【每日阅读训练——速度越障5系列】【5-6】

抓抓sandra

欢欢喜喜来发5-6~
kid传捷报啦，等待狐狐的好消息~~^^bat也hold住嗷~


【速度5-6】
So You Want To Be A Doctor? Medical Studies and Hospital Training Are Hard Work
http://www.51voa.com/VOA_Special_English/Medical-Studies-and-Hospital-Training-Are-Hard-Work-43007.html
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FAITH LAPIDUS: This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English. I'm Faith Lapidus.
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: And I'm Christopher Cruise. Today, we look at how people train to be medical doctors in the United States. We also tell about a medical training program for students who have no interest in becoming a doctor.
(MUSIC)
FAITH LAPIDUS: It is not easy to become a doctor in the United States. The first step is getting into a medical college. More than one hundred twenty American schools offer study programs for people wanting to be doctors.
People can get advice about medical schools from many resources. One of these is a publication called "The Princeton Review." It provides information about colleges, study programs and jobs.
"The Princeton Review" says competition to enter medical schools is strong. American medical schools have only about sixteen thousand openings for students. However, more than two times this many seek entry. Many of those seeking admittance are women.
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: Most people seeking admission contact more than one medical school. Some applicants contact many. An important part of the application usually is the Medical College Admission Test, or MCAT. The Association of American Medical Colleges provides the test by computer. It is offered in the United States and in other countries.
The applicant is rated on reasoning, physical and biological sciences and an example of writing. Applicants for medical school need to do well on the MCAT. They also need a good record in their college studies.
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FAITH LAPIDUS: People who want to become doctors often study a lot of biology, chemistry or other science. Some students work for a year or two in a medical or research job before they attempt to enter medical school.
An interview, or direct meeting, also is usually required for entrance to medical schools. This means talking with a school representative. The interviewer wants to know if the person understands the demands of life as a medical student and doctor in training. The interviewer wants to know about the person's goals for a life in medicine.
(MUSIC)
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: A medical education can cost a lot of money. One year at a private medical college can cost forty thousand dollars -- or more. The average cost at a public medical school is more than fifteen thousand dollars. Most students need loans to pay for medical school. Many finish their education heavily in debt.
Some Americans become doctors by joining the United States Army, Navy, Air Force or Public Health Service. They attend the F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland. These students attend without having to pay. In return, they spend seven years in government service.
Doctors are among the highest paid people in the United States. Big-city doctors who work in specialties like eye care usually earn the most money. Some other doctors earn far less. That is especially true in poor communities.
FAITH LAPIDUS: Most medical students spend their first two years mainly in classroom study. They learn about the body and all its parts. They also begin studying how to recognize and treat disease.
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By the third year, students begin working with patients in hospitals. Experienced doctors who have treated many patients guide them as they work. As the students learn, they think about the kind of medical skills they will need to work as doctors.
During the fourth year, students begin contacting hospital programs for the additional training they will need after medical school. Competition to work at a top hospital is fierce.
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: Doctors-in-training in hospitals are known as interns or residents. Many are called interns during their first year. After that, the name of the job is "resident."
All fifty states require at least one year of hospital work for doctors-in-training educated at medical schools in the United States. Graduates of study programs at most foreign medical schools may have to complete two or three years of residency, although there are exceptions.
(MUSIC)
FAITH LAPIDUS: This month, about two hundred people will be taking classes at the Georgetown University School of Medicine, in Washington, DC. But these students have no interest in becoming a doctor.
The classes are being held at Georgetown University. And the teachers are medical school professors. But this is not exactly a medical school. The students are instead attending a mini-med school.
