【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-7】

风无衣

精炼-------------------1‘02“-----------------------------weaken
B: The pacific turtles feed near the B. hatch in japanese waters.
P: Loggerhead turtles live and breed in different groups.
C: 95% of DNA samples collected from B turtles match those turtles from the Japanese nesting sites.
Prephrase: Loggerhead turtles' DNA does not match the those turtles from the japanese nesting sites.(实在想不出来用什么weaken了）
Analysis:
(A) Nesting sites of loggerhead turtles have been found the Pacific coast of North America Several thousand kilometers north of the Baja peninsula.
----------pacific这个地方的turtles和B这个地方离的多远属于无关选项。
(B) The distance between nesting sites and feeding sites of Atlantic loggerhead turtles is less than 5,000 kilometers.
----------the distance between these two sites is irrelevant.
(C) Loggerhead hatchlings in Japanese waters have been declining in number for the last decade while the number of nesting sites near the Baja peninsula has remained constant.
----------turtles from japanese waters下降，而靠近B的这个地方的turtles却是一样的数量，并不能证明DNA的变化。
(D) Ninety-five percent of the DNA samples taken from the Baja turtles match those taken from Atlantic loggerhead turtles.
----------证明95% of the DNA samples和Atlantic turtles也是一样的。虽然对了，但是逻辑关系搞错了~~~囧`
(E) Commercial aquariums have been successfully breeding Atlantic loggerheads with Pacific loggerheads for the last five years.
----------irrelevant



题目一上来最难找的就是conclusion。
Loggerhead turtles live and breed in distinct groups, of which some are in the Pacific Ocean and some are in the Atlantic.（明显定位为背景信息）New evidence suggests that juvenile Pacific loggerheads that feed near the Baja Peninsula hatch in Japanese waters 10,000 kilometers away.（这句话竟然是conclusion，我上来看到了evidence就定位了premise）Ninety-five percent of the DNA samples taken from the Baja turtles match those taken from turtles at the Japanese nesting sites.（这句话才是premise，好混乱的说~~~）
谁能给解释一下为什么new evidence suggests是conclusion?怎么推出来的?

-- by 会员 fox0923 (2011/11/28 3:35:19)

fox~~~其中我多么想跟你说下我的想法~无奈在我写了50分钟过后，我发现我想表达的东西是混乱的~啊~~~抓狂~~~
接下来的东西你将就看一下吧~我感觉都要被我自己绕进去了~今天脑袋已经完全不转了~哎哎~

推理：Baja turtles 95%的DNA样本与日本nesting sites里面turtles的DNA相符合~
所以：（在Baja附近feed的）年幼的Pacific loggerheads在10000公里远的日本海域孵化。
因为二者DNA样本高度相似——所以推断Pacific loggerheads跑到日本海域去下蛋了。

反过来：如果因为Pacific loggerheads跑到日本海域去下蛋——怎么能够推出Baja turtle和日本nesting sites里面turtle的DNA样本95%相似呢？难道就因为去下了个蛋，然后就DNA高度相似啦？
举个不恰当的例子哈：一个A1跑到美国去生孩子了，当然不能推出结论A1在中国生的娃与在美国生的娃DNA高度相似。（爹都可能不一样呢~）
如果说知道一个A1在中国的生的娃与在美国的生的娃DNA高度相似，那么我们可以合理推测其实是A1跑到美国去生娃了~
答案的意思就是可能是A2跑到美国去生娃了（A1和A2是亲姐妹，DNA高度相似）（好猥琐的例子。。。捂脸飘走了。。。）
我感觉不能用一个陈述的事实去推断一个含有统计性意义的结论。
我越发的凌乱的~其实就说自己想的到~说不清楚~哎哎~你将就看一下~说说你的想法嘛~再讨论哈~

-- by 会员 风无衣 (2011/11/28 22:21:24)

风无衣总结的已经很好了，其实我就是应该用这种推理方法把premise-conclusion联起来看来测试谁是conclusion，谢谢你啊，虽然例子有点搞笑，不过清楚易懂就是目的拉，不畏缩拉~~

-- by 会员 fox0923 (2011/11/28 23:25:29)

