还有一个月，请问我该怎么准备呢？(GWD之RC练手，大家给看看)

snowflower

thanks ,WangJJ, you too.

I feel tired these days!

vincent0330

呵呵.....准备怎样了....好好加油.....

RachelWang80

以下是引用snowflower在2004-7-30 3:28:00的发言：

thanks ,WangJJ, you too.

I feel tired these days!

这几天已报名就莫名的紧张，尤其是紧张作文，我刚看了孙远的范文，觉得和他的范文的水平相差很远，心中有更加紧张起来。

雪花的作文怎么样了，快点指点一二

snowflower

thanks, GG.

just prepare the model. toooooo bad!  

time is over after I typed the model.  sigh~~~

snowflower

好长时间没来了，帖子都沉下去了。

越临近考试心里越没底！随然在按步就班的整理OG，但是心里还是虚虚的

snowflower

GWD-RC

1-Q4 to Q6; V01-6-Q1-Q3

      The fields of antebellum (pre-Civil

            War) political history and women’s his-

            tory use separate sources and focus

Line     on separate issues.  olitical histori-

  (5)      ans, examining sources such as voting

records, newspapers, and politicians’

writings, focus on the emergence in the

1840’s of a new “American political

nation,” and since women were neither

(10)     voters nor politicians, they receive little

discussion.  Women’s historians, mean-

while, have shown little interest in the

subject of party politics, instead draw-

ing on personal papers, legal  records

(15)     such as wills, and records of  female

associations to illuminate women’s

domestic lives, their moral reform

activities, and the emergence of the

woman’s rights movement.

(20)           However, most historians have

underestimated the extent and significance

of women’s political allegiance in the

antebellum period.  For example,

            in the presidential election campaigns

(25)     of the 1840’s, the Virginia Whig party

strove to win the allegiance of Virginia’s

women by inviting them to rallies and

speeches.  According to Whig propa-

ganda, women who turned out at the

(30)     party’s rallies gathered information

that enabled them to mold party-loyal

families, reminded men of moral values

            that transcended party loyalty, and con-

ferred moral standing on the party.

(35)     Virginia Democrats, in response,

            began to make similar appeals to

women as well.  By the mid-1850’s

the inclusion of women in the rituals of

party politics had become common-

(40)     place, and the ideology that justified

such inclusion had been assimilated

by the Democrats.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q4:      

The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to

                        

1. examine the tactics of antebellum political parties with regard to women
2. trace the effect of politics on the emergence of the woman’s rights movement
3. point out a deficiency in the study of a particular historical period
4. discuss the ideologies of opposing antebellum political parties
5. contrast the methodologies in two differing fields (P.h. and W.H.) of historical inquiry

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q5:

According to the second paragraph of the passage (lines 20-42), Whig propaganda included the assertion that

1. women should enjoy more political rights than they did
2. women  were the most important influences on political attitudes within a family
3. women’s reform activities reminded men of important moral values
4. women’s demonstrations at rallies would influence men’s voting behavior
5. women’s presence at rallies would enhance the moral standing of the party

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q6:      

According to the passage, which of the following was true of Virginia Democrats in the mid-1850’s?

                        

1. They feared that their party was losing its strong moral foundation.
2. They believed that the Whigs’ inclusion of women in party politics had led to the Whigs’ success in many elections.
3. They created an ideology that justified the inclusion of women in party politics.
4. They wanted to demonstrate that they were in support of the woman’s rights movement.
5. They imitated the Whigs’ efforts to include women in the rituals of party politics.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1-Q9 to Q12; V01-6-Q4-Q7

      Over the last 150 years, large

            stretches of salmon habitat have

            been eliminated by human activity:

Line     mining, livestock grazing, timber

  (5)      harvesting, and agriculture as well

as recreational and urban devel-

opment.  The numerical effect is

obvious:  there are fewer salmon

in degraded regions than in pris-

(10)     tine ones; however, habitat loss

also has the potential to reduce

genetic diversity.  This is most

evident in cases where it results

in the extinction of entire salmon

(15)     populations.  Indeed, most

analysts believe that some kind

of environmental degradation

underlies the demise of many

extinct salmon populations.

(20)     Although some rivers have

            been recolonized, the unique

            genes of the original populations

have been lost.