About seventy schools, research centers and hospitals in North America and Europe hold mini-med schools. America's National Institutes of Health Office of Science and Education says the information offered in such schools is the same that medical students receive, but less detailed. Mini-med schools offer classes that give students a wider, more general explanation of a disease.
Most of these schools are eight weeks long -- two hours a night once a week. Some give students a chance to visit laboratories, see films of operations and give them hands-on demonstrations.
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CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: Fifteen years ago, Herbert Herscowitz helped organize the mini-med school at Georgetown University. He wanted to invite people from the Washington area to the hospital and to meet its doctors. He says the university also wanted to improve relations with its neighbors.
HERBERT HERSCOWITZ: "We're an educational institution – we're offering education to our community neighbors and we'd love you to come and see what we do at Georgetown. I thought we could extend our educational activities beyond the walls of Georgetown to our community neighbors."
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: Herbert Herscowitz has been at Georgetown since nineteen seventy. Today, he is the Senior Associate Dean for Faculty and Academic Affairs at Georgetown University Medical Center. He remains involved with the mini-med school as its co-director.
Dean Herscowitz says the school has become increasingly popular. Over the past two or three years, all of its classes have been filled. Two hundred students pay one hundred dollars each to attend the eight class meetings.
FAITH LAPIDUS: Georgetown holds two mini-med schools every year – one in the spring, the other in autumn. The subjects differ from one season to the next, depending on what medical issues are in the news at the time. Dean Herscowitz says some students have been coming to the mini-med school for years.
HERBERT HERSCOWITZ: "We've got a number of groupies in this program – people who have come to it for several years, have sat through some of the same lectures over the years, but they keep on coming back. Now I don't know if this is a way for them to spend their Tuesday evenings – they have nothing else to do – or if it's a way for them to be educated about their health."
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FAITH LAPIDUS: Dean Herscowitz says the classes at the mini-med school help people know more about their bodies. The classes also help them ask the right questions when they see their doctor.
HERBERT HERSCOWITZ: "eople attend to become educated about their own illnesses and their family illnesses. The lecturer will usually spend the break talking to people, (who) say that friend of mine has this, you know just like you might expect. There are a lot of referrals that are given out at that time and there are a lot of questions that say ‘you better see your doctor - I'm not gonna give you any advice at this point.'"
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: Dean Herscowitz says the school has had students as young as twelve years old. But most of the students, he says, are older and retired. Some retired medical doctors who have been out of school for many years attend the classes to learn the latest medical science. Other people attend classes to see if they want to go to medical school and become a doctor.
Dean Herscowitz says the students receive a diploma when the program ends.
HERBERT HERSCOWITZ: "We have a graduation exercise at the end of the session, where my co-director and I march down the aisle in full academic regalia. We go through the process as it would be at a medical school graduation, where I bestow upon them the degree of doctor of mini-medicine with all rights and entitlements thereof."
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: While the diploma is not really worth anything, some students put it on the wall in their office or home.
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自由阅读
FAITH LAPIDUS: Would you like to attend a mini-med school? You can find a link to a list of these schools on our website. If you do not live near one of the schools, you might consider opening one, in partnership with a local hospital or medical school. The National Institutes of Health Office of Science Education has created a mini-med school planning guide. We have placed a link to the planning guide on our website.
(MUSIC)
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS was written by Jerilyn Watson and Christopher Cruise. June Simms was our producer. I'm Faith Lapidus.
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: And I'm Christopher Cruise. You can find transcripts, MP3s and podcasts of our programs at 51voa.com. And you can find us on Twitter and YouTube at VOA Learning English. Join us again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of America.
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【越障5-6】
Fact or Fiction: Can a Squid Fly out of Water?
To escape predators in the ocean, these cephalopods will speed away by shooting a jet of water. But can squid use that behavior to take to the air and control their trajectories?
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=can-squid-fly