吼吼~昨天学校停电断网~就木有上CD来做题~哎~
哈哈~我发现我纠结了一个小时的事情你一句话就搞定了，就是要用推理方法去判断到底啥子是conclusion~嘻嘻~
例子是浮云~飘过飘过啊~哈哈~

风无衣

精炼-------------------1‘02“-----------------------------weaken
B: The pacific turtles feed near the B. hatch in japanese waters.
P: Loggerhead turtles live and breed in different groups.
C: 95% of DNA samples collected from B turtles match those turtles from the Japanese nesting sites.
Prephrase: Loggerhead turtles' DNA does not match the those turtles from the japanese nesting sites.(实在想不出来用什么weaken了）
Analysis:
(A) Nesting sites of loggerhead turtles have been found the Pacific coast of North America Several thousand kilometers north of the Baja peninsula.
----------pacific这个地方的turtles和B这个地方离的多远属于无关选项。
(B) The distance between nesting sites and feeding sites of Atlantic loggerhead turtles is less than 5,000 kilometers.
----------the distance between these two sites is irrelevant.
(C) Loggerhead hatchlings in Japanese waters have been declining in number for the last decade while the number of nesting sites near the Baja peninsula has remained constant.
----------turtles from japanese waters下降，而靠近B的这个地方的turtles却是一样的数量，并不能证明DNA的变化。
(D) Ninety-five percent of the DNA samples taken from the Baja turtles match those taken from Atlantic loggerhead turtles.
----------证明95% of the DNA samples和Atlantic turtles也是一样的。虽然对了，但是逻辑关系搞错了~~~囧`
(E) Commercial aquariums have been successfully breeding Atlantic loggerheads with Pacific loggerheads for the last five years.
----------irrelevant



题目一上来最难找的就是conclusion。
Loggerhead turtles live and breed in distinct groups, of which some are in the Pacific Ocean and some are in the Atlantic.（明显定位为背景信息）New evidence suggests that juvenile Pacific loggerheads that feed near the Baja Peninsula hatch in Japanese waters 10,000 kilometers away.（这句话竟然是conclusion，我上来看到了evidence就定位了premise）Ninety-five percent of the DNA samples taken from the Baja turtles match those taken from turtles at the Japanese nesting sites.（这句话才是premise，好混乱的说~~~）
谁能给解释一下为什么new evidence suggests是conclusion?怎么推出来的?

-- by 会员 fox0923 (2011/11/28 3:35:19)

fox~~~其中我多么想跟你说下我的想法~无奈在我写了50分钟过后，我发现我想表达的东西是混乱的~啊~~~抓狂~~~
接下来的东西你将就看一下吧~我感觉都要被我自己绕进去了~今天脑袋已经完全不转了~哎哎~

推理：Baja turtles 95%的DNA样本与日本nesting sites里面turtles的DNA相符合~
所以：（在Baja附近feed的）年幼的Pacific loggerheads在10000公里远的日本海域孵化。
因为二者DNA样本高度相似——所以推断Pacific loggerheads跑到日本海域去下蛋了。

反过来：如果因为Pacific loggerheads跑到日本海域去下蛋——怎么能够推出Baja turtle和日本nesting sites里面turtle的DNA样本95%相似呢？难道就因为去下了个蛋，然后就DNA高度相似啦？
举个不恰当的例子哈：一个A1跑到美国去生孩子了，当然不能推出结论A1在中国生的娃与在美国生的娃DNA高度相似。（爹都可能不一样呢~）
如果说知道一个A1在中国的生的娃与在美国的生的娃DNA高度相似，那么我们可以合理推测其实是A1跑到美国去生娃了~
答案的意思就是可能是A2跑到美国去生娃了（A1和A2是亲姐妹，DNA高度相似）（好猥琐的例子。。。捂脸飘走了。。。）
我感觉不能用一个陈述的事实去推断一个含有统计性意义的结论。
我越发的凌乱的~其实就说自己想的到~说不清楚~哎哎~你将就看一下~说说你的想法嘛~再讨论哈~

-- by 会员 风无衣 (2011/11/28 22:21:24)

