开贴--阅读复习--11.29日考试

Alpheaus

哈~~自己读懂了。。。。the federal government continue to negotiate formal tribal agreements 发生在the case of Lone Wolf V. Hitchcock之前，也就是1900年之前。>>>>>>>>>>>>这里是用来反驳一些评论家的话，说totally abandon negotiation在1871年时就发生了。。。

Totally abandon megotiation and execution of formal written agreements 只发生在the case of Lone Wolf V. Hitchcock之后，是其far-reaching impact...

Alpheaus

PREP1---ESSAY4--关键词+背景知识
Some historians contend that conditions in the United States during the Second World War gave rise to a dynamic wartime alliance between trade unions and the African American community, an alliance that advanced the cause of civil rights.  They conclude that the postwar demise of this vital alliance constituted a lost opportunity for the civil rights movement that followed the war.  Other scholars, however, have portrayed organized labor as defending all along the relatively privileged position of White workers relative to African American workers.  Clearly, these two perspectives are not easily reconcilable, but the historical reality is not reducible to one or the other.

Unions faced a choice between either maintaining the prewar status quo or promoting a more inclusive approach that sought for all members the right to participate in the internal affairs of unions, access to skilled and high-paying positions within the occupational hierarchy, and protection against management's arbitrary authority in the workplace.  While union representatives often voiced this inclusive ideal, in practice unions far more often favored entrenched interests.  The accelerating development of the civil rights movement following the Second World War exacerbated the unions' dilemma, forcing trade unionists to confront contradictions in their own practices.

Alpheaus

PREP1--ESSAY4--背景知识
1 CIVIL RIGHT MOVEMENT
The civil rights movement was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980. In many situations it took the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change by nonviolent forms of resistance.
The civil rights movement in the United States includes noted legislation and organized efforts to abolish public and private acts of racial discrimination African Americans and other disadvantaged groups between 1954 to 1968, particularly in the southern United States.

Alpheaus

PREP1--ESSAY4--背景知识WIKIPEDIA
2TRADE UNION
In the early 19th century, many men from large cities put together the organization which we now call the Trade Union Movement. Individuals who were members of unions at this time were skilled, experienced, and knew how to get the job done. Their main reasoning for starting this movement was to put on strikes.

Besides acting to raise wages and improve working conditions, the federations espoused certain social reforms, such as the institution of free public education, the abolition of imprisonment for debt, and the adoption of universal manhood suffrage. Perhaps the most important effect of these early unions was their introduction of political action.

Alpheaus

PREP1--ESSAY4--句子积累

1.PREP1—ESSAY4—注意词组the postwar demise战后终止, a lost opportunity
They conclude that the postwar demise of this vital alliance constituted a lost opportunity for the civil rights movement that followed the war.

2.PREP1—ESSAY4—注意not reducible to one or the other
these two perspectives are not easily reconcilable, but the historical reality is not reducible to one or the other.

3.PREP1—ESSAY4—注意分析较长的并列成分,?????没看懂，那几个词一起并列
Unions faced a choice between either maintaining the prewar status quo or promoting a more inclusive approach that sought for all members the right to participate in the internal affairs of unions, access to skilled and high-paying positions within the occupational hierarchy, and protection against management's arbitrary authority in the workplace.