Marine biologist Silvia Maciá was boating on the north coast of Jamaica in the summer of 2001 when she noticed something soar out of the sea. At first she thought it was a member of the flying fish family—a group of marine fish that escape predators by breaking the water's surface at great speed and gliding through the air on unusually large pectoral fins. But after tracing the creature's graceful arc for a few seconds, Maciá realized this was no fish. It was a squid—and it was flying.


With her husband and fellow biologistMichael Robinson, Maciá identified the airborne cephalopod as a Caribbean reef squid (Sepioteuthis sepioidea)—a lithe, torpedo-shaped critter with long, undulating fins. They think the squid was startled by the noise of the boat's outboard engine and estimated that the 20-centimeter-long mollusk reached a height of two meters above the water and flew a total distance of 10 meters—50 times its body length. What's more, the squid extended its fins and flared its tentacles in a radial pattern while airborne, as though guiding its flight.


"It was doing this weird thing with its arms where it had them spread out almost in a circle," recalls Maciá, who teaches at Barry University in Florida. "It had its fins kind of flared out as much as it could—it really looked liked it was flying. It hadn't accidentally flopped out of the water; it was maintaining its posture in a certain way. It was doing something active."


Squid surveillance
On a LISTSERV dedicated to mollusks, Maciá and Robinson (University of Miami), called out for any other researchers who had witnessed airborne squid—a phenomenon the husband and wife had not personally observed before. Maciá and Robinson received numerous replies from scientists with whom they eventually co-wrote a study in 2004 in the Journal of Molluscan Studies. The paper collects sightings of at least six distinct squid species squirting themselves out of the ocean and over the waves, sometimes solo, sometimes in packs—sometimes with enough force to match the speed of boats or wind up on decks. But the paper includes no photographs or video clips; its evidence is largely anecdotal. The fact is that documented instances of flying squid are incredibly rare. Most people are unprepared for such a sight.


Recently, however, on a cruise ship off the coast of Brazil, retired geologist and amateur photographer Bob Hulse captured what may be the best-ever photographic evidence of flying squid. Hulse sent the pictures to University of Hawaii oceanographer Richard Young, who passed them along to Ron O'Dor, senior scientist for the Census of Marine Life. O'Dor thinks he can analyze the photos to gain a better understanding of squid aerodynamics, which few people have been able to properly study due to lack of adequate documentation.


"Hulse was shooting with burst mode on his camera, so I know exactly what the interval is between the frames and I can calculate velocity of squid flying though the air," O'Dor says. "We now think there are dozens of species that do it. Squid are used to gliding in the water, so the same physiology probably allows them to maneuver and glide in the air. When you look at some of the pictures, it seems they are more or less using their fins as wings, and they are curling their arms in [a] shape that could easily be some kind of lifting surface."


From fin to wing
The 2004 paper's authors argue that "gliding" is too passive a term to describe what squid do when they leave the ocean for the air: "flight" is more fitting.


"From our observations it seemed like squid engage in behaviors to prolong their flight," Maciá says. "One of our co-authors saw them actually flapping their fins. Some people have seen them jetting water while in flight. We felt that 'flight' is more appropriate because it implies something active."


The aerodynamic benefit an airborne squid derives from flapping fins and spiraled tentacles is not clear, but some researchers hypothesize that these behaviors provide extra lift and help stabilize the squid when out of its primary element. In the water some squid spread their tentacles into a weblike pattern that facilitates swimming backward—a trick they could try to mimic in the air to gain an extra set of wings, some scientists have proposed. And rapidly changing the position of the tentacles could even function as a kind of brake.


Some squid don't rely on such subtle aerial acrobatics. Instead, like the squid photographed by Hulse, they forcibly propel themselves through the air. Some 370 kilometers off the coast of Sydney, Australia, one of the 2004 paper's co-authors witnessed a skipjack tuna chasing hundreds of what were probably arrow squid (Nototodarus gouldi). The school repeatedly leapt out of the ocean, spurting jets of water behind them as they flew through the air. Some arrow squid reached a height of three meters and flew a total distance of eight to 10 meters.


Fight or flight
For all these flying squid species, jet propulsion is the key for getting out of the water in the first place. First, a squid expands its mantle—the cloak of soft muscular tissue that surrounds its body—which fills with water. Then the squid quickly contracts it to send the trapped water shooting through a flexible tube below its head, called the funnel or siphon. By changing the position of this funnel, a squid can propel itself in almost any direction. Underwater, squid use jet propulsion to pounce on swift prey and escape intimidating predators. But sometimes jetting through the currents is not enough to make a successful getaway—sometimes, a squid needs to get out of the water altogether. So they fly.