题目的意思是因为BJ海龟和J海龟有着95%的相同的DNA，所以推断出BJ海龟跑到日本海域去繁殖去了，貌似你给理解反了

-- by 会员 ugly5552000 (2011/11/28 23:25:42)

不会吧？！~我咋感觉我就是写的：因为二者DNA样本高度相似——所以推断Pacific loggerheads跑到日本海域去下蛋了。
额。。。我接下来写的那一大段加那个猥琐的例子只是想要跟fox解释为什么推理不是反过来~嘻嘻~我推理应该是没错的~

lan0604

精炼：
01：06
weaken
Loggerhead turtles live and breed in distinct groups, of which some are in the Pacific Ocean and some are in the Atlantic. New evidence suggests that juvenile Pacific loggerheads that feed near the Baja Peninsula hatch in Japanese waters 10,000 kilometers away. Ninety-five percent of the DNA samples taken from the Baja turtles match those taken from turtles at the Japanese nesting sites.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the reasoning above?

(A) Nesting sites of loggerhead turtles have been found the Pacific coast of North America Several thousand kilometers north of the Baja peninsula.
(B) The distance between nesting sites and feeding sites of Atlantic loggerhead turtles is less than 5,000 kilometers.
(C) Loggerhead hatchlings in Japanese waters have been declining in number for the last decade while the number of nesting sites near the Baja peninsula has remained constant.
(D) Ninety-five percent of the DNA samples taken from the Baja turtles match those taken from Atlantic loggerhead turtles.
(E) Commercial aquariums have been successfully breeding Atlantic loggerheads with Pacific loggerheads for the last five years.


逻辑链：
25
00:51
weaken
pundra become weak--->increase in exports
C应该是B
Twelve years ago and again five years ago, there were extended periods when the Darfir Republic's currency, the pundra, was weak:  its value was unusually low relative to the world's most stable currencies.  Both times a weak pundra made Darfir's manufactured products a bargain on world markets, and Darfir's exports were up substantially.  Now some politicians are saying that, in order to cause another similarly sized increase in exports, the government should allow the pundra to become weak again.
Which of the following, if true, provides the government with the strongest grounds to doubt that the politicians' recommendation, if followed, will achieve its aim?
(A) Several of the politicians now recommending that the pundra be allowed to become weak made that same recommendation before each of the last two periods of currency weakness.
(B) After several decades of operating well below peak capacity, Darfir's manufacturing sector is now operating at near-peak levels.
(C) The economy of a country experiencing a rise in exports will become healthier only if the country's currency is strong or the rise in exports is significant.
(D) Those countries whose manufactured products compete with Darfir's on the world market all currently have stable currencies.
(E) A sharp improvement in the efficiency of Darfir's manufacturing plants would make Darfir's products a bargain on world markets even without any weakening

26
00:36
paradox
sanitation decrease, population decrease
rural people move, population increase
however, sanitation improve, population stable
B

27
00:37
boldface
A应该是C
Plant scientists have used genetic engineering on seeds to produce crop plants that are highly resistant to insect damage.  Unfortunately, the seeds themselves are quite expensive, and the plants require more fertilizer and water to grow well than normal ones.  Thus, for most farmers the savings on pesticides would not compensate for the higher seed costs and the cost of additional fertilizer.  However, since consumer demand for grains, fruits, and vegetables grown without the use of pesticides continues to rise, the use of genetically engineered seeds of this kind is likely to become widespread.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
(A) The first supplies a context for the argument; the second is the argument's main conclusion.
(B) The first introduces a development that the argument predicts will have a certain outcome; the second is a state of affairs that the argument denies will be part of that outcome.
(C) The first presents a development that the argument predicts will have a certain outcome; the second acknowledges a consideration that weighs against that prediction.
(D) The first provides evidence to support a prediction that the argument seeks to defend; the second is that prediction.
(E) The first and the second each provide evidence to support the argument's main conclusion.