      Large-scale disturbances in

(25)     one locale also have the potential

to alter the genetic structure of

populations in neighboring areas,

even if those areas have pristine

habitats.  Why?  Although the

(30)     homing instinct of salmon to their

natal stream is strong, a fraction

of the fish returning from the sea

            (rarely more than 15 percent)

stray and spawn in nearby

(35)    streams.  Low levels of straying

are crucial, since the process

provides a source of novel

genes and a mechanism

           by which a location can be

(40)    repopulated should the fish

there disappear.  Yet high rates

of straying can be problematic

because misdirected fish may

interbreed with the existing stock

(45)     to such a degree that any local

adaptations that are present

become diluted.  Straying

rates remain relatively low when

environmental conditions are

(50)     stable, but can increase dramati-

cally when streams suffer severe

disturbance.  The 1980 volcanic

eruption of Mount Saint Helens,

for example, sent mud and debris

(55)     into several tributaries of the

Columbia River.  For the next

couple of years, steelhead trout

(a species included among the

salmonids) returning from the

(60)     sea to spawn were forced to

find alternative streams.  As

a consequence, their rates of

straying, initially 16 percent,

rose to more than 40 percent

(65)     overall.

      Although no one has quantified

changes in the rate of straying

as a result of the disturbances

caused by humans, there is no

(70)     reason to suspect that the effect

would be qualitatively different

than what was seen in the

aftermath of the laceType w:st="on">MountlaceType> laceName w:st="on">SaintlaceName>

Helens eruption.  Such a dra-

(75)     matic increase in straying from

damaged areas to more pristine

streams results in substantial

gene flow, which can in turn lower

the overall fitness of subsequent

generations.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q9:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

                        

1. argue against a conventional explanation for the extinction of certain salmon populations and suggest an alternative
2. correct a common misunderstanding about the behavior of salmon in response to environmental degradation caused by human activity
3. compare the effects of human activity on salmon populations with the effects of natural disturbances on salmon populations
4. differentiate the particular effects of various human activities on salmon habitats
5. describe how environmental degradation can cause changes in salmon populations that extend beyond a numerical reduction

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q10:

It can be inferred from the passage that the occasional failure of some salmon to return to their natal streams in order to spawn provides a mechanism by which

                        

1. pristine streams that are near polluted streams become polluted themselves
2. the particular adaptations of a polluted stream’s salmon population can be preserved without dilution
3. the number of salmon in pristine habitats decreases relative to the number in polluted streams
4. an environmentally degraded stream could be re-colonized by new salmon populations should the stream recover
5. the extinction of the salmon populations that spawn in polluted streams is accelerated

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q11:

According to the passage, human activity has had which of the following effects on salmon populations?

                        

1. An increase in the size of salmon populations in some previously polluted rivers
2. A decline in the number of salmon in some rivers
3. A decrease in the number straying salmon in some rivers
4. A decrease in the gene flow between salmon populations that spawn in polluted streams and populations that spawn in pristine streams
5. A decline in the vulnerability of some salmon populations to the effects of naturally occurring habitat destruction

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q12:

The author mentions the “aftermath of the Mount Saint Helens eruption” (lines 73-74) most likely in order to

1. provide an example of the process that allows the repopulation of rivers whose indigenous salmon population has become extinct
2. indicate the extent to which the disturbance of salmon habitat by human activity in one stream might affect the genetic structure of salmon populations elsewhere
3. provide a standard of comparison against which the impact of human activity on the gene flow among salmon populations should be measured
4. show how salmons’ homing instinct can be impaired as a result of severe environmental degradation of their natal streams
5. show why straying rates in salmon populations remain generally low except when spawning streams suffer severe environmental disturbance

snowflower

Q25 to Q28:

      Recently biologists have been

            interested in a tide-associated

            periodic behavior displayed by

Line     the diatom Hantzschia virgata, a

  (5)      microscopic golden-brown alga that

inhabits that portion of a shoreline

washed by tides (the intertidal zone).

Diatoms of this species, sometimes

called “commuter” diatoms, remain

(10)     burrowed in the sand during high

tide, and emerge on the sand sur-

face during the daytime low tide.

Just before the sand is inundated by

the rising tide, the diatoms burrow

(15)     again.  Some scientists hypothesize

that commuter diatoms know that it

is low tide because they sense an

environmental change, such as an

alteration in temperature or a change

(20)     in pressure caused by tidal move-

            ment.  However, when diatoms are

            observed under constant conditions

in a laboratory, they still display

periodic behavior, continuing to bur-

(25)     row on schedule for several weeks.

