1/Background: researchers found that people with personality disorders had more theta brain waves than those normal people. And the theta brain waves increase when people watch TV. Premise: watching TV increases the risk of developing personality disorders. Prephrase: it takes the symptom as the cause of the personality disorders. C A: “personality disorders” is not used ambiguously B: no need to define the phrase “theta brain waves” C: correct answer D: the data might be representative E: the author did not say that 2/Background: ancient towns devastated by earthquakes were found by archeologists. Premise: They hypothesized the earthquake occurred in A.D. 365. Prephrase: the latest coins found there are examined to be made in A.D. 365. B A: the vessels can be used for many years, so the earthquake might be many years after A.D. 365 B: the minting of coins stopped in A.D. 365 showed the economy activities stopped in the same year, this could imply the towns were deverstated. C: histories sometimes are unreliable and unsubstantial. D: statues between A.D. 300 and 400 cannot pinpoint the time of earthquake. E: irrelevant 3/Background: most patients suffering from debilitating depression report that missing a night’s sleep immediately deteriorate their depression. Premise: sleep-deprivation cannot be used as a treatment, as well as the conventional treatments which often have serious side effects. E A: it means the sleep-deprivation is useful to some patients, then it weakens the argument B: irrelevant C: nothing about depression D: irrelevant E: it shows sleep-deprivation will make depression worse. 4/Background: many corporations replace their employees with automated equipment, many employees who lose the jobs to automation will need government assistance to survive. Premise: the corporations that lay people off will eventually pay for the assistance through increased taxes and unemployment insurance payments. Prephrase: the economy is bad, it is hard for the laid off workers to find new jobs. A A: consistent with my prephrase. B: irrelevant C: irrelevant D: irrelevant E: irrelevant 5/Background: hospitals rely primarily on revenues from paying patients to offset losses from unreimbursed care. Almost all paying patients rely on governmental or private health insurance to pay. The insurers begin to limit their paying to hospital for insured patients to amounts at or below actual costs. Prephrase: while the private patients cannot pay the hospital bills and the hospital cannot offset the losses from unreimbursed care, they will turn to government, and government will lift the tax rate of insurers to cover the increased expense. B A: irrelevant B: right conclusion C: makes no sense D: unsubstantial E: irrelevant
精炼题 45s-weaken Peoplle with certain personality disorders have more t brain waves. The data show that when one is watching TV, the amount of t brain waves increases. Therefore, watching too much TV will increase the risk of developing personality disorders. Prephase: Personality disorders cause t brain waves. 选C
1.[18s] P: personality disorders more? more brain waves; watch TV?increase the brain waves C: watching TV increase the risk of personality disorders. Questionable reasoning: the two brain waves are different because the different cause. A: (A) uses the phrase “personality disorders” ambiguously?no ambiguity. (B) fails to define the phrase “theta brain waves”?there is no need to define this words (C) takes a correlation to imply a causal connection--R (D) draws a conclusion from an unrepresentative sample of data?can not figure whether the sample is represent or not. (E) infers that watching TV is a consequence of a personality disorder?not consequence. it is cause.
【精炼1-18】 weaken_27s background information:people with certain disorder personality have more theta waves than those without these disorders. premise:data show that when people watch TV, the theta waves will increase conclusion:watch too much TV will increase the risk of developing the disorder personality.
(A)uses the phrase "personality disorders"ambiguously——has no effect on this issue (B)fails to define the phrase "theta brains wave" ——irrelevant (C)takes a correlation to imply a casual connection——correct (D)draws a conclusion from unrepresentative sample data——if data is unreliable, it could weaken the conclusion, but on this issue, it has no effect. (E)infers that watching TV is a consequence of personality disorder——the conclusion is that watching TV could increase the risk of developing personality disorder. It is not the consequence.
