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[逻辑小分队] 【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-18】

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发表于 2012-10-21 11:42:35 | 显示全部楼层
纠错:
精炼 take a correlation to imply a casual connection
        相关联一下来暗示一个不连贯的联系。即:硬是将没有关联的东西联系在一起。
       E选项是看电视是personality disorder的结果。
总之是对句子的结构不熟练导致看错。

逻辑链
第一题:(C) Most modern histories of Cyprus mention that an earthquake occurred near the island in A.D. 365. 错在这个地震不一定就是题干中提到的那个。完全可以同时发生两次地震,或者,AD365虽然发生了地震但是题干中造成建筑破坏的地震完全发生在另一个时间。

(B) No coins minted after A.D. 365 were found in Kourion, but coins minted before that year were found in
abundance.
B说一些东西(这些东西可以使coins也可以是别的,我可以随便编),在365年之后就没有了但是在365之前大量出现,那就证明365这个年份发生的事情产生了影响
发表于 2012-10-21 11:51:21 | 显示全部楼层
至于逻辑链第三题,有点不该错,
A项说这帮丢工作的人找不到工作,所以企业肯定面临赋税增加和失业保险增加的现实。
D项谈的是自动化后能提供的职位变少。肯定是这样,原文已经提过了,若不是,也不会有题干中的问题。
发表于 2013-1-16 13:02:40 | 显示全部楼层
5. Researcher: People with certain personality disorders have more theta brain waves than those without such disorders. But my data show that the amount of one’s theta brain waves increases while watching TV. So watching too much TV increases one’s risk of developing personality disorders.
A questionable aspect of the reasoning above is that it

(A) uses the phrase “personality disorders” ambiguously

In fact, the researcher has pointed out that the “personality disorders” have more theta brain waves than those without such disorders.
(B) fails to define the phrase “theta brain waves”

It is irrelevant.
(C) takes a correlation to imply a causal connection

Yes, there is a correlation among watching TV, the amount of one’s theta brain waves, and personality disorders, but no evidence implies that the first causes the last.
(D) draws a conclusion from an unrepresentative sample of data

We do not know whether the data is unrepresentative.
(E) infers that watching TV is a consequence of a personality disorder

No, it is opposite to the argument.



69.
Excavation of the ancient city of Kourion on the island of Cyprus revealed a pattern of debris and collapsed buildings typical of towns devastated by earthquakes. Archaeologists have hypothesized that the destruction was due to a major earthquake known to have occurred near the island in A.D. 365.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the archaeologists' hypothesis?

(A) Bronze ceremonial drinking vessels that are often found in graves dating from years preceding and following A.D. 365 were also found in several graves near Kourion.

Bronze ceremonial drinking vessels dating from years preceding and following A.D.365 weakens the hypothesis.
(B) No coins minted after A.D. 365 were found in Kourion, but coins minted before that year were found in abundance.

Yes, in this case, the age of the coins reveals that a disaster probably happened in A.D.365, ruining the normal transaction in Kourion. BA
(C) Most modern histories of Cyprus mention that an earthquake occurred near the island in A.D. 365.

Even though there was an earthquake occurred near the island in A.D.365, the earthquake would not be the real cause for the devastation.
(D) Several small statues carved in styles current in Cyprus in the century between A.D. 300 and 400 were found in Kourion.

This is similar to A.
(E) Stone inscriptions in a form of the Greek alphabet that was definitely used in Cyprus after A.D. 365 were found in Kourion.

Stone inscriptions after A.D.365 are outside the scope of the argument.



70.
According to a review of 61 studies of patients suffering from severely debilitating depression, a large majority of the patients reported that missing a night's sleep immediately lifted their depression. Yet sleep-deprivation is not used to treat depression even though the conventional treatments, which use drugs and electric shocks, often have serious side effects.
Which of the following, if true, best explains the fact that sleep-deprivation is not used as a treatment for depression?

(A) For a small percentage of depressed patients, missing a night's sleep induces a temporary sense of euphoria.

Only a small percentage of depressed patients get benefit from miss a night’s sleep.
(B) Keeping depressed patients awake is more difficult than keeping awake people who are not depressed.

Keeping depressed patients awake is irrelevant.
(C) Prolonged loss of sleep can lead to temporary impairment of judgment comparable to that induced by consuming several ounces of alcohol.

Even though this answer points out a disadvantage of prolonged loss of sleep, a suitable loss of sleep may not have this disadvantage.

Is the disadvantage of prolonged loss of sleep related to the treatment for depression?

Besides, this answer choice assumes that the temporary impairment of judgment is worse than depression. But no evidence has been provided.
(D) The dramatic shifts in mood connected with sleep and wakefulness have not been traced to particular changes in brain chemistry.