This indicates that commuter diatoms,

rather than relying on environmental

cues to keep time, possess an inter-

nal pacemaker or biological clock

(30)     that enables them to anticipate peri-

odic changes in the environment.

A commuter diatom has an unusu-

            ally accurate biological clock, a

consequence of the unrelenting

(35)    environmental pressures to which

it is subjected; any diatoms that do

not burrow before the tide arrives

are washed away.

      This is not to suggest that the

(40)    period of this biological clock is

immutably fixed.  Biologists have

concluded that even though a

diatom does not rely on the envi-

ronment to keep time, environmental

(45)     factors—including changes in the

tide’s hydrostatic pressure, salin-

ity, mechanical agitation, and

temperature—can alter the period

of its biological clock according to

(50)     changes in the tidal cycle.  In short,

the relation between an organism’s

biological clock and its environment

is similar to that between a wristwatch

and its owner:  the owner cannot

(55)     make the watch run faster or slower,

but can reset the hands.  However,

this relation is complicated in intertidal

dwellers such as commuter diatoms

by the fact that these organisms are

(60)     exposed to the solar-day cycle as

well as to the tidal cycle, and some-

times display both solar-day and

tidal periods in a single behavior.

Commuter diatoms, for example,

(65)     emerge only during those low tides

that occur during the day.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q25:

The passage suggests which of the following about the accuracy of the commuter diatom’s biological clock?

                        

1. The accuracy of the commuter diatom’s biological clock varies according to changes in the tidal cycle.

2. The unusual accuracy that characterizes the commuter diatom’s biological clock is rare among intertidal species.

3. The commuter diatom’s biological clock is likely to be more accurate than the biological clock of a species that is subject to less intense environmental pressures.
4. The commuter diatom’s biological clock tends to be more accurate than the biological clocks of most other species because of the consistency of the tidal cycle.
5. The accuracy of the commuter diatom’s biological clock tends to fluctuate when the diatom is observed under variable laboratory conditions.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q26:

The author of the passage compares the relationship between an organism’s biological clock and its environment to the relation between a wristwatch and its owner most probably in order to

1. point out a fundamental difference between the function of biological clocks in organisms and the use of mechanical clocks by humans
2. illustrate the way in which the period of an organism’s biological clock can be altered by environmental factors
3. suggest that there are important similarities between the biological clock in organisms such as the commuter diatom and the biological clock in humans

4. support an argument regarding the methods used by certain organisms to counteract the influence of the environment on their biological clocks
5. question the accuracy of the biological clock in organisms such as the commuter diatom

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q27:

According to the passage, the periodic behavior displayed by commuter diatoms under constant laboratory conditions is characterized by which of the following?

                        

1. Greater unpredictability than the corresponding behavior under natural conditions
2. A consistent periodic schedule in the short term
3. No difference over the long term from the corresponding behavior under natural conditions
4. Initial variability caused by the constant conditions of the laboratory
5. Greater sensitivity to environmental factors than is the case under natural conditions

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q28:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

                        

1. dispute the influence of environmental factors on the tide-associated behavioral rhythms displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata
2. describe how certain tide-associated behavioral rhythms displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata have changed over time
3. compare tide-associated behavioral rhythms to solar-day behavioral rhythms in the diatom Hantzschia virgata
4. examine how certain biological and environmental influences affect the tide-associated behavioral rhythms displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata
5. identify certain environmental factors that limit the effectiveness of the biological clock in the diatom Hantzschia virgata

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q35 to Q37:

      In corporate purchasing,

            competitive scrutiny is typically

            limited to suppliers of items that are

Line     directly related to end products.

  (5)      With “indirect” purchases (such as

computers, advertising, and legal

services), which are not directly

related to production, corporations

often favor “supplier partnerships”

(10)     (arrangements in which the

purchaser forgoes the right to

pursue alternative suppliers), which

can inappropriately shelter suppliers

from rigorous competitive scrutiny

(15)     that might afford the purchaser

economic leverage.  There are two

independent variables—availability

of alternatives and ease of changing

suppliers—that companies should

(20)     use to evaluate the feasibility of

            subjecting suppliers of indirect

            purchases to competitive scrutiny.