28
01:02
support
C应该是D
First-time computer buyers buying PXC home computers typically buy models that cost much less and have a smaller profit margin per computer than do PXC computers bought by people replacing their computers with more powerful models.  Last year PXC's profits from computer sales were substantially higher than the previous year, although about the same number of PXC computers were sold and the prices and profit margins for each computer model that PXC sells remained unchanged.
If the statements above are true, which of the following is most strongly supported by them?
(A) PXC's competitors raised the prices on their computers last year, making PXC computers more attractive to first-time computer buyers.
(B) The number of people buying PXC computers who also bought PXC computer-related products, such as printers, was larger last year than the previous year.
(C) Among computer buyers who bought a PXC computer to replace their existing computer, the proportion who were replacing a computer made by a competitor of PXC was greater last year than the previous year.
(D) The proportion of PXC computers bought by first-time computer buyers was smaller last year than the previous year.
(E) PXC's production costs for its computers were lower last year than they had been the previous year.

Roxas605

MD、、、

错这么多，同想骂人。。。今天真是一点状态都没有么？？！！！！好累啊～～～

leewonting

44
背景：Loggerhead turtles live and breed in distinct groups, of which some are in the Pacific Ocean and some are in the Atlantic.
条件：95% of the DNA samples taken from the Baja turtles match those taken from turtles at the Japanese nesting sites
结论：Juvenile Pacific loggerheads that feed near the Baja Peninsula hatch in Japanese waters 10000 kilometers away
推测：即使DNA高度相似，也未必是从BAJA到JAPAN的
选D，BAJA的与ATLANTIC的基因也高达95%相似，不能证明上面的。
A，    irrelevant
B，    举了一个特例，ATLANTIC的生产和生活的地区仅差5000km，那是不是全部都是这样呢？而且反驳不到基因相似性这个证据
C，    如果题目说的是对的，那么两个地区应该是同增同减的
E， irrelevant


45
背景：There were two times that the currency was unusually low
条件：Both times a weak pundra made Darfir’s manufactured products a bargain on world markets and Darfir’s exports were up substantially
结论：In order to increase exportation, government should allow the pundra to become weak again
推测：出口最大化，除了货币贬值之外，还有什么影响因素？工厂的生产率？或者是即使货币再次贬值，也不能引起出口更多
A，    strengthen
B，    weaken，现在已经是生产的最高值，在怎么贬低货币都不能提高生产
C，    irrelevant，出现了healthy
D，    irrelevant
E，    irrelevant，即使不需要货币贬值，只要生产能力提升一点，就能够具备出口优势，但这个选项未知，或者weaking the currency能让技术提升


46
背景：For over a century, the population of Megacity has grown at fairly steady rate
条件：The immigration from rural villages has continued and the sanitation has improved
结论：解释
推测：人们的观念改变？或者更多的人去了其他的地方？
选B，出生率下降+移民率上述=人口稳定

47
背景：
条件：
结论：
推测：
选C，黑体中间的那句是prediction

48
First-time computer buyers buying PXC home computers typically buy models that cost much less and have a smaller profit margin per computer than do PXC computers bought by people replacing their computers with more powerful models.  Last year PXC's profits from computer sales were substantially higher than the previous year, although about the same number of PXC computers were sold and the prices and profit margins for each computer model that PXC sells remained unchanged.
If the statements above are true, which of the following is most strongly supported by them?
(A) PXC's competitors raised the prices on their computers last year, making PXC computers more attractive to first-time computer buyers.
(B) The number of people buying PXC computers who also bought PXC computer-related products, such as printers, was larger last year than the previous year.
(C) Among computer buyers who bought a PXC computer to replace their existing computer, the proportion who were replacing a computer made by a competitor of PXC was greater last year than the previous year.
(D) The proportion of PXC computers bought by first-time computer buyers was smaller last year than the previous year.
(E) PXC's production costs for its computers were lower last year than they had been the previous year.
背景：第一次买PXC电脑的人买便宜的models，而换的人买比较贵的
条件：profit increased but the number of people buying and the prices are stable
结论：解释
推测：换电脑配件的人多了？
选C，换电脑的人多了
应该选D，首先C错在选取的总体为换电脑的人，不是全部消费的人，所以指代错误！！！（要看清楚选项啊）

