V2：（V37） 第一段：爱尔兰的女权运动由1920年代开始，因为那时候爱尔兰争取民族独立，逃开大不列颠的统治。其中妇女运动suffrage（这个词意为政治性选举的)选举权, 投票权）可是我考试的时候把它当suffering读了。。。。呀。。。。汗啊。但是呢，研究人员发现，compare to modern Irish女权运动， 尽管爱尔兰妇女运动表面上卓有成效，事实上并没有改变女性在爱尔兰的政治地位及其他（就是说没有实质作用，只是表面光鲜）。 第二段：为什么会有这个discrepancy呢？因为研究人员没有考虑到这三个aspects，blahblah（好像有细节题）。所以能结论是不能拿1920年的女权运动跟现代的比。。。最后一句话有考题。 附词义解释： （此词在此文中非常重要，有题） Sufferage The suffragette movement campaigned for votes for women in Britain and the US. 妇女参政运动为争取英国和美国妇女投票权而斗争。
V3700) 还有一个ireland女性suffrage题，大概是ireland女性的history和modern什么的记得gwd里有跟这个差不多的。 Q5-Q7: GWD-4-5~7 Many scholars have theorized that economic development, particularly industrialization and urbanization, contributes to the growth of participatory democracy; according to this theory, it would seem logical that women would both demand and gain suffrage in ever greater numbers whenever economic development expanded their economic opportunities. However, the economic development theory is inadequate to explain certain historical facts about the implementation of women’s suffrage. For example, why was women’s suffrage, instituted nationally in the United States in 1920, not instituted nationally in Switzerland until the 1970’s? Industrialization was well advanced in both countries by 1920: over 33 percent of American workers were employed in various industries, as compared to 44 percent of Swiss workers. Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization: only 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920. However, urbanization cannot fully explain women’s suffrage. Within the United States prior to 1920, for example, only less urbanized states had granted women suffrage. Similarly, less urbanized countries such as Cambodia and Ghana had voting rights for women long before Switzerland did. It is true that Switzerland’s urbanized cantons (political subdivisions) generally enacted women’s suffrage legislation earlier than did rural cantons. However, these cantons often shared other characteristics—similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties—that may help to explain this phenomenon.
---------------------------------------------------------------- Q5: GWD-4-5 The passage states which of the following about Switzerland’s urbanized cantons? These cantons shared characteristics other than urbanization that may have contributed to their implementation of women’s suffrage. These cantons tended to be more politically divided than were rural cantons. These cantons shared with certain rural cantons characteristics such as similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties. The populations of these cantons shared similar views because urbanization furthered the diffusion of ideas among them. These cantons were comparable to the most highly urbanized states in the United States in their stance toward the implementation of women’s suffrage. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Q6: GWD-4-6 The primary purpose of the passage is to contrast two explanations for the implementation of women’s suffrage demonstrate that one factor contributes more than another factor to the implementation of women’s suffrage discuss the applicability of a theory for explaining the implementation of women’s suffrage clarify certain assumptions underlying a particular theory about the implementation of women’s suffrage explain how a particular historical occurrence was causally connected to the implementation of women’s suffrage ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Q7: GWD-4-7 The passage suggests which of the following about urbanization in Switzerland and the United States by 1920? A greater percentage of Swiss industrial workers than American industrial workers lived in urban areas. There were more cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants in Switzerland than there were in the United States. Swiss workers living in urban areas were more likely to be employed in industry than were American workers living in urban areas. Urbanized areas of Switzerland were more likely than similar areas in the United States to have strong leftist parties. E. A greater percentage of the United States population than the Swiss population lived in urban areas.
以下考古 By XYXB V1： 第一段：传统的历史学家更注重对妇女的主权运动的研究，但是在Ireland，妇女的主权运动与国家的独立、还有XX是同时发生的。 第二段：focus在爱尔兰的妇女主权运动上，会夸大exaggerate 妇女的XX地位段尾说由于现有的对爱尔兰妇女主权运动的account并不是很全，所以不容易得到XX的结论。全文是在批判某种研究方法用在爱尔兰妇女主权上是有问题的
Historians trying to establish theimportance of women in old times studied some woman's suffrage选举权movement in relation to aparticular revolution in Ireland (i don remember exactly..)..but this gave adistorted view because they dunno how many women actually participated andstuff like that.