This can create four possible

situations.

(25)           In Type 1 situations, there are

many alternatives and change is

relatively easy.  Open pursuit of

alternatives—by frequent com-

petitive bidding, if possible—will

(30)     likely yield the best results.  In

Type 2 situations, where there

are many alternatives but change

            is difficult—as for providers of

employee health-care benefits—it

(35)    is important to continuously test

the market and use the results to

secure concessions from existing

suppliers.  Alternatives provide a

           credible threat to suppliers, even if

(40)    the ability to switch is constrained.

In Type 3 situations, there ate few

alternatives, but the ability to switch

without difficulty creates a threat that

companies can use to negotiate

(45)     concessions from existing suppliers.

In Type 4 situations, where there

are few alternatives and change

is difficult, partnerships may be

unavoidable.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q35:

Which of the following best describes the relation of the second paragraph to the first?

                        

1. The second paragraph offers proof of an assertion made in the first paragraph.
2. The second paragraph provides an explanation for the occurrence of a situation described in the first paragraph.
3. The second paragraph discusses the application of a strategy proposed in the first paragraph.
4. The second paragraph examines the scope of a problem presented in the first paragraph.
5. The second paragraph discusses the contradictions inherent in a relationship described in the first paragraph.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q36:

Which of the following can be inferred about supplier partnerships, as they are described in the passage?

                        

1. They cannot be sustained unless the goods or services provided are available from a large number of suppliers.
2. They can result in purchasers paying more for goods and services than they would in a competitive-bidding situation.
3. They typically are instituted at the urging of the supplier rather than the purchaser.
4. They are not feasible when the goods or services provided are directly related to the purchasers’ end products.
5. They are least appropriate when the purchasers’ ability to change suppliers is limited.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q37:

According to the passage, which of the following factors distinguishes an indirect purchase from other purchases?

1. The ability of the purchasing company to subject potential suppliers of the purchased item to competitive scrutiny
2. The number of suppliers of the purchased item available to the purchasing company
3. The methods of negotiation that are available to the purchasing company
4. The relationship of the purchased item to the purchasing company’s end product

5. The degree of importance of the purchased item in the purchasing company’s business operations

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

V01-6-Q11 to Q14:

      In its 1903 decision in the case

            of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, the United

            States Supreme Court rejected the

Line     efforts of three Native American tribes

  (5)      to prevent the opening of tribal lands

to non-Indian settlement without tribal

consent.  In his study of the Lone

Wolf case, Blue Clark properly

emphasizes the Court’s assertion

(10)     of a virtually unlimited unilateral power

of Congress (the House of Represen-

tatives and the Senate) over Native

American affairs.  But he fails to note

the decision’s more far-reaching

(15)     impact:  shortly after Lone Wolf, the

federal government totally abandoned

negotiation and execution of formal

written agreements with Indian tribes

as a prerequisite for the implemen-

(20)     tation of federal Indian policy.  Many

commentators believe that this change

had already occurred in 1871 when—

following a dispute between the

            House and the Senate over which

(25)     chamber should enjoy primacy in

Indian affairs—Congress abolished

the making of treaties with Native

American tribes.  But in reality the

federal government continued to nego-

(30)     tiate formal tribal agreements past

the turn of the century, treating these

documents not as treaties with sover-

            eign nations requiring ratification by the

Senate but simply as legislation to be

(35)     passed by both houses of Congress.

            The Lone Wolf decision ended this

era of formal negotiation and finally

did away with what had increasingly

become the empty formality of obtain-

ing tribal consent.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11:

The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

                        

1. identifying similarities in two different theories
2. evaluating a work of scholarship
3. analyzing the significance of a historical event (S.C. reject)

4. debunking a revisionist interpretation
5. exploring the relationship between law and social reality

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12:

According to the passage, which of the following was true of relations between the federal government and Native American tribes?