The answer seems to weaken the argument, but even though the dramatic shifts in mood have not been traced, there is no evidence provided to reveal that sleep-deprivation has no advantage.
(E) Depression returns in full force as soon as the patient sleeps for even a few minutes.

Yes, in this case, it points out a disadvantage of sleep-deprivation. Since people need to sleep, while causing the full return of depression, the sleep-deprivation is useless. BA

1. Depression returns in full force as soon as the patient sleeps for even a few minutes.
2. A large majority of the patients reported that missing a night's sleep immediately lifted their depression

These statements are perfectly consistent with each other: a sleepless night keeps depression at bay, but, as soon as the person does sleep again -- whenever that might be -- the depression comes back.

71.
In many corporations, employees are being replaced by automated equipment in order to save money. However, many workers who lose their jobs to automation will need government assistance to survive, and the same corporations that are laying people off will eventually pay for that assistance through increased taxes and unemployment insurance payments.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the author's argument?

(A) Many workers who have already lost their jobs to automation have been unable to find new jobs.

Yes, in this case, unemployment rate would not decrease, thus burdening the government and the same corporations that are laying people off. BA
(B) Many corporations that have failed to automate have seen their profits decline.

The decline in profits caused by failure in automation is outside the scope of the argument.
(C) Taxes and unemployment insurance are paid also by corporations that are not automating.

This is irrelevant.
(D) Most of the new jobs created by automation pay less than the jobs eliminated by automation did.

This seems irrelevant. In fact, this will help corporations to save money, thus weakening the argument.
(E) The initial investment in machinery for automation is often greater than the short-term savings in labor costs.

But if the short-term savings in labor costs are greater than the initial investment in machinery for automation, this could weaken the argument.





72.
United States hospitals have traditionally relied primarily on revenues from paying patients to offset losses from unreimbursed care. Almost all paying patients now rely on governmental or private health insurance to pay hospital bills. Recently, insurers have been strictly limiting what they pay hospitals for the care of insured patients to amounts at or below actual costs.
Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?

(A) Although the advance of technology has made expensive medical procedures available to the wealthy, such procedures are out of the reach of low-income patients.

The advance of technology is outside the scope of the argument.
(B) If hospitals do not find ways of raising additional income for unreimbursed care, they must either deny some of that care or suffer losses if they give it.

Yes, in this case, the answer choice accurately points out the probable result that hospitals would face in the future. Since their revenues from paying patients decrease, the ability of them to offset losses from unreimbursed care will be harmed. BA
(C) Some patients have incomes too high for eligibility for governmental health insurance but are unable to afford private insurance for hospital care.

The comparison between governmental health insurance and private insurance for hospital care is irrelevant.
(D) If the hospitals reduce their costs in providing care, insurance companies will maintain the current level of reimbursement, thereby providing more funds for unreimbursed care.

No evidence provided by the argument suggests this result.
(E) Even though philanthropic donations have traditionally provided some support for the hospitals, such donations are at present declining.

It may be true, but irrelevant.
发表于 2013-2-21 16:35:02 | 显示全部楼层
1:07s
c
premise: pd---->more likely to  bwave
        watching tv --->b wave
conclusion: watching tv --->more likely to pd
rephrase:maybe pd and bw occur simultanously, but there is no such correlations
发表于 2013-2-21 16:54:38 | 显示全部楼层
1:09s strengthen
premise: evacuation of deribs constructed by earthquake found
conclusion:the earthquake happen near the island 360A.D. account for it
rephrase: there indeed was earthquake there at that time
c

1:38s explain
premise:sleep-deprivation has some effect on major patients
conclusion:although the consevative treatment can be dangerous ,doctors still will not adapt s-d treatment
rephrase:s-d can really harm the patients even the temporary well-being

1:45s
strengthen
b(not very sure)
premise: auto factory lay off workers
       workers live by pensions from government
conclusion:auto factory will pay for tax instead of salary for workers
rephrase: government level more tax on the auto factory

