【每日阅读训练——速度4系列】【速度4-8】&【越障4-8】

daisyの小夢想

提早发明天的。daisy要闭关调整心情了。

亲爱的分队成员们，和你们一起奋斗很开心啊哈，无论结果怎样，都会继续和你们一起练速度越障。


每日阅读汇总贴http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_RC/thread-562296-1-1.html
逻辑姊妹篇：http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_CR/thread-580862-1-1.html


Money, Education and Marriage: The New Relationship
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BOB DOUGHTY: And I'm Bob Doughty. Back in May, we did a program about untraditional couples in the United States. Since then there have been some developments.
FAITH LAPIDUS: For example, same-sex couples now have a right to marry in the state of New York. New York became the sixth and largest state to make same-sex marriage legal. The new law took effect in late July.
BOB DOUGHTY: And there are new findings about cohabitating couples in America. This week on our program, we look at some of the reasons why more couples are deciding to live together without getting married.
FAITH LAPIDUS: And, later, we tell you about another development, although this one involves a traditional group. More married couples are staying married.
BOB DOUGHTY: Population experts at the Census Bureau say cohabitation rates jumped between two thousand nine and two thousand ten. There was a thirteen percent increase in the number of couples who started living together without getting married first.
What could have caused such a big increase in just one year? The Great Recession -- the worst downturn in America's economy since the Great Depression in the nineteen thirties. Officially the recession lasted eighteen months. The economy began to grow again in June of two thousand nine.
But the Commerce Department now says the recession was even worse than it thought. And the recovery has been slower than expected. Some economists are warning of the possibility of another recession, a double dip.
FAITH LAPIDUS: Researchers say the Great Recession played a big part in pushing cohabitation rates higher. Now, almost one in ten opposite-sex couples in the United States live together outside marriage.
Increasingly a major difference between couples who get married and couples who do not is money.
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Charlie Pinto married his girlfriend in New Jersey earlier this year. Both of them are twenty-six. They met in college, dated for a while, then moved in together. Charlie admits the only way they could pay for the wedding they wanted was with help from their parents.
CHARLIE PINTO: "We wouldn't have been able to have a wedding if it wasn't for our families because we just don't have the money to spend."
Charlie works for a start-up Internet company. His wife, Tracey, is a special education teacher.
Charlie says the wedding cost more than twenty-five thousand dollars. That is typical. A popular wedding website took a survey of American couples. Theknot.com found that in two thousand nine, the average couple spent almost twenty-seven thousand dollars on their wedding.
For some couples, that price may be out of reach.
Yet no one has to spend that much. A judge or court clerk can perform a marriage ceremony for as little as twenty-five dollars in some states.
BOB DOUGHTY: The cost of a wedding is not the only financial factor that couples consider in deciding whether and when to get married. Many people also think about whether they can afford to take care of a family.
D'Vera Cohn is a researcher and writer for the Pew Research Center. Her team did an opinion survey asking people if they thought it was important to be a good provider in order to be married.
D'VERA COHN: "Most people say it's very important for a man to be able to support a family in order to marry, and about a third say it's important for a woman to be able to support a family in order to marry."
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Americans may agree that couples should be financially secure before they get married. Yet the weak economy has made financial security even harder to reach. The unemployment rate doubled between two thousand seven and two thousand nine. The rate has fallen but still it was 9.1 percent in July.
FAITH LAPIDUS: The difficulty of finding and keeping a job may be one reason why some couples are choosing not to marry. D'Vera Cohn says it might also be a reason why more couples are deciding to live together.
D'VERA COHN: "We asked cohabiters whether household finances played a role in their decision to move in together. And about a third of them said it did -- of couples who had ever lived together, people who had ever lived as an unmarried couple. So there are indications that people are thinking about money when they're cohabitating."
In other words, couples find they can save money by living together. But they may not feel they have enough money to get married.
Brad Wilcox is a sociology professor at the University of Virginia and head of a pro-marriage group, the National Marriage Project. He says most Americans today expect to live a comfortable, middle-class lifestyle after they get married. And that kind of life -- a house, a car, nice clothes -- is hard for those who do not have much money.
BOB DOUGHTY: Researchers have found something else that increasingly influences decisions about marriage: a college education. Fifty years ago, about three-fourths of American adults were married, no matter how much education they had.
Today, only slightly more than half of adults are married. And most of those married people have college degrees.
Remember Charlie Pinto, the man in New Jersey who got married this year? He and Tracey are examples of this big change in American society.
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REPORTER: "Did you both go to college?"