                        

1. Some Native American tribes approved of the congressional action of 1871 because it simplified their dealings with the federal government.
2. Some Native American tribes were more eager to negotiate treaties with the United States after the Lone Wolf decision.
3. Prior to the Lone Wolf decision, the Supreme Court was reluctant to hear cases involving agreements negotiated between Congress and Native American tribes.
4. Prior to 1871, the federal government sometimes negotiated treaties with Native American tribes.
5. Following 1871, the House exercised more power than did the Senate in the government’s dealings with Native American tribes.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13:

As an element in the argument presented by the author of the passage, the reference to Blue Clark’s study of the Lone Wolf case serves primarily to

1. point out that this episode in Native American history has received inadequate attention from scholars
2. support the contention of the author of the passage that the Lone Wolf decision had a greater long-term impact than did the congressional action of 1871
3. challenge the validity of the Supreme Court’s decision confirming the unlimited unilateral power of Congress in Native American affairs
4. refute the argument of commentators who regard the congressional action of 1871 as the end of the era of formal negotiation between the federal government and Native American tribes
5. introduce a view about the Lone Wolf decision that the author will expand upon

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

14:

According to the passage, which of the following resulted from the Lone Wolf decision?

1. The Supreme Court took on a greater role in Native American affairs.
2. Native American tribes lost their legal standing as sovereign nations in their dealings with the federal government, but their ownership of tribal lands was confirmed.
3. The federal government no longer needed to conclude a formal agreement with a Native American tribe in order to carry out policy decisions that affected the tribe.
4. The federal government began to appropriate tribal lands for distribution to non-Indian settlers.
5. Native American tribes were no longer able to challenge congressional actions by appealing to the Supreme Court.

snowflower

Q15 to Q18:

      Why firms adhere to or deviate

            from their strategic plans is poorly

            understood.  However, theory and

Line     limited research suggest that the

  (5)      process through which such plans

emerge may play a part.  In particular,

top management decision-sharing—

consensus-oriented, team-based

decision-making—may increase the

(10)     likelihood that firms will adhere to their

plans, because those involved in the

decision-making may be more com-

mitted to the chosen course of action,

thereby increasing the likelihood that

(15)     organizations will subsequently adhere

to their plans.

      However, the relationship between

top management decision-sharing and

adherence to plans may be affected

(20)     by a firm’s strategic mission (its fun-

            damental approach to increasing

            sales revenue and market share, and

generating cash flow and short-term

profits).  At one end of the strategic

(25)     mission continuum, “build” strategies

are pursued when a firm desires to

increase its market share and is willing

to sacrifice short-term profits to do so.

At the other end, “harvest” strategies

(30)     are used when a firm is willing to

sacrifice marked share for short-term

profitability and cash-flow maximiza-

            tion.  Research and theory suggest

that top management decision-sharing

(35)    may have a more positive relationship

with adherence to plans among firms

with harvest strategies than among

firms with build strategies.  In a study

           of strategic practices in several large

(40)    firms, managers in harvest strategy

scenarios were more able to adhere

to their business plans.  As one of the

managers in the study explained it,

this is partly because “typically all a

(45)     manager has to do when implementing

a harvest strategy is that which was

done last year.”  Additionally, man-

agers under harvest strategies may

have fewer strategic options than do

(50)     those under build strategies; it may

therefore be easier to reach agreement

on a particular course of action

through decision-sharing, which will

in turn tend to promote adherence

(55)     to plans.  Conversely, in a “build”

strategy scenario, individual leader-

ship, rather than decision-sharing,

may promote adherence to plans.

Build strategies—which typically

(60)     require leaders with strong perso-

nal visions for a firm’s future, rather

than the negotiated compromise

of the team-based decision—may

be most closely adhered to when

(65)     implemented in the context of a clear

strategic vision of an individual leader,

rather than through the practice of

decision-sharing.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

15:

Which of the following best describes the function of the first sentence (lines 17-24) of the second paragraph of the passage?

                        

1. To answer a question posed in the first sentence of the passage about why firms adopt particular strategic missions
2. To refute an argument made in the first paragraph about how top management decision-making affects whether firms will adhere to their strategic plans
3. To provide evidence supporting a theory introduced in the first paragraph about what makes firms adhere to or deviate from their strategic plants
4. To qualify an assertion made in the preceding sentence (lines 6-16) about how top management decision-making affects the likelihood that firms will adhere to their strategic plans
5. To explain a distinction relied on in the second paragraph (lines 17-68) regarding two different kinds of strategic missions

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

16:

The passage cites all of the following as differences between firms using build strategies and firms using harvest strategies EXCEPT

                        

1. their willingness to sacrifice short-term profits in order to build market share
2. their willingness to sacrifice building market share in order to increase short-term profitability
3. the number of strategic options available to their managers
4. the relative importance they assign to maximizing cash-flow

