【每日逻辑链练习贴】【逻辑4-1】【Verbal分册】

UlysessHope

今儿又到我值班了~~表示心中很欢乐虽然乔帮主去世我很伤心

下面是今日作业：

45. Often patients with ankle fractures that are stable, and thus do not require surgery, are given follow-up x-rays because their orthopedists are concerned about possibly having misjudged the stability of the fracture. When a number of follow-up x-rays were reviewed, however, all the fractures that had initially been judged stable were found to have healed correctly. Therefore, it is a waste of money to order follow-up x-rays of ankle fractures initially judged stable.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

(A) Doctors who are general practitioners rather than orthopedists are less likely than orthopedists to judge the stability of an ankle fracture correctly.

(B)Many ankle injuries for which an initial x-ray is ordered are revealed by the x-ray not to involve any fracture of the ankle.

(C) X-rays of patients of many different orthopedists working in several hospitals were reviewed.

(D) The healing of ankle fractures that have been surgically repaired is always checked by means of a follow-up x-ray.

(E) Orthopedists routinely order follow-up x-rays for fractures of bones other than ankle bones.

46. A study of marital relationships in which one partner's sleeping and waking cycles differ from those of the other partner reveals that such couples share fewer activities with each other and have more violent arguments than do couples in a relationship in which both partners follow the same sleeping and waking patterns. Thus, mismatched sleeping and waking cycles can seriously jeopardize a marriage.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

(A) Married couples in which both spouses follow the same sleeping and waking patterns also occasionally have arguments that can jeopardize the couple's marriage.

(B) The sleeping and waking cycles of individuals tend to vary from season to season.

(C) The individuals who have sleeping and waking cycles that differ significantly from those of their spouses tend to argue little with colleagues at work.

(D) People in unhappy marriages have been found to express hostility by adopting a different sleeping and waking cycle from that of their spouses.

(E) According to a recent study, most people's sleeping and waking cycles can be controlled and modified easily.

47. In the past most airline companies minimized aircraft weight to minimize fuel costs. The safest airline seats were heavy, and airlines equipped their planes with few of these seats. This year the seat that has sold best to airlines has been the safest one-a clear indication that airlines are assigning a higher priority to safe seating than to minimizing fuel costs.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

(A) Last year's best-selling airline seat was not the safest airline seat on the market.

(B) No airline company has announced that it would be making safe seating a higher priority this year.

(C) The price of fuel was higher this year than it had been in most of the years when the safest airline seats sold poorly.

(D) Because of increases in the cost of materials, all airline seats were more expensive to manufacture this year than in any previous year.

(E) Because of technological innovations, the safest airline seat on the market this year weighed less than most other airline seats on the market.

48. Editorial: An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest. Such approval is denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient. A government efficiency expert has observed that almost all provisional arrests meet the standards for adequacy of evidence that the watch commanders enforce. The expert has therefore recommended that, because the officer s' time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted, the watch commander's approval no longer be required. This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders' standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required.

In the editorial, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is a claim, the accuracy of which is disputed by the editorial; the second is a conclusion drawn in order to support the main conclusion of the editorial.

(B) The first is an observation that the editorial disputes; the second is a conclusion that was drawn from that observation.

(C) The first is a finding that was used in support of a proposal that the editorial opposes; the second is a judgment that was based on that finding and in turn was used to support the proposal.

(D) The first is a fin ding introduced to support the main conclusion of the editorial; the second is that main conclusion.

(E) The first is a conclusion, the evidence for which the editorial evaluates; the second is part of the evidence cited in favor of that conclusion.

AA:

The following appeared as part of an article in a computer magazine.
”A year ago Apex Manufacturing bought its managers computers for their homes and paid for telephone connections so that the managers could access Apex computers and data files from home after normal business hours. Since last year, productivity at Apex has increased by 15 percent. Other companies can learn from the success at Apex: given home computers and access to company resources, employees will work additional hours at home and thereby increase company profits.”

