GWD2 一篇文章主题思想求解

gmatziyu

In Winters v. United States

(1908), the Supreme Court held
that the right to use waters flow-
Lineing through or adjacent to the
(5)Fort Berthold Indian Reservation
was reserved to American Indians
by the treaty establishing the res-
ervation.Although this treaty did
not mention water rights, the Court
(10)ruled that the federal government,
when it created the reservation,
intended to deal fairly with
American Indians by preserving
for them the waters without which
(15)their lands would have been use-
less.Later decisions, citing
Winters, established that courts
can find federal rights to reserve
water for particular purposes if
(20)(1) the land in question lies within
an enclave under exclusive federal
jurisdiction, (2) the land has been
formally withdrawn from federal
public lands — i.e., withdrawn from
(25)the stock of federal lands avail-
able for private use under federal
land use laws — and set aside or
reserved, and (3) the circum-
stances reveal the government
(30)intended to reserve water as well
as land when establishing the
reservation.
Some American Indian tribes
have also established water rights
(35)through the courts based on their
traditional diversion and use of
certain waters prior to the United
States’ acquisition of sovereignty.
For example, the Rio Grande
(40)pueblos already existed when the
United States acquired sovereignty
over New Mexico in 1848.Although
they at that time became part of the
United States, the pueblo lands
(45)never formally constituted a part
of federal public lands; in any
event, no treaty, statute, or exec-
utive order has ever designated
or withdrawn the pueblos from
(50)public lands as American Indian
reservations.This fact, how-
ever, has not barred application
of the Winters doctrine.What
constitutes an American Indian
(55)reservation is a question of
practice, not of legal definition,
and the pueblos have always
been treated as reservations by
the United States.This pragmatic
(60)approach is buttressed by Arizona

v. California (1963), wherein the
Supreme Court indicated that the
manner in which any type of federal
reservation is created does not
(65)affect the application to it of the
Winters doctrine.Therefore, the
reserved water rights of Pueblo
Indians have priority over other
citizens’ water rights as of 1848,
(70)the year in which pueblos must
be considered to have become
reservations.
请问这题的结构大意是怎样的呢？读了很多遍也不懂它的大意和结构关系。谢谢

edwardelric

这个题讨论的太多了~我就给你发个lawyer的
In Winters v. United States                在W与美国打官司(1908)的案件中，最高法
(1908), the Supreme Court held            院认为，根据领地建立的条约，美国印第安
that the right to use waters flow-            人享有使用流过或邻近FB印第安保留地的
Line ing through or adjacent to the          水的权利。
(5) Fort Berthold Indian Reservation
was reserved to American Indians
by the treaty establishing the reservation.
Although this treaty did                    虽然条约并未提及用水权，法院裁定，联邦
not mention water rights, the Court          政府在建立保留地时，希望公正对待印第安
(10) ruled that the federal government,       人，为其保留土地赖以生存的水。
when it created the reservation,
intended to deal fairly with
American Indians by preserving
for them the waters without which
(15) their lands would have been use-
less. Later decisions, citing                W引证，随后的决定确认了法院在以下三个
Winters, established that courts            条件时，可出于特殊目的得到保留水的联邦
can find federal rights to reserve             权力。
water for particular purposes if
(20) (1) the land in question lies within      1)有疑问的土地被专属联邦权限的领土包围；
an enclave under exclusive federal
jurisdiction, (2) the land has been           2)土地正式从联邦公共土地中收回-如根据联
formally withdrawn from federal             邦土地使用法律，从可用的联邦私人用途土
public lands — i.e., withdrawn from          地库存收回的-并作保留的；
(25) the stock of federal lands available
for private use under federal
land use laws — and set aside or
reserved, and (3) the circumstances         3)情况反映了政府建立保留地时希望保存水
reveal the government                     和地。
(30) intended to reserve water as well
as land when establishing the
reservation.水权法案及其适用情况
Some American Indian tribes                一些美国印第安部落根据他们在美国成立
have also established water rights             前传统引水及对一定水域的使用，通过法
(35) through the courts based on their         院获得了用水权。
traditional diversion and use of
certain waters prior to the United
States’ acquisition of sovereignty.不适用于第一、二条
For example, the Rio Grande                例如，当美国在1848年取得新墨西哥主权
(40) pueblos already existed when the        时，格兰德河的印第安人村庄已经存在。
United States acquired sovereignty
over New Mexico in 1848. Although           虽然他们在那时成为美国一部分，村庄的
they at that time became part of the          土地从未正式构成联邦公共土地的一部分；
United States, the pueblo lands
(45) never formally constituted a part
of federal public lands; in any                 在任何事件中，没有条约、法令或执行命
event, no treaty, statute, or executive           令曾指定或把村庄作为保留地从公共土地
order has ever designated                      中收回。
or withdrawn the pueblos from
(50) public lands as American Indian
reservations. This fact, however,               然而这个事实没有妨碍W原则的应用。
has not barred application
of the Winters doctrine. What                  什么构成保留地只是实践问题，不是法
constitutes an American Indian                  律定义，印第安村庄一直被美国视为保
(55) reservation is a question of                 留地。
practice, not of legal definition,
and the pueblos have always
been treated as reservations by
the United States. This pragmatic                这种实事求是的手法得到AC案的支
(60) approach is buttressed by Arizona           持，该案中，最高法院指出，所有保
v. California (1963), wherein the                  留地产生的方式并不影响W原则的
Supreme Court indicated that the                 执行。
manner in which any type of federal
reservation is created does not
(65) affect the application to it of the
Winters doctrine. Therefore, the               因此，村庄印第安人从1848年起优于
reserved water rights of Pueblo                 其他公民享有用水权，这年里，村庄必
Indians have priority over other                  以保留地来看待。
citizens’ water rights as of 1848,
(70) the year in which pueblos must
be considered to have become
reservations. 另一种保留水权的办法RG
特别套路
逻辑简图：
1P: (1908)in Winters, supreme court held that the right was reserved by treaty… Later decisions find …1), 2), 3)….
2P: some Indian tribes also established water rights… For example, RGP…. However, has not barred application of Winters. This pragmatic approach is buttressed by AVC…. Therefore, rights of P have priority over other citizen’s rights….
第一段：1908年，在某个例案中，高级法院根据一项关于建立印第安人保留区的treaty,规定联邦政府必须保证保留区内印第安人的水权。之后，又作出了详细的规定，规定在以下三种情况下联邦政府可行使该项权利：1、...2、...3、...
第二段：RG这样一个印第安地区，虽然不符合以上1、2两种情况（情况3没有讨论），但事实上也遵循了winter doctrine. 因为，尽管没有正式的文件，但RG一直都被联邦政府视为保留区....最后，还有一个1963年的法律规定联邦政府设立保留区的方式并不影响到这种保留区遵循winter doctrine，因此，最终确定了RG的水权。

gmatziyu

看了你发的逻辑图，又仔细想了想，明白了..非常感谢！