5. how likely they are to employ decision-sharing in developing strategic plans

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

17:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

                        

1. identify some of the obstacles that make it difficult for firms to adhere to their strategic business plans
2. compare two different theories concerning why firms adhere to or deviate from their strategic plans
3. evaluate the utility of top management decision-sharing as a method of implementing the strategic mission of a business
4. discuss the respective advantages and disadvantages of build and harvest strategies among several large firms
5. examine some of the factors that may affect whether or not firms adhere to their strategic plans

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

18:

The author includes the quotation in lines 44-47 of the passage most probably in order to

1. lend support to the claim that firms utilizing harvest strategies may be more likely to adhere to their strategic plans
2. suggest a reason that many managers of large firm prefer harvest strategies to build strategies
3. provide an example of a firm that adhered to its strategic plan because of the degree of its managers’ commitment
4. demonstrate that managers implementing harvest strategies generally have better strategic options than do managers implementing build strategies
5. give an example of a large firm that successfully implemented a harvest strategy

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q24 to Q26:

      In addition to conventional

            galaxies, the universe contains

            very dim galaxies that until

Line     recently went unnoticed by

  (5)      astronomers.  ossibly as

numerous as conventional gal-

axies, these galaxies have the

same general shape and even

the same approximate number

(10)      of stars as a common type of

conventional galaxy, the spiral,

but tend to be much larger.

Because these galaxies’

mass is spread out over

(15)     larger areas, they have far

fewer stars per unit volume

than do conventional galaxies.

Apparently these low-surface-

brightness galaxies, as they

(20)     are called, take much longer

            than conventional galaxies to

            condense their primordial gas

and convert it to stars—that is,

they evolve much more slowly.

(25)           These galaxies may

constitute an answer to the long-

standing puzzle of the missing

baryonic mass in the universe.

Baryons—subatomic particles

(30)     that are generally protons or

neutrons—are the source of

stellar, and therefore galactic,

            luminosity, and so their numbers

can be estimated based on how

(35)    luminous galaxies are.  How-

ever, the amount of helium

in the universe, as measured

by spectroscopy, suggests

           that there are far more baryons

(40)    in the universe than estimates

based on galactic luminosity

indicate.  Astronomers have

long speculated that the missing

baryonic mass might eventually

(45)     be discovered in intergalactic

space or as some large popu-

lation of galaxies that are difficult

to detect.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

24:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

                        

1. describe a phenomenon and consider its scientific significance
2. contrast two phenomena and discuss a puzzling difference between them
3. identify a newly discovered phenomenon and explain its origins
4. compare two classes of objects and discuss the physical properties of each
5. discuss a discovery and point out its inconsistency with existing theory

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

25:

The author mentions the fact that baryons are the source of stars’ luminosity primarily in order to explain

                        

1. how astronomers determine that some galaxies contain fewer stars per unit volume than do others
2. how astronomers are able to calculate the total luminosity of a galaxy
3. why astronomers can use galactic luminosity to estimate baryonic mass

4. why astronomers’ estimates of baryonic mass based on galactic luminosity are more reliable than those based on spectroscopic studies of helium
5. how astronomers know bright galaxies contain more baryons than do dim galaxies

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

26:

It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is an accurate physical description of typical low-surface-brightness galaxies?

6. They are large spiral galaxies containing fewer stars than do conventional galaxies.

7. They are compact but very dim spiral galaxies.
8. They are diffuse spiral galaxies that occupy a large volume of space.
9. They are small, young spiral galaxies that contain a high proportion of primordial gas.
10. They are large, dense spirals with low luminosity.

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Q28to Q30:

      Historians who study European

            women of the Renaissance try to mea-

            sure “independence,” “options,” and

Line     other indicators of the degree to which

  (5)      the expression of women’s individuality

was either permitted or suppressed.

Influenced by Western individualism,

these historians define a peculiar form

of personhood:  an innately bounded

(10)     unit, autonomous and standing apart

from both nature and society.  An

anthropologist, however, would contend

that a person can be conceived in ways

other than as an “individual.”  In many

(15)     societies a person’s identity is not

intrinsically unique and self-contained

but instead is defined within a complex

web of social relationships.