大家做完题放松一下吧~

贴一道数学题（看看大伙儿做对了没~细心细心）：

一天，有个年轻人来到小米步童鞋店里买了一双鞋子。这双鞋子成本是15元，标价是21元。结果是这个年轻人掏出50元要买这双鞋子。小米步童鞋店当时没有零钱，用那50元向街坊换了50元的零钱，找给年轻人29元。但是街坊后来发现那50元是假钞，小米步童鞋店无奈之下，还了街坊50元。

现在问题是：小米步童鞋店在这次交易中到底损失了多少钱？

UlysessHope

逻辑解析请见AA解析下的贴图

AA解析：

3 7次

last year Apex manufacturing bought home computers and paid to telephone connections for its managers so that managers could get access to company file data and did additional work after normal business hours. And the productivity of APEX increased by 15%. 所以作者建议other companies也应该为员工在家里提供access to company resource，这样可以提高productivity以及increase profit.

原题：The following appeared as part of an article in a computer magazine.

”A year ago Apex Manufacturing bought its managers computers for their homes and paid for telephone connections so that the managers could access Apex computers and data files from home after normal business hours. Since last year, productivity at Apex has increased by 15 percent. Other companies can learn from the success at Apex: given home computers and access to company resources, employees will work additional hours at home and thereby increase company profits.”

一年前Apex制造公司给它的经理们在家买了电脑，并支付电话费，这样他们就可以在工作时间以外从家里连接到Apex的电脑和数据文件。从去年开始，Apex的生产能力增长了15%。其他公司可以借鉴Apex的成功，提供家用电脑和到公司资源的链接，雇员会在家里加班并提高公司利润。

思路分析：

Notice that only managers were bought computers by Apex, whose productivity indeed rose 15 percent as the result. It is different from the assumption made in the article, which stated that if all employees were brought computers, they would work extra hours at home.Managers ≠ all employees

A. This argument suffers from a fallacy of post hoc, ergo propter hoc.

B. Next, the author fails to provide any evidence that installing home computers for managers really led to the increase of Apex’s productivity.

思路参考：

1 home access 和increase productivity因果关系错误

2 就算有关系，productity增加也不代表profits会增加

3 就算以上都对，用去年来推今后也是错的

4 hasty generalization。有两个，一是把apex推广到所有公司，二是把managers推广到了所有employees



北美范文

In this article the author attributes Apex Manufacturing’s 15 percent increase in productivity over the past year to its decision to equip its manager with computers and paid telephone connections for their homes so that they would access company computers and files from home after normal business hours. On the basis of Apex’s experience the author recommends that other companies follow Apex’s example and provide computers and access to company resources to their employees. The author believes that such a policy would increase productivity and profits for other companies, just as it did for Apex. The author’s line of reasoning is questionable for several reasons.

First, the author assumes that Apex’s increase in productivity is due to its equipping its managers with home computers and access to company resources. However, the only evidence offered in support of this claim is the fact that Apex’s increase in productivity occurred after the home computers and after-hours access was provided. Unfortunately, this evidence is insufficient to establish the causal claim in question. While temporal precedence is one of the conditions required to establish a causal relationship between two events, by itself it is not a sufficient condition. Consequently, it is possible that Apex’s increase in productivity is not related to its decision to equip its managers with computers and after-hours access in the fashion required by the author’s argument.

Second, the author assumes that Apex and other companies are sufficiently similar to warrant a conclusion based on an analogy between them. Even if we accept the view that Apex’s increase in productivity was brought about by its policy of enabling its managers to work from home, differences between Apex and other companies could nullify this result. Lacking detailed information about Apex and the other companies in question it is difficult to assess the author’s conclusion.

In conclusion, the author’s argument is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument the author would have to provide additional evidence for the claim that Apex’s decision to provide its managers with home computers and access to company resources was responsible for its increase in productivity. Furthermore, it would be necessary to show that Apex and other companies are sufficiently similar to justify the analogy between them.

fox0923

37s
P: The patients' ankle fractures are stable are still given X-rays because the scientists are afraid of the misjudgment.
C: The X-ray check wastes money because the fractures checked to be stable were found without mistakes.
S: The X-ray judged all unstable fractures correctly.
A: C
a. the accuracy of practitioners is irrelevant here.
b. ankles do not involved fractures is irrelevant.
c. more checks, more accurate, so it proves that the X-ray wastes money.
d. the healing of the ankle used to surgery is irrelevant.
e. the order of bones is irrelevant.