Biologists still do not fully understand the mechanics of squid aeronautics, but based on accumulating anecdotal and photographic evidence, they have no doubt that the phenomenon is real and widespread. "Flying is not at all unusual in several families of squid," says Michael Vecchione, a squid expert at the Smithsonian Institution. In particular, the families Ommastrephidae and Onychoteuthidae are known for their loftiness. "It's not uncommon to find squid on the deck of the ship in the morning," Vecchione adds. Many squid remain in the dark depths during the day to avoid predators, Vecchione explains, but when they venture into shallower waters at night to feed they are liable to jump out of the water in a panic and onto a boat.


These morning-after encounters are not infrequent, but catching a squid in the act of flight is still quite a feat. "It just happens so fast," Maciá says. "You really have to be in the right place in the right time."


Pictures of flying squid courtesy of Bob and Deb Hulse, who took the photos off the coast of Brazil. Ron O'Dor, senior scientist for the Census of Marine Life, and University of Hawaii oceanographer Richard Young think the squid are orangeback flying squid (Sthenoteuthis pteropus), although a colleague at the Smithsonian thinks they might be Argentine shortfin squid (Illex argentinus).

daisyの小夢想

沙发沙发!!!
58s
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抓抓sandra

抗干扰+速度继续..
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phoebe0624

1 01:03
2 01:11
3 01:25
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找作业总是慢一拍，汗！！

kidvii

嗷。我还是想偷懒。

抓抓sandra

嗷。我还是想偷懒。

-- by 会员 kidvii (2011/9/9 9:01:09)

kid刚刚凯旋,休息几天再战斗会更有斗志~^^

superbat28

嗷。我还是想偷懒。

-- by 会员 kidvii (2011/9/9 9:01:09)

不许乱嗷。嗷是要做作业的。
bat蜀黍说，kid要做作业- -

82s
82s
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吐个槽。。第一段什么东西哇！！！神马The princetion Review 又MCAT的。。各种联想，哦~~~Kaplan, Manhattan!!! GMAT!!!~~~~

kidvii

不嗷了。KID做作业最不勤快了。嗷还是留给老bat吧。

superbat28

！！！读完。。发现没按上计时器。。估计，8分钟左右？

1. A woman saw a S flying. She first assumed that it was 剑鱼... but when she carefully examined, she found it was a S.
2. It happened very fast, and it seemed the S did the flight actively. Since the woman and her husband never saw such a thing before, they asked whether their co-workers has seen things like this.
3. Some scientists replied actively, saying they also have seen such things. They together published a book about this behavior conducted by S, but since such a flight happened too fast, they did not have any visual picture, so most things are anecdotal.
4. This situation may change, as a retired XXXX XXX photoed such a flight in Brazil. This XXX gave the picture to A, then A gave B. B said he can use the picture to calculate the velocity~~~
5. The flight seem to be intentionally conducted, since it seems the S open the XXX as wings and use various ways to control the flight. Since the flippant is more active, scientists believe the behavior should be called "flight".
6. But there are still some questions, it seems the flight is the result of fight. During the daytime, S always stay in deep water, but in the evening they may come to the surface. But if they are chased by a predator, they may become panic and occasionally jump out of the water. So, sometimes people find S on their boad the next morning.
7. But the woman still say that it is too difficult to catch a photo, you must at the right place at the right time. There are also disputes about what species is flying? Some say is.... while others say is.....


PS: 终于找回了阅读的感觉。不再是强迫自己的记忆，看来回忆的还是好多哇。开心开心~
所以，感觉CR，RC都是一样，不恐惧，不着急。随着感觉，跟着文章flow，就好~~哇吼~~嗷~！！！

daisyの小夢想

9:06
1. phenomenon:
SM finds that a squid soured out of water.
further dicuss the behaviour with her husband MR
a. stay long
b. extend fins
2. the 2004 paper
no proof before.
Then a photo taken in Brazil supports it.
3. Study:
the interval between frames and velocity.
and the pictures taken provides that the squid can actually fly.
a. explain the defination of aerodynamic: active move
the squid does  sometimes move actively through air.
b. jet propulsion.. forgotten.
4. still unkown about its mechanics
a. mantle
b. why they can fly. unknown.
c. they move so fast that seldom can be captured
d. classify which spicies is studied.