57s
b
background: pay patient compensate for hospital
           pay patient rely on insurance
premise:insurance will decline
rephrase:the hospital will lose money
发表于 2013-7-14 16:18:19 | 显示全部楼层
Feelalive到此一游
发表于 2013-9-3 06:54:57 | 显示全部楼层
7'04''
CBEAB
发表于 2013-9-3 06:56:15 | 显示全部楼层
All correct!! haha
发表于 2013-9-20 17:48:53 | 显示全部楼层
C BEAB
1. 24'
BG: personality disorders-->more theta brain waves
P: the amount of one's theta brain waves increases while watching TV
C: too much TV increases one's risk of developing personality disorders.
QUESTIONABLE ASPECT OF REASONING: A->B ≠B-->A
答案:C
(A) uses the phrase “personality disorders” ambiguously---------not the core reasoning flaw
(B) fails to define the phrase “theta brain waves”-----------what the phrase means is not important
(C) takes a correlation to imply a causal connection----------CORRECT. disorders have more brain waves≠more brain waves cause disorders
(D) draws a conclusion from an unrepresentative sample of data--------not about the sample
(E) infers that watching TV is a consequence of a personality disorder--------not the consequence but the cause

2. 30'
P: a pattern of debris and collapsed buildings, typical of towns devastated by earthquakes,were revealed
C: the destruction was due to a major earthquake known to have occurred near the island in A.D. 365.
SUPPORT:  debris does prove the A.D.365 earthquake
答案:B
(A) Bronze ceremonial drinking vessels that are often found in graves dating from years preceding and following A.D. 365 were also found in several graves near Kourion.---------something after 365 was found means this building was not devastated only in 365, maybe another earthquake  
(B) No coins minted after A.D. 365 were found in Kourion, but coins minted before that year were found in abundance.----------CORRECT. clearly means the earthquake devastated in 365
(C) Most modern histories of Cyprus mention that an earthquake occurred near the island in A.D. 365.-----------perhaps there were several earthquake, the prove of 365 earthquake does not guarantee the debris and collapsed building devastated in 365
(D) Several small statues carved in styles current in Cyprus in the century between A.D. 300 and 400 were found in Kourion.--------------between 300 and 400 may suggest the earthquake is in between. cannot conclude to the specific 365
(E) Stone inscriptions in a form of the Greek alphabet that was definitely used in Cyprus after A.D. 365 were found in Kourion.--------------evidence of stone inscriptions after 365 cannot support that the earthquake is in 365

3. 25'
P: missing a night's sleep immediately lifted their depression
C: sleep-deprivation is not used to treat depression
EXPLAIN: sleep-deprivation has bad effect or not useful at all.
答案:E
(A) For a small percentage of depressed patients, missing a night's sleep induces a temporary sense of euphoria.-------------slightly support the sleep-deprivation method.
(B) Keeping depressed patients awake is more difficult than keeping awake people who are not depressed.-------------the comparison between depressed patients awake and awake people who are not depressed is meaningless.
(C) Prolonged loss of sleep can lead to temporary impairment of judgment comparable to that induced by consuming several ounces of alcohol.-----------what prolonged loss of sleep leads to does not matter. this statement does not say anything about the effectiveness about depression.
(D) The dramatic shifts in mood connected with sleep and wakefulness have not been traced to particular changes in brain chemistry.-----------this statement does not say anything about the effectiveness about depression.
(E) Depression returns in full force as soon as the patient sleeps for even a few minutes.-----------CORRECT. clearly means that sleep-deprivation is useless.

4. 21'
P: many workers who lose their jobs to automation will need government assistance to survive
C: the same corporations that are laying people off will eventually pay for that assistance through increased taxes and unemployment insurance payments.
STRENGTHEN: companies will have to assist all those workers
答案:A
(A) Many workers who have already lost their jobs to automation have been unable to find new jobs.---------CORRECT. clearly means corporations have to pay for those assistance
(B) Many corporations that have failed to automate have seen their profits decline.------------what the profits are does not matter in this question.
(C) Taxes and unemployment insurance are paid also by corporations that are not automating.---------corporations that are not automating are out of our scope
(D) Most of the new jobs created by automation pay less than the jobs eliminated by automation did.---------no need to care about the new jobs and the other pay of the corporations
(E) The initial investment in machinery for automation is often greater than the short-term savings in labor costs.---------------what is the proportion for investment is not discussed.