      In her study of the fifteenth-century

(20)     Florentine widow Alessandra Strozzi, a

historian who specializes in European

women of the Renaissance attributes

individual intention and authorship of

            actions to her subject.  This historian

(25)     assumes that Alessandra had goals

and interests different from those of her

sons, yet much of the historian’s own

research reveals that Alessandra

acted primarily as a champion of her

(30)     sons’ interests, taking their goals as

her own.  Thus Alessandra conforms

more closely to the anthropologist’s

            notion that personal motivation is

embedded in a social context.  Indeed,

(35)     one could argue that Alessandra did

            not distinguish her personhood from

that of her sons.  In Renaissance

Europe the boundaries of the con-

ceptual self were not always firm

(40)     and closed and did not necessarily

coincide with the boundaries of

the bodily self.

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28:

In the first paragraph, the author of the passage mentions a contention that would be made by an anthropologist most likely in order to

                        

1. present a theory that will be undermined in the discussion of a historian’s study later in the passage
2. offer a perspective on the concept of personhood that can usefully be applied to the study of women in Renaissance Europe
3. undermine the view that the individuality of European women of the Renaissance was largely suppressed
4. argue that anthropologists have applied the Western concept of individualism in their research
5. lay the groundwork for the conclusion that Alessandra’s is a unique case among European women of the Renaissance whose lives have been studied by historians

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29:

According to the passage, much of the research on Alessandra Strozzi done by the historian mentioned in the second paragraph (lines 19-42) supports which of the following conclusions?

                        

1. Alessandra used her position as her sons’ sole guardian to further interests different from those of her sons.
2. Alessandra unwillingly sacrificed her own interests in favor of those of her sons.
3. Alessandra’s actions indicate that her motivations and intentions were those of an independent individual.
4. Alessandra’s social context encouraged her to take independent action.
5. Alessandra regarded her sons’ goals and interests as her own.

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30:

The passage suggests that the historian mentioned in the second paragraph (lines 19-42) would be most likely to agree with which of the following assertions regarding Alessandra Strozzi?

1. Alessandra was able to act more independently than most women of her time because she was a widow.
2. Alessandra was aware that her personal motivation was embedded in a social context.
3. Alessandra had goals and interests similar to those of many other widows in her society.
4. Alessandra is an example of a Renaissance woman who expressed her individuality through independent action.
5. Alessandra was exceptional because she was able to effect changes in the social constraints placed upon women in her society.

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Q31 to Q34:

      Most pre-1990 literature on busi-

            nesses’ use of information technology

            (IT)—defined as any form of computer-

Line     based information system—focused on

  (5)      spectacular IT successes and reflected

a general optimism concerning IT’s poten-

tial as a resource for creating competitive

advantage.  But toward the end of the

1980’s, some economists spoke of a

(10)     “productivity paradox”:  despite huge IT

investments, most notably in the service

sectors, productivity stagnated.  In the

retail industry, for example, in which IT

had been widely adopted during the

(15)     1980’s, productivity (average output per

hour) rose at an average annual rate of

1.1 percent between 1973 and 1989, com-

pared with 2.4 percent in the preceding

25-year period.  Proponents of IT argued

(20)     that it takes both time and a critical mass

            of investment for IT to yield benefits, and

            some suggested that growth figures for

the 1990’s proved these benefits were

finally being realized.  They also argued

(25)     that measures of productivity ignore what

would have happened without investments

in IT—productivity gains might have been

even lower.  There were even claims that

IT had improved the performance of the

(30)     service sector significantly, although

macroeconomic measures of productivity

did not reflect the improvement.

      But some observers questioned why,

            if IT had conferred economic value, it did

(35)     not produce direct competitive advantages

for individual firms.  Resource-based

theory offers an answer, asserting that,

in general, firms gain competitive advan-

tages by accumulating resources that are

(40)     economically valuable, relatively scarce,

and not easily replicated.  According to

a recent study of retail firms, which con-

firmed that IT has become pervasive

and relatively easy to acquire, IT by

(45)     itself appeared to have conferred little

advantage.  In fact, though little evidence

of any direct effect was found, the fre-

quent negative correlations between IT

and performance suggested that IT had

(50)     probably weakened some firms’ compet-

itive positions.  However, firms’ human

resources, in and of themselves, did

explain improved performance, and

some firms gained IT-related advan-

(55)     tages by merging IT with complementary

resources, particularly human resources.