CHARLIE PINTO: "Yes. We did go to college. She went to college as well as me."
REPORTER: "And graduate school?"
CHARLIE PINTO: "No, but that is probably going to be planned for her at some time in the future."
FAITH LAPIDUS:This connection between education and marriage seems to be having several effects. D'Vera Cohn at the Pew Research Center says the first is that Americans are waiting longer to get married.
D'VERA COHN: "In general, college-educated people marry at later ages. Some of that is associated with waiting for their education to be done and to get established in a career."
In other words, marriage now often gets delayed until people finish college, then maybe graduate school, then establish a career.
American women now marry for the first time at a median age of twenty-six. Median means half are older and half are younger. The median age for men is twenty-eight.
Men and women are getting married five years later than they did in the nineteen fifties, and a year later than they did twenty years ago.
BOB DOUGHTY: A second effect of education relates again to money. Some people believe they do not have enough money to get married. But getting married can make a financial difference.
Pew researchers found that married couples age thirty to forty-four without college degrees earned about twenty percent more than similar couples who only lived together. Couples in their thirties and early forties with college degrees earned more than twice as much as unmarried, less-educated adults of the same age.
D'Vera Cohn says one reason is probably children.
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D'VERA COHN: "What we found was that cohabiters who did not have college degrees were much more likely than cohabiters who do have college degrees to have children in the household, maybe from a prior relationship, maybe outside of marriage, and that really affects their ability to bring in good income."
In short, unmarried couples without college degrees are more likely to have children to support. Researchers say couples with college degrees rarely have children unless they are married.
Combined, these factors have reshaped what an American family means. More children than in the past grow up with only one parent or with adults they are not related to. It might be a mother's boyfriend or a father's girlfriend. More adults are staying single or staying single longer. And marriage is becoming less common, at least among people who did not go to college.
Traditional nuclear families -- meaning married parents with children -- are now in the minority.
FAITH LAPIDUS: Some couples cannot afford to get married. Other couples cannot afford to get divorced. Sanford Ain says the Great Recession has forced some people to stay together -- and he should know.
Mr. Ain is a divorce lawyer in Washington and a fellow of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers. He says in the last five years, fewer people have come to his office seeking a divorce.
SANFORD AIN: "eople are just unable to afford to get divorced and create two households. They're forced to remain together, at least for the time being."
As a result, he says, many couples may be trying harder to make their relationship work.
SANFORD AIN: "Whereas before, when people had the economic wherewithal to separate more easily, they were less inclined to make their marriage work. Now I think people are forced to make their marriage work for the benefit of themselves and their children."
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自由阅读
BOB DOUGHTY: Ending a relationship might seem easier for couples who are unmarried and unhappy. But Mr. Ain has seen an increase in those who wish they could break up, but do not know how to split their money fairly.
SANFORD AIN: "We're also seeing a rise in disagreements among people who are living together -- unmarried cohabitants who have built up equity in properties and savings accounts and other ways that are trying to figure out how to resolve those because there aren't laws that clearly define what the rights are of unmarried cohabitants."
Saying goodbye is not so simple when you own a house together or have joint finances or other legal responsibilities as a couple.
FAITH LAPIDUS: Sanford Ain is in his mid-sixties. In his generation, he says, most people got married right after high school or college. Does he have an opinion about whether waiting is good or bad?
SANFORD AIN: "I think what's important is that people reach a certain level of maturity before making any commitment, and certainly a commitment as important as marriage."
In nineteen eighty, the American divorce rate was about fifty percent. That only means the number of couples who got divorced was about half the number who got married that year. That was right after legal changes around the country made it easier for couples to get divorced.
But some people get married and divorced more than once. So measuring the exact divorce rate is difficult. But members of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers believe that not as many couples are getting divorced anymore. And recent census data showed that, compared to thirty years ago, more younger women are staying married.
One reason might be that many of them grew up with divorced parents and want to try hard to avoid a repeat.
In two thousand nine, among women who had ever been married, only one-fourth of those in their twenties, thirties and forties had ever been divorced. But of course, fewer of them had ever been married to begin with.


From VOA:
http://www.51voa.com/VOA_Special_English/The-Relationship-Between-Money-Education-and-Marriage-42729.html




Ancient DNA reveals secrets of human history
Modern humans may have picked up key genes from extinct relatives.