92 Researcher: People with certain personality disorders have more theta brain waves than those without such disorders. But my data show that the amount of one’s theta brain waves increases while watching TV. So watching too much TV increases one’s risk of developing personality disorders.A questionable aspect of the reasoning above is that it (A) uses the phrase “personality disorders” ambiguously (B) fails to define the phrase “theta brain waves” (C) takes a correlation to imply a causal connection (D) draws a conclusion from an unrepresentative sample of data (E) infers that watching TV is a consequence of a personality disorder 背景:People with certain personality disorders have more theta brain waves than those without such disorders 条件:Data show that the amount of one’s theta brain waves increase while watching TV 结论:So watching too much TV increases one’s risk of developing personality disorders 推测:没有disorder的人也看很多电视? 选D 应该选C,there is no information about the data= =!!!!!!!!!! TV watching and theta waves appeared in the premise, then the author concluded that watching too much TV would increase the chances to have personality disorders
93 背景:Excavation of the ancient city of Kourion on the island of Cyprus revealed a pattern of debris and collapsed buildings typical of towns devastated by earthquakes 条件:The earthquake happened near A.D. 365 结论:Archaeologists have hypothesized that the destruction was due to major earthquake known to have occurred near the island in A.D. 365 推测:提出证据,地震发生在题目所表的时间范围内。 选B
94 背景:According a study, a large majority of the patients reported that missing a night’s sleep immediately lifted their depression. 条件:Drug and electric shocks that treat depression have serious side effects 结论:But sleep-deprivation is not used to treat depression. 推测:Sleep-deprivation的治疗效果不好?或者是有depression的人根本就睡不好? 选E
95 背景:In many corporations, employees are being replaced by automated equipment in order to save money. 条件:The workers who lose their jobs because of automation will seek assistance from government. 结论:The corporation will pay for such assistance through increased taxation and insurance payment. 推测:举具体实例。 选A,如果他们能够找到工作,就不需要政府的帮助
96 背景:US hospitals have traditionally relied on primarily revenues from paying patients to offset losses from unreimbursed care. 条件:Almost all patients now rely on government or private health insurance. 结论:insurers have been strictly limiting something they paid for the care. 推测:选与文字段落吻合的? 选B
5. Researcher: People with certain personality disorders have more theta brain waves than those without such disorders. But my data show that the amount of one’s theta brain waves increases while watching TV. So watching too much TV increases one’s risk of developing personality disorders. A questionable aspect of the reasoning above is that it (A) uses the phrase “personality disorders” ambiguously (B) fails to define the phrase “theta brain waves” (C) takes a correlation to imply a causal connection (D) draws a conclusion from an unrepresentative sample of data (E) infers that watching TV is a consequence of a personality disorder
【精练】 B: People with certain personality disorders have more theta brain waves than those without such disorders P: The amount of one’s theta brain waves increases while watching TV C: watching too much TV→increases one’s risk of developing personality disorders Pre: There are causal connections between two things that has happened at the same time. My answer: C
【逻辑链】 69. P: 挖掘出来的东西显示出被地震损坏的特征 C: The destruction was due to a major earthquake known to have occurred near the island in A.D. 365 Pre: There are some evidences to show that the earthquake actually cause the destruction. My answer: B A. Opposite answer. B. Correct. If there are no coins have been found after AD 365, then it may suggest that the islafend has been destructed. C. What modern histories said cannot support the argument. (Irrelevant) D. If this statement is true, it is reasonable to infer that the island has not been destructed because there are small statues maintained after the earthquake. E. This statement cannot be true and it can be eliminated for the similar reason like D
70. Paradox:睡眠可以改善抑郁,但是不使用sleep-deprivation Pre:Sleep- deprivation has some more serious problems My answer:E A. The statement slightly weakened the argument, and “a small percentage patient” cannot stand for all patients. B. Irrelevant C. Opposite answer. If this statement is true, then we should use the sleep- deprivation method rather not to use. D. Irrelevant E. Correct.
