weight of accumulated snow forces ice lower in the water, more seawater splashes onto the surface and seeps through the snow.
Yes. In this case, it points out an advantage of the snow, so compared with less snow cover, moderate snow cover is better for algae to grow. BA
(B) Seawater in the Antarctic often contains higher concentrations of nutrients than does seawater in more temperate regions.
Temperate regions are outside the scope of the argument.
(C) As the air temperature around sea ice decreases during the winter, the likelihood decreases that snow will fall and thus add to any existing snow cover.
Actually, this answer choice makes the argument more contradictory, since there will be more snow cover during the winter.
(D) The nutrients on which algae rely are common in seawater throughout the Antarctic.
In fact, this answer choice has no effect on the argument.
(E) More sunlight filters through a layer of ice than through an equally thick layer of snow.
The comparison between a layer of ice and a layer of snow is irrelevant, since the topic is the comparison between a moderate snow cover and a less snow cover.
6. (24353-!-item-!-188;#058&001207)
Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees. Garnet pays for both testing of its employees' cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol. This policy saves Garnet money, since high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment. However, RenCo does not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy, because __________.
(A) early treatment of high cholesterol does not entirely eliminate the possibility of a stroke later in life
Actually, this answer choice seems to weaken the action of Garnet. However, the treatment for stroke may be very expensive for the patients and the company, considering the huge costs and the possibility that health care may eliminate the possibility of a stroke in some degree, so companies still need to provide for health care.
(B) the mass media regularly feature stories encouraging people to maintain diets that are low in cholesterol
In fact, this answer choice is irrelevant.
(C) RenCo has significantly more employees than Garnet has
So RenCo need do more with health care than Garnet need.
(D) RenCo's employees are unlikely to have higher cholesterol levels than Garnet's employees
At first glance, it seems to be a contender, but a more thorough analysis reveals that the evidence is misleading. Perhaps, RenCo’s employees have the same cholesterol levels as Garnet’s employees do, thus making the argument much less valid.
(E) the average length of time an employee stays with RenCo is less than it is with Garnet
Yes. In this case, since a stroke is more likely to happen in a person’s later life, RenCo has less incentive to provide health care just as Garnet do. BA
7. (24401-!-item-!-188;#058&001291)
United Lumber will use trees from its forests for two products. The tree trunks will be used for lumber and the branches converted into wood chips to make fiberboard. The cost of this conversion would be the same whether done at the logging site, where the trees are debranched, or at United's factory. However, wood chips occupy less than half the volume of the branches from which they are made.
The information given, if accurate, most strongly supports which of the following?
(A) Converting the branches into wood chips at the logging site would require transporting a fully assembled wood-chipping machine to and from the site.
Nothing about a fully assembled wood-chipping machine has been provided in the argument.
(B) It would be more economical to debranch the trees at the factory where the fiberboard is manufactured.
Actually, it is the opposite answer, since wood chips occupy less than half the volume of the branches from which they are made. If wood chips are made at the logging site and the cost of this conversion would be the same whether done at the logging site or at United’s factory, more transportation fees can be reduced.
(C) The debranching of trees and the conversion of the branches into chips are the only stages in the processing of branches that it would be in United's economic advantage to perform at the logging site.
This is not relevant.
(D) Transportation costs from the logging site to the factory that are determined by volume of cargo would be lower if the conversion into chips is done at the logging site rather than at the factory.
Yes, since much volume of cargo can be reduced if the conversion into chips is done at the logging site rather than at the factory, the transportation costs will be reduced, thus making the argument much reasonable. BA
(E) In the wood-processing industry, branches are used only for the production of wood chips for fiberboard.
Shell Game: the argument talks about United Lumber, rather than the wood-processing industry.
8. (24449-!-item-!-188;#058&001338)
Which of the following most logically completes the argument?
Utrania was formerly a major petroleum exporter, but in recent decades economic stagnation and restrictive regulations inhibited investment in new oil fields. In consequence, Utranian oil exports dropped steadily as old fields became depleted. Utrania's currently improving economic situation, together with less-restrictive regulations, will undoubtedly result in the rapid development of new fields. However, it would be premature to conclude that the rapid development of new fields will result in higher oil exports, because __________.
(A) the price of oil is expected to remain relatively stable over the next several years
Actually, this answer choice strengthens the argument, rather than weakens.
(B) the improvement in the economic situation in Utrania is expected to result in a dramatic increase in the proportion of Utranians who own automobiles
The increase in the proportion of Utranians who own automobiles would depress the oil export, even with the rapid development of new fields. This way to weaken is to introduce another factor, which would influence the result. BA
(C) most of the investment in new oil fields in Utrania is expected to come from foreign sources
Actually, this answer choice has no effect on the argument.
(D) new technology is available to recover oil from old oil fields formerly regarded as depleted
It seems to strengthen the argument. Besides, it is irrelevant to the topic of the development of new fields.
(E) many of the new oil fields in Utrania are likely to be as productive as those that were developed during the period when Utrania was a major oil exporter
In fact, this answer choice seems to strengthen the argument, rather than weaken.
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发表于 2012-8-28 15:32:49