For a field that relies on fossils that have lain undisturbed for tens of thousands of years, ancient human genomics is moving at breakneck speed. Barely a year after the publication of the genomes of Neanderthals1 and of an extinct human population from Siberia2, scientists are racing to apply the work to answer questions about human evolution and history that would have been unfathomable just a few years ago.
The past months have seen a swathe of discoveries, from details about when Neanderthals and humans interbred, to the important disease-fighting genes that humans now have as a result of those trysts.
Neanderthals were large-bodied hunter-gatherers, named after the German valley where their bones were first discovered, who roamed Europe and parts of Asia from 400,000 years ago until about 30,000 years ago. The Neanderthal genome — shepherded by Svante Pääbo at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany — indicates that their evolutionary story began to split from the lineage of modern humans less than half a million years ago, when their common ancestor lived in Africa (see 'The human strain'). In December last year, Pääbo's team released the genetic blueprint of another population of ancient humans — unlike ourselves or the Neanderthals — that was based on DNA recovered from a 30,000–50,000-year-old finger bone found in a cave in Denisova in southern Siberia2. Palaeoanthropologists call these groups archaic humans, distinguishing them from modern Homo sapiens, which emerged in Africa only around 200,000 years ago.
Pääbo is amazed at how quickly the Neanderthal genome has been mined. At a genomics meeting last year, for example, Cory McLean, a graduate student at Stanford University in California, was scheduled to talk immediately after Pääbo presented the Neanderthal genome. Inspired, McLean had trawled through the just-released genome in the days before his talk. He discovered that Neanderthals, like humans, lacked a stretch of DNA that orchestrates the growth of spines on the penises of other primates, and promptly presented the find just after Pääbo presented his3.
Since then, scientists have fleshed out the details of one of the biggest surprises from the Neanderthal genome: humans living outside Africa owe up to 4% of their DNA to Neanderthals. One explanation might be that humans migrating out of Africa mated with Neanderthals, probably resident in the Middle East, before their offspring fanned out across Europe and Asia.
By comparing individual DNA letters in multiple modern human genomes with those in the Neanderthal genome, the date of that interbreeding has now been pinned down to 65,000–90,000 years ago. Montgomery Slatkin and Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas, theoretical geneticists from the University of California, Berkeley, presented the finding at the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution meeting in Kyoto, Japan, held on 26–30 July.
Slatkin says that their result agrees with another study presented at the meeting that came from the group of David Reich, a geneticist at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, who was involved in sequencing both the Neanderthal and Denisova genomes. The dates also mesh with archaeological finds bookending early human migrations out of Africa to between about 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. Reich's team is now developing tools to find signs of more recent interbreeding that might have occurred after humans arrived in Asia and Europe.
More than genes
The denizens of Denisova also bred with contemporary humans, according to Pääbo and Reich's analysis2. But the only traces of their DNA to be found in modern humans were in residents of Melanesia, thousands of miles away from Denisova, suggesting that the Denisovans had once lived across Asia. In 2008, Pääbo's team set up a lab in Beijing to screen fossils that might contain Denisovan DNA, in the hope of learning more about them and their interactions with modern humans. Currently, the bone that yielded the Denisovan genome, and a single molar from the same cave, are their only known fossil remains, but other archaic human fossils from Asia could bear traces of this group.
Even before the Neanderthal genome made its debut in May 2010, scientists had argued that humans may have acquired not just DNA from archaic humans, but useful traits too. Human gene variants linked to brain development and speech were proposed as candidates, only to be scotched after closer inspection of the Neanderthal genome. However, a study presented at a Royal Society symposium in London in June suggests that humans owe important disease-fighting genes to Neanderthals and Denisovans. Interbreeding endowed humans with a 'hybrid vigour' that helped them colonize the world, said Peter Parham, an immunogeneticist at Stanford University School of Medicine, California, at the symposium.
Parham's team compared a group of diverse immune genes — the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes — in Neanderthals, Denisovans and human groups from around the world. In several cases, Neanderthals and Denisovans carried versions of HLA genes that are abundant in modern humans in parts of Europe and Asia, but less common in Africans. Varying degrees of interbreeding could explain the mismatch, Parham says. He estimates that Europeans owe 50% of variants of one class of HLA gene to interbreeding, Asians 70–80%, and Papua New Guineans up to 95%.
"It does mean that some of us owe part of our immune-system function to Neanderthals," says Pääbo. However, John Hawks, a biological anthropologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, notes that many HLA genes pre-date humans' split from Neanderthals and Denisovans, and that the differences may have arisen by chance as the groups evolved.
Hawks, too, has been digging into the archaic genomes, and his team has already discovered that Neanderthals and Denisovans lack certain forms of genes that may help modern humans to fend off epidemic diseases, such as measles. This is hardly surprising: the low population density of hunter-gatherers meant that epidemics were unlikely, so they probably would not have benefited from these immune genes.
But Hawks's team is now using the find to test whether the defensive genes are linked to autoimmune diseases. In September, Hawks and his colleague Aaron Sams are scheduled to present data at a meeting of the European Society for the Study of Human Evolution in Leipzig, Germany, showing that the Denisovans lacked nearly all of the gene variants linked to coeliac disease, a gut autoimmune disorder present in modern humans. Hawks suspects that the variants may actually be in the same genes that are linked to epidemic resistance — if they are, further study could reveal how recently such autoimmune diseases arose in humans.
Unlike most scientists mining the ancient genomes, Hawks has reported some of his more prosaic findings — Denisovans didn't have red hair, for example — on his blog (see go.nature.com/irclra). "These genomes are publicly available. There's nothing stopping high-school students from doing this, and the kind of stuff that I'm putting out on my blog is the stuff that a smart high-school student could do." More significant (and closely guarded) insights will come from developing new methods for analysing ancient genomes to test hypotheses about evolution, he says.
Pääbo, Reich and the other scientists involved in sequencing the ancient genomes are eager to see others run with their data, but caution that they need to be aware of the limitations. "They're really terrible-quality genomes", chock-full of gaps and errors and sections in which short stretches of DNA sequence have been put in the wrong place, says Reich. "There are a lot of traps in using these data, and if people are not careful they'll find all sorts of interesting things that are wrong." Pääbo's team is working on improving the quality of the sequences and including data from more Neanderthals and — he hopes — Denisovans.
Pääbo says that he and his team regularly receive e-mails from scientists asking them questions about using the ancient genomes, which they have attempted to make as user-friendly as possible. But if the first year of ancient human genomics is any indication, these requests will multiply as scientists find new applications for the genomes. "Maybe we should write a little booklet called archaic genomics for dummies," Pääbo says.