The findings support the notion, founded

in resource-based theory, that competi-

tive advantages do not arise from easily

(60)     replicated resources, no matter how

impressive or economically valuable

they may be, but from complex, intan-

gible resources.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

31:

The passage is primarily concerned with

                        

1. describing a resource and indicating various methods used to study it
2. presenting a theory and offering an opposing point of view
3. providing an explanation for unexpected findings
4. demonstrating why a particular theory is unfounded
5. resolving a disagreement regarding the uses of a technology

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

32:

The passage suggests that proponents of resource-based theory would be likely to explain IT’s inability to produce direct competitive advantages for individual firms by pointing out that

                        

6. IT is not a resource that is difficult to obtain
7. IT is not an economically valuable resource
8. IT is a complex, intangible resource
9. economic progress has resulted from IT only in the service sector
10. changes brought about by IT cannot be detected by macroeconomic measures

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

33:

The author of the passage discusses productivity in the retail industry in the first paragraph primarily in order to

                        

1. suggest a way in which IT can be used to create a competitive advantage
2. provide an illustration of the “productivity paradox”
3. emphasize the practical value of the introduction of IT
4. cite an industry in which productivity did not stagnate during the 1980’s
5. counter the argument that IT could potentially create competitive advantage

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

34:

According to the passage, most pre-1990 literature on businesses’ use of IT included which of the following?

11. Recommendations regarding effective ways to use IT to gain competitive advantage
12. Explanations of the advantages and disadvantages of adopting IT
13. Information about ways in which IT combined with human resources could be used to increase competitive advantage
14. A warning regarding the negative effect on competitive advantage that would occur if IT were not adopted
15. A belief in the likelihood of increased competitive advantage for firms using IT

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V01-6-Q39to Q41:

      Many researchers regard Thailand’s

            recent economic growth, as reflected by its

            gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates,

Line     as an example of the success of a modern

  (5)      technological development strategy based

on the market economics of industrialized

countries.  Yet by focusing solely on aggregate

economic growth data as the measure of

Thailand’s development, these researchers

(10)     have overlooked the economic impact of

rural development projects that improve

people’s daily lives at the village level—

such as the cooperative raising of water

buffalo, improved sanitation, and the devel-

(15)     opment of food crops both for consumption

and for sale at local markets; such projects

are not adequately reflected in the country’s

GDP.  These researchers, influenced by

Robert Heilbroner’s now outdated develop-

(20)     ment theory, tend to view nontechnological

            development as an obstacle to progress.

            Heilbroner’s theory has become doctrine in

some economics textbooks:  for example,

Monte Palmer disparages nontechnological

(25)     rural development projects as inhibiting

constructive change.  Yet as Ann Kelleher’s

two recent case studies of the Thai villages

Non Muang and Dong Keng illustrate, the

nontechnological-versus-technological

(30)     dichotomy can lead researchers not only to

overlook real advances achieved by rural

development projects but also mistakenly to

            conclude that because such advances are

initiated by rural leaders and are based on

(35)     traditional values and practices, they retard

“real” economic development.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

39:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

                        

1. explain the true reasons for the increase in Thailand’s GDP
2. argue for the adoption of certain rural development projects
3. question the value of technological development in Thailand
4. criticize certain assumptions about economic development in Thailand
5. compare traditional and modern development strategies in Thailand

Answer:

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40:

It can be inferred from the passage that the term “real” in line 36 most likely refers to economic development that is

                        

1. based on a technological development strategy
2. not necessarily favored by most researchers
3. initiated by rural leader

4. a reflection of traditional values and practices
5. difficult to measure statistically

Answer:

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41:

The author of the passage cites the work of Palmer in order to give an example of

1. a recent case study of rural development projects in Thai villages
2. current research that has attempted to reassess Thailand’s economic development
3. an economics textbook that views nontechnological development as an obstacle to progress
4. the prevalence of the view that regards nontechnological development as beneficial but inefficient
5. a portrayal of nontechnological development projects as promoting constructive change

RachelWang80

我也在做这个gwd，我们一起做吧！

我做完了第一套，但是没有地方对答案

snowflower

好啊，我的答案很乱，好多错的。因为这段时间看OG觉得又体会了一些东西。所以再拿GWD做做，一来练pace，再者也算是看JJ。现在把SC都贴上，应该都是对的了。已经调动一切可以调动的力量了。若还有问题我们在讨论。