Rena张

这逻辑链最近老是力不从心啊~~~肿么老要错那么多呢~~sigh~~~桑心……
---------------
1.
Time: 1'13''
Premise: (这stimulus有点绕啊~sigh。。。) B的和J的DNA有95%的match.
       feed near B的turtle是在Japanese waters孵化的。-----这个应该是conclusion。
Type: weaken
Prephrase: 因为他们都同属turtle，所以至少有95%的DNA是相同的，他们的区别在于那5%不同的DNA。
Choice: D
2.
Time: 1'18''
Premise: D的P was weak. ---->exports up.
Conclusion: in order to cause similarly sized increase in exports<----allow P to become weak again.
Type: doubt
Choice: E B
3.
Time: 1'03''
Premise: poor Sanitation---> high mortality rates.
       Immigrants ---> increased the population.
       Sanitation has improved enormously---> Yet the population growth has not accelerated.
Type: explain
Choice: A B
4.
Time: 50''
Type: BF
Choice: C

dwindwin1106

做个记号先，要请假4天，之后补上

FB小贝

7.【精练】PNA from Baja turtles match that of Japanese nesting sites.
C:juvenile Pacific loggerheads that feed near the BP hatch in JP.
Weaken:
a.无关 b. 无关 c.sites, hatchings, 无关比较 d.weaken e.无关
1.P.  weak pundra made D’s products a bargin
C: allow pundra to become weak again will increase exports in a similarly size
Weaken: will not cause a increase, or not the similarly size
a.irrelevant b.correct, will not increase c.irrelevant to the health of the economy
d.irrelevant with other countries e.irrelevant

2.phonomenon: city sanitation improved, immigration increased, but population growth not accelerated
Explain: another reason that cause the decrease in population
a.irrelevant b.correct c.irrelevant d.相反 e.irrelevant

3. an evidence that counter the argument, the argument
a.not a context b.incorrect c.correct d.incorrect e.incorrect

4.P: first buyers of PXC buy models that a cheap, while people replacing their computers buy more powerful models
Profits higer, same number
Explain: 替换电脑的人更多了
a. irrelevant b.irrelevant c. incorrect d.correct e.irrelevant

dwindwin1106

(1)P L turtles (feed in BP) hatch in Japanese waters
P:95% DNA samples from L turtles in BP = DNA from L turtles in Japanese.
C turtles live and breed in different groups, some in the Pacific ocean and some in the Atlantic.
Weaken: the same species share the similar DNA
Answer: D
A.irrelevant ------ nesting site虽然离BP很远，但是对质疑BP和Japanese的turtles是否是同一组turtle没有帮助
B.irrelevant ------ the topic is that L turtles live and breed in different groups, the distance between two sites does nothing to weaken the argument.
C.Irrelevant ------ nesting sites的减少并不能说明turtles的减少或增加
D.Correct  ------ L turtles share the similar DNA
E.Irrelevant

(2)P:12 and 5 years ago, D’s currency (the pundra) was weak  ?  made D’s products a bargain on world market ?D’s exports ↑
C:now, to cause another similarly sized exports ↑, the government should allow the pundra to become weak.
weaken: allowing pundra to become weak cannot increase exportation
Answer: B
A.Irrelevant
B.Correct ------ 是否是因为，题目是要质疑若建议实施是否会达到目的，制造业现已接近顶峰值，即使货币贬值也不能增加其产量或效率，所以这个建议会失败
C.Irrelevant
D.Irrelevant
E.Irrelevant

(3)F:population in M has grown at a fairly steady rate of over a century
F:100 years ago, poor sanitation ? high mortality rates
F: immigration from rural villages ?increase the population, the immigration has continued and increased.
F:sanitation has improved
F:population growth has not significantly accelerated.
Solve: most people who immigrate to M are old people who cannot increase the birth rate
Answer: B
A.Irrelevant
B.correct
C.Irrelevant
D.Irrelevant
E.Irrelevant

