越读考古 - 海洋生物 - 求确认，谢谢

waterlemonseed

考到海洋生物的NN进来看看是不是这篇文章


The nature of this relationship is puzzling. It isdifficult to discern how carrying another organism around can be advantageous.We speculated that in fact, amphipods must be considerably slowed down. Bycarefully measuring the swimming speeds of amphipods with and without seabutterflies, we found that amphipods carrying sea butterflies moved only halfas quickly as similarly sized solitary amphipods. The situation simply made nosense. In reducing their mobility, the amphipods became more vulnerable topredators and less adept at capturing prey. Why, then, would amphipods go outof their way to abduct and carry sea butterflies?
Our experiments clearly demonstrated that something aboutthe sea butterflies was repelling the fish, and we suspected that thisdeterrence was chemical. To find out, we conducted a second set of feedingexperiments.  We homogenized the seabutterflies and mixed the homogenate with fish-meal powder to make foodpellets. As a control, we also made food pellets containing just the fish-mealpowder. We offered both the experimental and the control pellets to fish, whichalways ate the control pellets and always rejected the pellets containing thehomogenate. This provided compelling evidence that compounds might beresponsible for the feeding chemical deterrence.
中间删去一段~没什么用
Our experiments demonstrated to us that the sea butterflyC. antarctica synthesizes a deterrent substance that the amphipod H. dilatataexploits for its own protection. This unique association - the abduction of onespecies by another - is unprecedented in the annals of behavioral and chemicalecology. Some decorator crabs are chemical ecology known to cover their uppercarapace with a variety of objects, including the occasional sponge that mightharbor defensive chemistry. But this appears to be a nonselective behavior.Crabs haphazardly decorate themselves with whatever is at hand.
The association between the sea butterfly and the amphipodfalls within the definition of symbiosis共生, where two dissimilar species livetogether in an intimate association. However, none of the relationships definedwithin the broad context of symbiosis - parasitism, comensalism or mutualism -appear to suitably describe the sea butterfly-amphipod relationship.
Parasitism寄生 implies that one species associateswith another to the detriment伤害of one of them. Often, the parasite feeds off the tissues or body fluids of itshost. Mutualism共生describes a relationship where both species benefit from the association.Commensalism describes organisms that live in benign and neutral中立or良性association with one another. Neither of the latter two interactionsappropriately describes what we have observed, and parasitism provides only avery weak analogy to it. We feel that a new term might be needed to describethe "antagonistic symbiosis" that seems to describe most accuratelythis unique interaction.
寄生:一个伤害另一个，吃对方组织和体液。共生:双方都获利。commensalism共栖:中立，互相不干扰。实际(如果加上下一段的文章):一个获利，另一个间接受害,若没有下面这段,得看选项怎么说了.网上的定义是theassociation is disadvantageous or destructive to one of the organisms, butordinarily it is used of cases where the association is advantageous, or oftennecessary, to one or both, and not harmful to either.
In this association the antagonist benefits greatly fromthe relationship. Remember that the amphipod must sacrifice its mobility andspeed. Clearly the defense it acquires offsets these drawbacks. The seabutterfly, on the other hand, is at the mercy of the amphipod. While it isbeing carried around, it cannot feed to sustain its energy【Seabutterfly很惨.没得吃饭】

camelo777

顶一下~

lianlianchen

感觉和中文机警很接近. 只是猜测, 我还没TEST.

waterlemonseed

嗯，这是去年12月的JJ

cherry_rui

很爽，貌似完美配比了。