71. B: Many employees have been replaced by automated equipment. P: Many workers who lose their jobs to automation will need government assistance to survive C: 公司最终会为解雇员工而付费 Pre:Workers will need the assistance My answer: A A. Correct B. Irrelevant C. Irrelevant D. Irrelevant E. Irrelevant
72. Fact: USA hospitals rely on revenues from paying patients to offset losses. P--- government or private health insurance. Insurers will reduce the payment. Pre: Hospitals will have to find other revenues source. My answer: B A. Irrelevant B. Correct C. Irrelevant D. Out of scope E. Irrelevant
1.personality disorders people has high theta brain waves. Watching TV will increase theta brain waves. watching TV will cause personality disorders Theta brain waves to personality disorder is not sufficient. A) uses the phrase “personality disorders” ambiguous -->irrelevant (B) fails to define the phrase “theta brain waves” -->irrelevant (C) takes a correlation to imply a causal connection -->maybe (D) draws a conclusion from an unrepresentative sample of data -->correct (E) infers that watching TV is a consequence of a personality disorder -->irrelevant
2. (1)26s support (2)逻辑链 Facts: Excavation of the ancient city of Kourion on the island of Cyprus revealed a pattern of debris and collapsed buildings typical of towns devastated by earthquakes. Hypothesis: The destruction was due to a major earthquake known to have occurred near the island in A.D. 365 (3)这些废墟经过检测确实是在A.D.365左右的东西 (4)A:vessels大概时间在A.D.365年左右,这东西也在K地发现,但证明不了那时候在K第发生过地震,loser B:发现了大量在A.D.365以前的钱币,但是之后的没有发现,证明A.D.365确实发生了什么事,导致之后没有人再铸造钱币,contender C:权威观点? D:发现了在A.D.300-400的小雕像,不能说明地震的时间,loser E:stone在A.D.365在C岛用过,与地震的时间没关系,loser 所以,选B
3. (1)35s explain (2)逻辑链 Fact: According to a review of 61 studies of patients suffering from severely debilitating depression, a large majority of the patients reported that missing a night's sleep immediately lifted their depression But Sleep-deprivation is not used to treat depression even though the conventional treatments, which use drugs and electric shocks, often have serious side effects. (3)没有效果,或者会有更大的潜在的副作用 (4)A:一小部分人的失眠是由暂时的euphoria导致的,与不适用sleep-deprivation疗法没关系,loser B:让抑郁的人清醒着很困难,loser C:长期失眠会导致暂时性的判断缺失,就像喝过酒一样,没有解释为什么不适用sleep疗法,loser D:与睡眠相关的情绪剧变没有与铁定的脑中的化学成分的变化有必然关系,loser E:抑郁会在患者睡几分钟后卷土重来,说明睡眠疗法没效果,contender 所以,选E
4. (1)25s support (2)逻辑链 Background: In many corporations, employees are being replaced by automated equipment in order to save money. Conclusion: Many workers who lose their jobs to automation will need government assistance to survive, and the same corporations that are laying people off will eventually pay for that assistance through increased taxes and unemployment insurance payments. (3)企业占税收和社保缴纳的大部分 (4)A:这些失业的人找不到新的工作,就需要救助,所以这些企业还是要负担这些人,contender B:只说了企业的盈利,没有提到对失业者的援助,loser C:不管社保是谁交的,这些由机器替代人的企业必然是这其中的一部分,loser D:automation使得企业减少pay,无关选项,loser E:没有跟机器设备的花费比较,loser 所以,选A
5. (1)1’30’’ must be true看了半天没看懂。。。 (2)逻辑链 ∵Hospitals relied primarily on revenues from paying patients Paying patients rely on governmental or private health insurance ∴insurers have been strictly limiting what they pay hospitals for the care of insured patients to amounts at or below actual costs 这道题好混乱。。。没看懂最后一句话啥意思。。。