24s
P: The different sleeping pattern reviews that couples have less happy marriage than couples with same sleeping patterns.
C: The mismatched sleeping patterns will jeopardize the marriage.
W: Some people are forced to follow their partners' sleeping patterns.
A: D
a. it does not have any effect----moderate.
b. seasonal change is not relevant.
c. argue little at work does not help.
d. weaken
e. irrelevant

30s
P: The airline has to minimize the weight of aircraft in order to reduce the cost.
C: The airline used the light weight of seats, so this proves that the airline focuses on safety rather than fuel cost.
W: The seats weighted less than before.
A: E
a. we don't care if the seats were safe or not last year.
b. irrelevant.
c. airline sold badly, the oil goes up. -----the airline cannot reduce the cost.
d. materials are irrelevant.
e. because less weight, so the airline companies use it to minimize the fuel cost.

>1'
A: C

fox0923

AA:
Conclusionther companies can learn form the APex company to get home computers access to deal with office works more conveniently.
Argument:
1.It's not con vincible that the success of Apex company will apply to other companies as well. There are too many other factors need to be considered.
2. The Apex company increased 15% of production, but this doesn't mean its profit also increased simultaneously. The cost of new service and installation should be taken into consideration.
3. Without a survey of satisfaction of customers of Apex, the author fails to provide the positive effect of this plan of Apex company to support the validity of his argument.

daisyの小夢想

糊糊永远做得比我快一天 >.< 鸭梨占座~~~

fox0923

谢谢hope啊！还有范文，太周到了！

fox0923

糊糊永远做得比我快一天 >.< 鸭梨占座~~~

-- by 会员 daisyの小夢想 (2011/10/7 0:07:32)

那是因为糊糊知道自己逻辑还不行啊，不抓紧不行哈，daisy，我今天看不进去英文单词，咖啡不管用阿~~

ykelly123

1. 31s
-blah blah 一大堆，没看懂。。
-after follow-up X ray, if is found that those patients' ankle fractures were healed.
-conclusion: it is a waste of money to have the follow-up X ray.
guess weakening: the above is not always happening.
晕！把strengthening看成weakening 了！！！该打！
找不到weakening的所以回看问题才发现。。。
B

2. 25s
-research has found that marital couples who have different sleeping and waking cycles do less activities together and have more argument than those who do have the same sleeping and waking cycles.
-conclusion: mismatched sleeping and waking cycles can seriously harm marriage.
guess weakening: no idea....
E?

3. 33s
-airline companies minimize the weight of airplane to reduce fuel cost.
-the heavier the seat is, the safer.
-the safest seats are selling the best.
-conclusion: airline companies put safety the priority instead of cost-reduction.
guess weakening: no idea...safe seats are getting lighter?
E

4. 61s
-in order to arrest, has to get arrest approval with sufficient evidence.
-however, because most of the provisional approvals have sufficient evidence; therefore, approval process should be eliminate bacause the process is costly.
-however, the process should not be eliminated because...blah blah blah
guess the boldface: support a thought that the argument eventually oppose.
C 感觉第一个boldface的解释怪怪的。。

ykelly123

疯了！错两个！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！

balapupu

1.【34s】
P：the fracture that judged stable after the review of the X-ray is also stable.
C:the use of X-ray is waste of money.
support: the two process judge the fracture are the same.
A:B-->C(这道题我也错了~没想到是样本代表性的问题。还有B选项理解错了~
Many ankle injuries for which an initial x-ray is ordered are revealed by the x-ray not to involve any fracture of the ankle. 我当时理解的是在需要用X-ray检查的伤情种，X-ray射线没有包括检查脚踝的断裂结构,正解应该是“not to involve..."是修饰injuries。哎呀。。。语法呀。。。所以说是受伤没有涉及到脚踝结构断裂。所以这就没关系了。）
2.【28s】
P： the couple sleep in different circle has more quarrel than the couple has same circle
C：sleep in different has bad effect on the marriage.
Weaken:the couple has bad marriage tend to sleep in different circle.
A
3.【35s】
P：past: light plan-->less fuel cost, safe seat--> more heavy.
     this year, more heavy seats are sold
C: the company care more about the safe of the consumer than the profit.
weaken: this year the price of the heavy is lower than other seat.
A:E
4.【1‘42’】（最后一句话的原因看了好长时间，终于明白了，想起了那道外贸进出口的题）
   legal arrest--> take suspect+ watch commender approval, not approval-->insufficient evidence.
   expert :all provisional arrests-->sufficient evidence-->waste of time gain approval-->approval is useless.
    passage: reject the idea: no approval-->no continue standard.
A:C