fox0923

70s
69s
89s
75s
83s
1‘50“

DREAMNENGNENG

不害怕，锻炼自己的耐力

superbat28

晚上再读啦！！！啊啊啊><
补作业很痛苦。。歇会去~

superbat28

85s
76s
85s
80s
90s

superbat28

8''40'
好乱啊。。。读懵了。。

1. Fossils of N found in S, scientists analyze this bones.
2. Fossils of another trend was found in near S, DNA analysis showed that this is a different strain of people, independent of N.
3. DNA shows that Africa ancestor has only 4% in common of DNA with ..., so it may be true that these people once lived in West Asia before their offspring went to conquer the world.
4. Something is found in D, but the same result was only found in remote contemporary people far away from that support, this may mean that D were once lived across the Asia.
5. D does not have a ceratin type of antibody, which can give immune effect to measles. But this may not be surprising, since the low density of population does not lead to the occurance of such diseases. However, one scientists believe that this obsolence may mean that D lacks a whole class of DNA, if this is the truth, then we should investigate when does such strain occured in modern human.
6. Scientists are trying to upgrade their database and make it more friendly....

daisyの小夢想

bat和糊糊好样的 哈 我先偷懒一晚上>,<~

superbat28

bat和糊糊好样的 哈 我先偷懒一晚上>,<~

-- by 会员 daisyの小夢想 (2011/8/22 22:58:04)

讨厌你们考完的T T
所以不许偷懒！~~哈哈~~

好好休息吧~我去背单词撩~

fox0923

10'
记不住了~~~
1. The scientists try to find out the relations between the modern human and the Neanderthals, and also the cause of important disease to modern human.
2. The scientists and a student from university held a meeting about the ancient genomic, and they found the relation between neanderthals and Asian, European.
3.....
4.....完了，大脑彻底进水了，只能取头取尾了~~~
5. The scientists found that the A. genomes lack of certain genes to prevent the disease caused as modern human have, this means Neanderthals don't have such immune genes to protect themselves during that period. Also, the scientists stated that the A. genomes have to be carefully researched to prevent the wrong results of the researches.
~~~~~

fox0923

bat和糊糊好样的 哈 我先偷懒一晚上>,<~

-- by 会员 daisyの小夢想 (2011/8/22 22:58:04)

bat说得对，好羡慕你们啊，考完了轻松了~~~
回去模考~~