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“印第安人水权案”前人也有讨论过的“字面解释”,但是还是有些地方无法理解,不知所云,希望有好心人来帮忙解释下 最后标注中的问题~先谢谢了~~
In Winters v. United States 在W与美国打官司(1908)的案件中,最高法 (1908), the Supreme Courtheld 院认为,根据领地建立的条约,美国印第安
that the right to use waters[l1] flow- 人享有使用流过或邻近FB印第安保留地的
ing through or adjacent to the 水的权利。
(5) Fort Berthold Indian Reservation
was reserved to American Indians
by the treaty establishing the reservation.
Although this treaty did 虽然条约并未提及用水权,法院裁定,联邦
not mention water rights, the Court 政府在建立保留地时,希望公正对待印第安
(10) ruled that the federal government, 人,为其保留土地赖以生存的水。
when it created the reservation,
intended to deal fairly with
American Indians by preserving
for them the waters without which
(15) their lands would have been use-
less. Later decisions, citing W引证,随后的决定确认了法院在以下三个
Winters, established that courts 条件时,可出于特殊目的得到保留水的联邦
can find federal rights to[l2] reserve 权力。(winter 在这里指?Winters v. United States 的表达方式如何理解?)
water for particular purposes if
(20) (1) the land in question lies within 1)有疑问的土地属联邦权限的管辖范围;
an enclave under exclusive federal
jurisdiction, (2) the land has been 2)土地正式从联邦公共土地中收回-如根据联
formally withdrawn from federal 邦土地使用法律,从可用的联邦私人用途土
public lands — i.e., withdrawn from 地库存收回的-并作保留的;
(25) the stock of federal lands available
for private use under federal
land use laws — and set aside or
reserved, and (3) the circumstances 3)情况反映了政府建立保留地时有意保存水
reveal the government 和地。
(30) intended to reserve water as well
as land when establishing the
reservation.
Some American Indian tribes 一些美国印第安部落根据他们在美国成立
have also established water rights 前传统引水及对一定水域的使用,通过法
(35) through the courts based on their 院获得了用水权。
traditional diversion[l3] and use of
certain waters prior to the United
States’ acquisition of sovereignty. For example, the Rio Grande 例如,当美国在1848年取得新墨西哥主权
(40) pueblos already existed when the时, 格兰德河的印第安人村庄已经存在。
United States acquired sovereignty
over New Mexico in 1848. Although 虽然他们在那时成为美国一部分,村庄的
they at that time became part of the 土地从未正式构成联邦公共土地的一部分;
United States, the pueblo lands
(45) never formally constituted a part
of federal public lands; in any 在任何事件中,没有条约、法令或执行命
event, no treaty, statute, or executive 令曾指定或把村庄作为保留地从公共土地
order has ever designated 中收回。
or withdrawn the pueblos from
(50) public lands as American Indian
reservations. This fact, however, 然而这个事实没有妨碍W原则的应用。
has not barred application
of the Winters doctrine. What 什么构成保留地只是实践问题,不是法
constitutes an American Indian 律定义,印第安村庄一直被美国视为保
(55) reservation is a question of 留地。
practice, not of legal definition,
and the pueblos have always
been treated as reservations by
the United States. This pragmatic 这种实事求是的手法得到AC案的支
(60) approach is buttressed byArizona 持,该案中,最高法院指出,所有保
v. California(1963), wherein(-where) the 留地产生的方式并不影响W原则的
Supreme Court indicated that the 执行。
manner in which any type of federal
reservation is created does not
(65) affect the application to it of the
Winters doctrine. Therefore, the 因此,村庄印第安人从1848年起优于
reserved water rights of Pueblo 其他公民享有用水权,这年里,村庄必 Indians have priority over other 以保留地来看待。
citizens’ water rights as of 1848,
(70) the year in which pueblos must
be considered to have become reservations. [l1]Indicates American Indians has the right to use water, but they don’t have “water rights”. Any difference between “the right to use water” and “water rights”?
[l2]What is federal rights refer to? Is it a counterpart of “state right”? If a court exercise the “federal right”, what will happen to Indians? Will they lose the “water right” or gain the “water right”?
[l3]What does “traditional diversion” mean?
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