考题: 1．主题题 学者们利用了别国的研究方法导致结论上有偏差 2．primary purpose of the passage point out a shortcoming inhistorical research approach 3．题问主题，我选的是evaluate 一个traditional研究方法的potential shortcomings 4．第二题highlight新政府的政策（原文是political factors）了，问作者同意哪个观点？我选的是其实这些不是造成限制女权的真正原因 5． 针对列出那些原因的一句话，返回原文应该容易找到答案，是一个跟女性的economic status有关的问题，我选的答案是女性找wage labors有限制， 6．说明她们的很多经验是来自她们的前辈，那些feminism活动的组织者的（这里有一道题目） 7． 有道题问一个词形容作者态度的，我选的negative 8．过于focus在主权运动，会导致什么？我选：对爱尔兰妇女的XX研究有distortion 9．对于旧的观点（就是他们没有不能代表妇女的解放），怎样削弱呢？答案：可以说是发现了一个文献什么的，里面记载了，这些运动的主体是广大的妇女劳动人民(they dunno how many women actually participated and stuff like that)(由于现有的对爱尔兰妇女主权运动的account并不是很全，所以不容易得到XX的结论)。
Working memory 第一篇说的是"working memory"。P1先解释“WM”是什么，就是短暂记忆，人们平时用于记电话，读一个句子理解前后文时的短暂记忆。然后说某科学家发现人们用“WM”时脑里的某一部分活跃什么什么的，这个理论推翻了之前的一个理论。P2作一个什么办法来pinpoint大脑在用“WM”时的具体活动位置。 主旨题 这个D的发现的意义是什么。 想一想考题。。working memory那个。。有一题，mri的作用是什么。 OLD JJ 科技类的，讲working memory的，本来以为是GWD的，结果不是。生词很多，我后面赶时间做的不好。 第一段说的是新观点，认为怎么怎么的，第二段是用了新技术证实了这个新观点。 以前的JJ 好像是讲人的大脑如何处理短期记忆的，是个新老观点对比型，其中讲到一个女科学家的新研究。第二段是一个新tech的发现什么，有1题是问这tech的新发现证明了什么理论是真的。这一篇很多很多生词，短而难。 V2 有1题是问这tech的新发现证明了什么理论是真的...我选新观点是对的。 这篇还有主旨题，好像不好选，我删去法选一个了另外老观点认为executive什么的，我理解是认为一个区块负责处理很多记忆，但新观点认为应是不同记忆不同区负责 V3 一篇是讲大脑传递信息的，叫working memory。有个人认为这个功能是在大脑的前额后面的一个地方负责的。并且不同的subregion负责不同的信息，如空间信息，形象信息等。这与传统的executive system理论不同。第二段又说有一个新实验，加强了那个人的理论。问题中问如果试验出什么结果，就会greatly undermine那个人的理论。 V4 大脑的WORKING MEMORY，大意是和以前的ALLOCATION SYSTEM的理论不同，前额大脑区域有SUBREGIONS，每个SUBREGION针对不同性质的刺激，有分工。题目主要集中在此点. V5 关于大脑储存信息的机制．第一段: GP 发现大脑的不同SUBREGION 负责处理不同的信息. 这与STANDARD 观点不同. 传统观点人为大脑的EXECUTIVE INFORMAITON CENTER 管理信息处理.第二段: 有个新实验,证实GP的观点正确. V6 大脑的认知功能的分布。一个学者提出一个新理论：大脑认知功能的不同方面是由脑中一个区域内的各个subregion分别掌控的，相互独立。这个新理论与旧理论相矛盾。后者认为认知功能的各个方面是由脑中一个executive什么的部分进行统一分配的。 V7 补充： 还问了个主题题，简单。 一共3个理论，第二个理论（有具体人名，有题目问到这个人的理论是什么）推翻第一个，第三个理论进一步支持了第二个理论与第二个理论一起against第一个理论。因为接近最后几题，细节都忘了。 V7 Working Memory 新老观点 P1: 讲述人大脑的Working Memory的短暂记忆，是由大脑的P部位来控制，认为不同的部位控制不同的功能之类。这与Standard 的方法不一样，有什么Executive function之类(旧观点)。 P2: 后来一位研究证实了新观点的正确性，指出了旧观点的矛盾指出，Executive function之类的。说明了同的部位控制不同的功能之类。 V8 关于working memory 的 大意 记不太清了：1。working memory 是和executive memory 相对的； 有人发现working memory 储存在大脑的cortex中，而原来的理论说working memory分散在cortex之外 2。另一个人发现 when recognize faces, the middle part of cortex is most active. 。。。不好意思 记不太清 不误导大家了 问题有一道较难 就问第二个人的发现可以用作什么的证据？我选的是：the middle part of cortex is most important to working memory 类似的，不知道是不是对这篇整体感觉挺难的 大家小心 Google 上找到一篇，不是原文，但很有帮助。 Working memory is the process of maintaining a limited amount of information in an active representation for a brief period of time so that it is available for use. Therefore, by de¢nition, working memory includes those processes that enable us to hold in our `mind's eye' the contents of our conscious awareness, even in the absence of sensory input. Thus, the study of working memoryprovides a framework for investigating the neural system underlying our awareness of stimuli, memories and knowledge that are no longer tied to perceptual events. Although the neural system responsible for working memory is known to include a large number of brain regions, there is abundant evidence from neurophysiological and lesion studies in monkeys that prefrontal cortex is a critical component (Fuster 1990; Goldman Rakic 1990). Recent brain-imaging studies, using positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), have also implicated the human prefrontal cortex in working memory. However, there remain questions and somedispute about the functional organization of the human prefrontal cortex and its exact role in working memory.Here we summarize the evidence for working memory-related activity within human prefrontal cortex. We then present evidence for domain speci¢city within frontal cortex for object working memory as opposed to spatial visual working memory. We also review evidence suggesting an additional dimension of domain speci¢city for object working memory based on whether the type of representation is analytic or image-like. In addition, we discuss evidence suggesting a third dimension for the specialization of working memory function in prefrontal cortex that distinguishes regions important for the maintenance of the contents held in working memory from regions important for the manipulation of those contents.Finally, we consider the relationship of prefrontal areas important for working memory, both to posterior visual processing areas and to prefrontal areas associated with long-term memory. 考题 有1题是问这tech的新发现证明了什么理论是真的我选新观点是对的 主旨题 问题中问如果试验出什么结果，就会greatly undermine那个人的理论 就问第二个人的发现可以用作什么的证据？我选的是：the middle part of cortex is most important to working memory 类似的，不知道是不是对
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