(4)F:g e seeds can produce crops that are highly resistant to insect damage
F:g e seed are expensive and need more fertilizer and water ?savings on pesticide < costs of seed and additional fertilizer
C:since demand for crops without pesticides continues to rise, g e seeds are likely to become widespread
Boldface
Answer: C
A.irrrelevant
B.irrelevant
C.correct
D.irrelevant
E.irrelevant

(5)F:first time computer buyers (第一次购买的人) buying PXC h c buy models that cost less and have smaller profit margins/c than PXC c brought by people replacing c with more powerful models （升级电脑的人）do
FXC profits from c sales: last year > the previous year, although the same number were sold and profit margins for each c model that PXC sells remained same.
must be true: people who replace c increase
Answer: D
A.Irrelevant
B.Irrelevant
C.irrelevant
D.Correct
E.irrelevant

spencerX

精练：
Background：有些海龟live and breed in P，有些在A
Premise：在B的幼年海龟的基因sample和在Japan发现的幼年海龟的基因有95%相同
Conclusion: 幼年在B长大的P海龟是在10,000公里以外的J被养出来的。
Prepharse：有证据证明不是在B的海龟是在A养出来的；sample取样的范围有问题。
Analysis：
A. Irrelevant
B.结论讨论的是P的海龟，和A的海龟没有关系
C.如果两者的数量之间有必然的联系，那么说明很有可能幼年的在B长大的P海龟就是在A被养出来的。这个选项有support的意思。
D.正确。这个选项说明研究时选择的sample是不全面的。
E. Irrelevant

逻辑链：
25.
Background：D的货币是weak的。并且由于这个原因，D在出口方面很有优势。
Premise：（politician）继续使D的货币贬值
Conclusion：可以使D的出口增加和过去一样的量。
Prephrase：继续贬值之后，出口并没有增加；过去的经验不能和现在相类比
Analysis:
A.就算以前也建议过，并不能当初实行贬值是因为他们建议了，政府就做了。就算原来成功了，并不能表明现在也会同样成功。
B.正确，如果生产能力已经达到peak，那么就算需求再大，供给也更不上。
C. Irrelevant。出口经济是不是健康不是这个argument讨论的问题。
D.无关类比。别的国家的经验不足以证明D也会这样。
E. Irrelevant
26.
Background: R的一个城市M的人口数量增加。这些增加主要是外来移民，因为M的居民由于疾病而死了很多。
Paradox：移民数量仍然在增加，而且M的卫生条件也改善了，但是M的人口却没有迅速增加。
Prephrase：城市原来的居民死亡率增加；许多M的人离开了城市
Analysis：
A. Irrelevant
B.正确，如果出生率降低了，那么哪怕死亡率减少，或者移民数量增加，总的人口数量可能会减少。
C. Irrelevant
D. Irrelevant
E. Irrelevant
27.
Background: 科学家研发了对虫害有高度抵抗力的crop
Premise：
这种改变基因的crop很贵，而且需要更多的fertilizer和water，所以农民用于杀虫剂、肥料和水的钱小于买抗虫的crop
对于这种不需要杀虫剂的crop的需求量增加
Conclusion：这种转基因的crop会迅速增加
Prephrase：第一个是反Premise，第二个中前部分是premise，后部分是conclusion
Analysis：？
我选了D,好像没有一个选项是符合我的prephrase？感觉都不对…
选D是因为我觉得作者是想defend这个观点：转基因的crop会有很大的市场。
选C是不是因为作者在前面只是说农民肥料什么方面省下的前还不足以买新的品种的crop，并没有说这种crop是不能widespread的，所以从本质上来说，并不是和结论相反，只是一种prediction？求解答！！
28.
Background: 第一次买P电脑的人比除第一次购买的人更喜欢买便宜的。
Fact：P电脑的总销量和利润都没有改变，但是总收入却上升了。
Prephrase：第一次买P的人的数量减少了。
Analysis：
A.如果是这样，在总的销售额没有改变的情况下，总收入应该降低。
B. Irrelevant
C. Irrelevant
D.正确，如果是这样，因为不是第一次购买的人所购买的P电脑的价格比较贵，那么在销售数量不变的情况下，销售额是会增加的。
E．已经说了profit margins和price没有改变了，这种质疑前提本身的选项一定是错误选项。