5. 28'
P: hospitals-->patients-->insurance.
    insurers have been strictly limiting what they pay hospitals for the care of insured patients to amounts at or below actual costs
CONCLUSION: hospitals are making less money because of the limited pay from insurers
答案:B
(A) Although the advance of technology has made expensive medical procedures available to the wealthy, such procedures are out of the reach of low-income patients.----------------what's the advance of technology provide is not related to the hospitals' profits
(B) If hospitals do not find ways of raising additional income for unreimbursed care, they must either deny some of that care or suffer losses if they give it.-------------CORRECT. limited paying=suffer losses
(C) Some patients have incomes too high for eligibility for governmental health insurance but are unable to afford private insurance for hospital care.---------------the situation about some patients is irrelevant
(D) If the hospitals reduce their costs in providing care, insurance companies will maintain the current level of reimbursement, thereby providing more funds for unreimbursed care.--------------there is no evidence to sustain this claim.
(E) Even though philanthropic donations have traditionally provided some support for the hospitals, such donations are at present declining. -------------there is no information about philanthropic donations.
发表于 2013-10-19 01:39:36 | 显示全部楼层
10月18日
1 21S 相关因果
premise1 People with certain personality disorders have more theta brain waves than those without such disorders.
Premise2: But my data show that the amount of one’s theta brain waves increases while watching TV.
Conclusion: So watching too much TV increases one’s risk of developing personality disorders.
A questionable aspect of the reasoning above is that it 因果方向问题。T make disorders or disorder makes T increase.
A)        uses the phrase “personality disorders” ambiguously
(B) fails to define the phrase “theta brain waves”
(C) takes a correlation to imply a causal connection___correct
(D) draws a conclusion from an unrepresentative sample of data
(E) infers that watching TV is a consequence of a personality disorder


2 24s
Premise:Excavation of the ancient city of Kourion on the island of Cyprus revealed a pattern of debris and collapsed buildings typical of towns devastated by earthquakes.  
Conclusion: Archaeologists have hypothesized that the destruction was due to a major earthquake known to have occurred near the island in A.D. 365.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the archaeologists' hypothesis?
因果推理的gap.怎么知道是365那个earth quakes.
(A)        Bronze ceremonial drinking vessels that are often found in graves dating from years preceding and following A.D. 365 were also found in several graves near Kourion.
(B) No coins minted after A.D. 365 were found in Kourion, but coins minted before that year were found in abundance.__-correct说明之前存在,之后不存在了。
(C) Most modern histories of Cyprus mention that an earthquake occurred near the island in A.D. 365.
(D) Several small statues carved in styles current in Cyprus in the century between A.D. 300 and 400 were found in Kourion.
(E) Stone inscriptions in a form of the Greek alphabet that was definitely used in Cyprus after A.D. 365 were found in Kourion.

3 43s
Premise: a large majority of the patients reported that missing a night's sleep immediately lifted their depression.  
Conclusion: sleep-deprivation is not used to treat depression
Additional premies: even though the conventional treatments, which use drugs and electric shocks, often have serious side effects.
Which of the following, if true, best explains the fact that sleep-deprivation is not used as a treatment for depression?
可行性,副作用
A)        For a small percentage of depressed patients, missing a night's sleep induces a temporary sense of euphoria.
(B) Keeping depressed patients awake is more difficult than keeping awake people who are not depressed.
(C) Prolonged loss of sleep can lead to temporary impairment of judgment comparable to that induced by consuming several ounces of alcohol.
(D) The dramatic shifts in mood connected with sleep and wakefulness have not been traced to particular changes in brain chemistry.
(E) Depression returns in full force as soon as the patient sleeps for even a few minutes.————correct.没效果

4 21s
Background: In many corporations, employees are being replaced by automated equipment in order to save money.  
Premise: workers who lose their jobs to automation will need government assistance to survive
Conclusion: the same corporations that are laying people off will eventually pay for that assistance through increased taxes and unemployment insurance payments.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the author's argument?
因果联系:government will increase tax?
A)        Many workers who have already lost their jobs to automation have been unable to find new jobs.
(B) Many corporations that have failed to automate have seen their profits decline.
(C) Taxes and unemployment insurance are paid also by corporations that are not automating.____correct.觉得有点怪
(D) Most of the new jobs created by automation pay less than the jobs eliminated by automation did.
(E) The initial investment in machinery for automation is often greater than the short-term savings in labor costs.

5 29s
Background:United States hospitals have traditionally relied primarily on revenues from paying patients to offset losses from unreimbursed care.  
Premise1:Almost all paying patients now rely on governmental or private health insurance to pay hospital bills.  
Premise2Recently, insurers have been strictly limiting what they pay hospitals for the care of insured patients to amounts at or below actual costs.
Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?
Must be true. The hospital can not cover the bill or the patient need to pa for the extra

A) Although the advance of technology has made expensive medical procedures available to the wealthy, such procedures are out of the reach of low-income patients.
(B) If hospitals do not find ways of raising additional income for unreimbursed care, they must either deny some of that care or suffer losses if they give it.___correct
(C) Some patients have incomes too high for eligibility for governmental health insurance but are unable to afford private insurance for hospital care.
(D) If the hospitals reduce their costs in providing care, insurance companies will maintain the current level of reimbursement, thereby providing more funds for unreimbursed care.
(E) Even though philanthropic donations have traditionally provided some support for the hospitals, such donations are at present declining.
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